English Civil War Ch. 2 (p. 35-38)
Yesterday s Review What were the three main things Charles and Parliament argued over? Money (taxes, Ship Money, spending) Power (Divine Right of Kings, censorship, punishment without trial, political prisoners) Religion (Archbishop Laud, Catholic wife, trying to force Scots to convert to Anglicanism)
Preparing For War 1642: King Charles I flees to Nottingham and begins to raise an army Parliament does the same in London No standing English army at this time Parliamentarians vs. Royalists Parliamentarians also called Roundheads Royalists also called Cavaliers
Royalists/Cavaliers Many came from noble families Trained militarily and used to riding Experienced military commanders Prince Rupert (Charles nephew) From Germany Dashing and elegant (just like the city) Expert cavalry commander
Parliamentarians/Roundheads Earl of Essex and Duke of Manchester initially in charge of the army Troops were local militia Farmers, townspeople Little to no military experience Controlled the English Navy Controlled South England and London Richest part of the country
Parliament During the War 1642: War begins and many MPs leave to support Charles Had voted against Grand Remonstrance Parliament left to the Puritans and Presbyterians Disagree over religious matters
The Early Stages of the War King Charles and the Royalists are initially winning Prince Rupert s cavalry very successful Impresses Roundhead officer named Oliver Cromwell Only small battles though, nothing major yet Parliament makes an alliance with the Scots Scots attack Royalists from the north, Parliamentarians attack from the south
The Rise of Oliver Cromwell Impressed with Rupert s cavalry, trains his own professional cavalry unit Nicknamed Ironsides after Cromwell Defeat Rupert s cavalry at the Battle of Marston Moor Parliament models whole army after the Ironsides, puts Cromwell in charge Calls it the New Model Army
The New Model Army
War Rages On Irish join Charles and the Royalists Ireland mostly Catholic Puritan Parliament more anti-catholic than Charles Scots (but not all) still on Parliament s side New Model Army is a formidable force Disciplined, well armed and armoured 1645: Royalists finally defeated at the Battle of Naseby, lose Civil War
The Battle of Naseby
Royalist Defeat After the Battle of Naseby Charles surrenders to the Scots, taken to Scotland Hopes they ll be more lenient than Parliamentarians Remaining Royalists surrender 1646: Parliament controls all of England Charles tries to bargain with the Scots Scots want England to become Presbyterian in exchange for Charles to remain king Charles can t agree, so turned over to Parliament
Charles Back in England Parliament split over Charles fate Presbyterians: want Charles as king, but with limited powers Puritans: didn t want monarchy, preferred a republic (country run by elected government) Charles tries to gain support, play sides against each other Writes to Scots to rescue him Briefly escapes before being recaptured
Charles Stirs Up More Trouble 1648: Royalist Scots invade England to free Charles, fight Roundheads Second Civil War Only one major battle (won by Roundheads) Presbyterian MPs close to deal with Charles New Model Army leaders against any deal, kick Presbyterian MPs out of Parliament Called Pride s Purge (Colonel Pride in charge) Remaining Parliament called Rump Parliament
A Decision Made (Finally) Puritan Rump Parliament decides on Charles fate Charge him with treason and put him on trial Punishment for treason is death Determined to establish a republic How can you charge a king with treason?
Charles on Trial Charles refuses to acknowledge legality of his trial Who were these mere politicians to judge him? Sat in dignified silence most of the trial Charles found guilty of treason 30 January 1649: beheaded publicly in London