1.90 BUSINESS LAWS UNIT 6 : CONTINGENT AND QUASI CONTRACTS LEARNING OUTCOMES After studying this unit, you would be able to: Have clarity about the basic characteristics of Contingent contract and Quasi-contract so that you are able to distinguish between a contract of any of these types and a simple contract. Be familiar with the rules relating to enforcement of these in order to gain an understanding of rights and obligations of the parties to the contract. UNIT OVERVIEW Contingent Contracts Quasi-Contracts Rules Relating to Enforecement of Contingent Contracts Difference - Contingent & Wagering Contract Cases deemed as Quasi-Contracts 6.1 CONTINGENT CONTRACTS In this unit we shall briefly examine what is called a contingent contract, its essentials and the rules regarding enforcement of this type of contracts. The Contract Act recognises certain cases in which an obligation is created without a contract. Such obligations arise out of certain relations which cannot be called as contracts in the strict sense. There is no offer, no acceptance, no consensus ad idem and in fact neither agreement nor promise and yet the law imposes an obligation on one party and confers a right in favour of the other. We shall have a look on these cases of Quasi-contracts. A contract may be absolute or a contingent. An Absolute contract is one where the promisor undertakes to perform the contract in any event without any condition. Definition of Contingent Contract (Section 31) A contract to do or not to do something, if some event, collateral to such contract, does or does not happen. Contracts of Insurance, indemnity and guarantee fall under this category.
THE INDIAN CONTRACT ACT, 1872 1.91 Example: A contracts to pay B ` 1,00,000 if B s house is burnt. This is a contingent contract. Meaning of collateral Event: Pollock and Mulla defined collateral event as an event which is neither a performance directly promised as part of the contract, nor the whole of the consideration for a promise. Example: A contracts to pay B ` 100,000 if B s house is burnt. This is a contingent contract. Here the burning of the B s house is neither a performance promised as part of the contract nor it is the consideration obtained from B. The liability of A arises only on the happening of the collateral event. Essentials of a contingent contract (a) The performance of a contingent contract would depend upon the happening or non-happening of some event or condition. The condition may be precedent or subsequent. Example: A promises to pay ` 50,000 to B if it rains on first of the next month. (b) The event referred to is collateral to the contract. The event is not part of the contract. The event should be neither performance promised nor a consideration for a promise. Thus (i) where A agrees to deliver 100 bags of wheat and B agrees to pay the price only afterwards, the contract is a conditional contract and not contingent; because the event on which B s obligation is made to depend is part of the promise itself and not a collateral event. (ii) Similarly, where A promises to pay B ` 1,00,000 if he marries C, it is not a contingent contract. (iii) A agreed to construct a swimming pool for B for ` 200,000. And B agreed to make the payment only on the completion of the swimming pool. It is not a contingent contract as the event (i.e. construction of the swimming pool) is directly connected with the contract. (c) The contingent event should not be a mere will of the promisor. The event should be contingent in addition to being the will of the promisor. Example 1: If A promises to pay B ` 100,000, if he so chooses, it is not a contingent contract. (In fact, it is not a contract at all). However, where the event is within the promisor s will but not merely his will, it may be contingent contract. Example 2: If A promises to pay B `100,000 if A left Delhi for Mumbai on a particular day, it is a contingent contract, because going to Mumbai is an event no doubt within A s will, but is not merely his will. (d) The event must be uncertain. Where the event is certain or bound to happen, the contract is due to be performed, then it is a not contingent contract. Example: A agreed to sell his agricultural land to B after obtaining the necessary permission from the collector. As a matter of course, the permission was generally granted on the fulfillment of certain formalities. It was held that the contract was not a contingent contract as the grant of permission by the collector was almost a certainty. 6.2 RULES RELATING TO ENFORCEMENT The rules relating to enforcement of a contingent contract are laid down in sections 32, 33, 34, 35 and 36 of the Act. (a) Enforcement of contracts contingent on an event happening: Where a contract identifies happening of a future contingent event, the contract cannot be enforced until and unless the event happens. If the happening of the event becomes impossible, then the contingent contract is void.
1.92 BUSINESS LAWS Section 32 says that where a contingent contract is made to do or not to do anything if an uncertain future event happens, it cannot be enforced by law unless and until that event has happened. If the event becomes impossible, such contracts become void. Example: A contracts to pay B a sum of money when B marries C. C dies without being married to B. The Contract becomes void. (b) Enforcement of contracts contingent on an event not happening: Where a contingent contract is made contingent on a non-happening of an event, it can be enforced only when its happening becomes impossible. Section 33 says that Where a contingent contract is made to do or not do anything if an uncertain future event does not happen, it can be enforced only when the happening of that event becomes impossible and not before. Example: Where P agrees to pay Q a sum of money if a particular ship does not return, the contract becomes enforceable only if the ship sinks so that it cannot return. Where A agrees to pay sum of money to B if certain ship does not return however the ship returns back. Here the contract becomes void. (c) A contract would cease to be enforceable if it is contingent upon the conduct of a living person when that living person does some thing to make the event or conduct as impossible of happening. Section 34 says that if a contract is contingent upon as to how a person will act at an unspecified time, the event shall be considered to have become impossible when such person does anything which renders it impossible that he should so act within any definite time or otherwise than under further contingencies. Example: Where A agrees to pay B a sum of money if B marries C. C marries D. This act of C has rendered the event of B marrying C as impossible; it is though possible if there is divorce between C and D. In Frost V. Knight, the defendant promised to marry the plaintiff on the death of his father. While the father was still alive, he married another woman. It was held that it had become impossible that he should marry the plaintiff and she was entitled to sue him for the breach of the contract. (d) Contingent on happening of specified event within the fixed time: Section 35 says that Contingent contracts to do or not to do anything, if a specified uncertain event happens within a fixed time, becomes void if, at the expiration of time fixed, such event has not happened, or if, before the time fixed, such event becomes impossible. Example: A promises to pay B a sum of money if certain ship returns within a year. The contract may be enforced if the ship returns within the year, and becomes void if the ship is burnt within the year. (e) Contingent on specified event not happening within fixed time: Section 35 also says that - Contingent contracts to do or not to do anything, if a specified uncertain event does not happen within a fixed time, may be enforced by law when the time fixed has expired, and such event has not happened or before the time fixed has expired, if it becomes certain that such event will not happen. Example: A promises to pay B a sum of money if a certain ship does not return within a year. The contract may be enforced if the ship does not return within the year, or is burnt within the year. (f) Contingent on an impossible event (Section 36): Contingent agreements to do or not to do anything, if an impossible event happens are void, whether the impossibility of the event is known or not to the parties to the agreement at the time when it is made.
THE INDIAN CONTRACT ACT, 1872 1.93 Example 1: A agrees to pay B `one lakh if sun rises in the west next morning. This is an impossible event and hence void. Example 2: X agrees to pay Y `1,00,000 if two straight lines should enclose a space. The agreement is void. Difference between a contingent contract and a wagering contract Basis of difference Contingent contract Wagering contract Meaning A contingent contract is a A wagering agreement is a contract to do or not to do promise to give money or something with reference to a money s worth with reference to collateral event happening or an uncertain event happening not happening. or not happening. Reciprocal promises Contingent contract may not contain reciprocal promises. A wagering agreement consists of reciprocal promises. Uncertain event In a contingent contract, the event is collateral. Nature of contract Contingent contract may not be wagering in nature. Interest of contracting parties Contracting parties have interest in the subject matter in contingent contract. In a wagering contract, the uncertain event is the core factor. A wagering agreement is essentially contingent in nature. The contracting parties have no interest in the subject matter. Doctrine of mutuality of lose Contingent contract is not based A wagering contract is a game, and gain on doctrine of mutuality of lose losing and gaining alone and gain. matters. Effect of contract Contingent contract is valid. A wagering agreement is void. 6.3 QUASI CONTRACTS A valid contract must contain certain essential elements, such as offer and acceptance, capacity to contract, consideration and free consent. But sometimes the law implies a promise imposing obligations on one party and conferring right in favour of the other even when there is no offer, no acceptance, no genuine consent, lawful consideration, etc. and in fact neither agreement nor promise. Such cases are not contracts in the strict sense, but the Court recognises them as relations resembling those of contracts and enforces them as if they were contracts. Hence the term Quasi contracts (i.e. resembling a contract). Even in the absence of a contract, certain social relationships give rise to certain specific obligations to be performed by certain persons. These are known as quasi contracts as they create same obligations as in the case of regular contract. Quasi contracts are based on principles of equity, justice and good conscience. A quasi or constructive contract rests upon the maxims, No man must grow rich out of another persons loss. Example 1: T, a tradesman, leaves goods at C s house by mistake. C treats the goods as his own. C is bound to pay for the goods. Example 2: A pays some money to B by mistake. It is really due to C. B must refund the money to A.
1.94 BUSINESS LAWS Example 3: A fruit parcel is delivered under a mistake to R who consumes the fruits thinking them as birthday present. R must return the parcel or pay for the fruits. Although there is no agreement between R and the true owner, yet he is bound to pay as the law regards it a Quasi-contract. These relations are called as quasi-contractual obligations. In India it is also called as certain relation resembling those created by contracts. Salient features of quasi contracts: (a) In the first place, such a right is always a right to money and generally, though not always, to a liquidated sum of money. (b) Secondly, it does not arise from any agreement of the parties concerned, but is imposed by the law; and (c) Thirdly, it is a right which is available not against all the world, but against a particular person or persons only, so that in this respect it resembles a contractual right. Cases Deemed as Quasi Contracts Claims for necessaries supplied [Section 68] Payment by an interested person [Section 69] Obligation of a person enjoying benefit of non gratuitous act [Section 70] Responsibility of finder of goods [Section 71] Money paid by mistake or under coercion [Section 72] Under the provisions of the Indian Contract Act, the relationship of quasi contract is deemed to have come to exist in five different circumstances which we shall presently dilate upon. But it may be noted that in none of these cases there comes into existence any contract between the parties in the real sense. Due to peculiar circumstances in which they are placed, the law imposes in each of these cases the contractual liability. (a) Claim for necessaries supplied to persons incapable of contracting (Section 68): If a person, incapable of entering into a contract, or anyone whom he is legally bound to support, is supplied by another person with necessaries suited to his condition in life, the person who has furnished such supplies is entitled to be reimbursed from the property of such incapable person. Example: A supplies B, a lunatic, or a minor, with necessaries suitable to his condition in life. A is entitled to be reimbursed from B s property. To establish his claim, the supplier must prove not only that the goods were supplied to the person who was minor or a lunatic but also that they were suitable to his actual requirements at the time of the sale and delivery. (b) Payment by an interested person (Section 69): A person who is interested in the payment of money which another is bound by law to pay, and who therefore pays it, is entitled to be reimbursed by the other. Example: B holds land in Bengal, on a lease granted by A, the zamindar. The revenue payable by A to the Government being in arrear, his land is advertised for sale by the Government. Under the revenue law, the consequence of the sale will be the annulment of B s lease. B, to prevent the sale and the
THE INDIAN CONTRACT ACT, 1872 1.95 consequent annulment of his own lease, pays to the government the sum due from A. A is bound to make good to B the amount so paid. (c) Obligation of person enjoying benefits of non-gratuitous act (Section 70): In term of section 70 of the Act where a person lawfully does anything for another person, or delivers anything to him not intending to do so gratuitously and such other person enjoys the benefit thereof, the latter is bound to pay compensation to the former in respect of, or to restore, the thing so done or delivered. It thus follows that for a suit to succeed, the plaintiff must prove: (i) that he had done the act or had delivered the thing lawfully; (ii) that he did not do so gratuitously; and (iii) that the other person enjoyed the benefit. The above can be illustrated by a case law where K a government servant was compulsorily retired by the government. He filed a writ petition and obtained an injunction against the order. He was reinstated and was paid salary but was given no work and in the mean time government went on appeal. The appeal was decided in favour of the government and K was directed to return the salary paid to him during the period of reinstatement. [ShyamLal vs. State of U.P. A.I.R (1968) 130] Example: A, a tradesman, leaves goods at B s house by mistake. B treats the goods as his own. He is bound to pay A for them. (d) Responsibility of finder of goods (Section 71): A person who finds goods belonging to another and takes them into his custody is subject to same responsibility as if he were a bailee. Thus a finder of lost goods has: (i) to take proper care of the property as man of ordinary prudence would take (ii) no right to appropriate the goods and (iii) to restore the goods if the owner is found. In Hollins vs. Howler L. R. & H. L., H picked up a diamond on the floor of F s shop and handed over the same to F to keep till the owner was found. In spite of the best efforts, the true owner could not be traced. After the lapse of some weeks, H tendered to F the lawful expenses incurred by him and requested to return the diamond to him. F refused to do so. Held, F must return the diamond to H as he was entitled to retain the goods found against everybody except the true owner. Example: P a customer in D s shop puts down a brooch worn on her coat and forgets to pick it up and one of D s assistants finds it and puts it in a drawer over the weekend. On Monday, it was discovered to be missing. D was held to be liable in the absence of ordinary care which a prudent man would have taken. (e) Money paid by mistake or under coercion (Section 72): A person to whom money has been paid or anything delivered by mistake or under coercion, must repay or return it. Every kind of payment of money or delivery of goods for every type of mistake is recoverable. [Shivprasadvs Sirish Chandra A.I.R. 1949 P.C. 297] Example: A payment of municipal tax made under mistaken belief or because of mis-understanding of the terms of lease can be recovered from municipal authorities. The above law was affirmed by Supreme Court in cases of Sales tax officer vs. Kanhaiyalal A. I. R. 1959 S. C. 835
1.96 BUSINESS LAWS Similarlyany money paid by coercion is also recoverable. The word coercion is not necessarily governed by section 15 of the Act. The word is interpreted to mean and include oppression, extortion, or such other means [Seth Khanjelekvs National Bank of India]. In a case where T was traveling without ticket in a tram car and on checking he was asked to pay `5/- as penalty to compound transaction. T filed a suit against the corporation for recovery on the ground that it was extorted from him. The suit was decreed in his favour. [Trikamdas vs. Bombay Municipal Corporation A. I. R.1954] In all the above cases the contractual liability arose without any agreement between the parties. Difference between quasi contracts and contracts Basis of distinction Quasi- Contract Contract Essential for the valid contract The essentials for the formation of Present a valid contract are absent Obligation Imposed by law Created by the consent of the parties SUMMARY Contingent Contracts are the contracts, which are conditional on some future event happening or not happening and are enforceable when the future event or loss occurs. (Section 31) RULES FOR ENFORCEMENT (a) If it is contingent on the happening of a future event, it is enforceable when the event happens. The contract becomes void if the event becomes impossible, or the event does not happen till the expiry of time fixed for happening of the event. (b) If it is contingent on a future event not happening. It can be enforced when happening of that event becomes impossible or it does not happen at the expiry of time fixed for non-happening of the event. (c) If the future event is the act of a living person, any conduct of that person which prevents the event happening within a definite time renders the event impossible. (d) If the future event is impossible at the time of the contract is made, the contract is void ab initio. Wagering Contracts are void. Quasi Contracts arise where obligations are created without a contract. The obligations which they give rise to are expressly enacted: (a) If necessaries are supplied to a person who is incapable of contracting, the supplier is entitled to claim their price from the property of such a person. (b) A person who is interested in the payment of money which another is bound to pay, and who therefore pays it, is entitled to be reimbursed by the other. (c) A person who enjoys the benefit of a non-gratuitous act is bound to make compensation. (d) A person who finds lost property may retain it subject to the responsibility of a bailee. (e) If money is paid or goods delivered by mistake or under coercion, the recipient must repay or make restoration.
THE INDIAN CONTRACT ACT, 1872 1.97 TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE Multiple Choice Questions 1. A contract dependent on the happening or non-happening of future uncertain event, is (a) Uncertain contract (c) Void contract 2. A contingent contract is (a) Void (c) Valid (b) Contingent contract (d) Voidable contract (b) Voidable (d) Illegal 3. A contingent contract dependent on the happening of future uncertain even can be enforced when the event (a) happens (c) does not happen (b) becomes impossible (d) either of these 4. A agrees to pay ` One lakh to B if he brings on earth a star from sky. This is a contingent contract and (a) Illegal (c) Voidable (b) Valid (d) Void Answers to MCQs 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (a) 4 (d) Theoretical Questions Question 1: Explain the meaning of Contingent Contracts and state the rules relating to such contracts. Question 2: Explain the-term Quasi Contracts and state their characteristics. Answers to Theoretical Questions 1. Essential characteristics of a contingent contract: A contract may be absolute or contingent. A contract is said to be absolute when the promisor undertakes to perform the contract in all events. A contingent contract, on the other hand is a contract to do or not to do something, if some event, collateral to such contract does or does not happening (Section 31). It is a contract in which the performance becomes due only upon the happening of some event which may or may not happen. For example, A contracts to pay B `10,000 if he is elected President of a particular association. This is a contingent contract. The essential characteristics of a contingent contract may be listed as follows: (i) There must be a contract to do or not to do something, (ii) The performance of the contract must depend upon the happening or non-happening of some event. (iii) The happening of the event is uncertain.
1.98 BUSINESS LAWS (iv) The even on which the performance is made to depend upon is an event collateral to the contract i.e. it does not form part of the reciprocal promises which constitute the contract. The even should neither be a performance promised, nor the consideration for the promise. (v) The contingent even should not be the mere will of the promisor. However, where the event is within the promisor s will, but not merely his will, it may be a contingent contract. The rules regarding the contingent contract are as follows (1) Contingent contract dependent on the happening of an uncertain future cannot be enforced until the even has happened. If the even becomes impossible, such contracts become void. (Sec.32). (2) Where a contingent contract is to be performed if a particular event does not happening performance can be enforced only when happening of that even becomes impossible (Sec. 33). (3) If a contract is contingent upon, how a person will act at an unspecified time the even shall be considered to become impossible; when such person does anything which renders it impossible that he should so act within any definite time or otherwise than under further contingencies. (Section 34,35). (4) The contingent contracts to do or not to do anything if an impossible even happens, are void whether or not the fact is known to the parties (Sec. 36). 2. Quasi Contracts: Under certain special circumstances obligation resembling those created by a contract are imposed by law although the parties have never entered into a contract. Such obligations imposed by law are referred to as Quasi-contracts. Such a contract resembles with a contract so far as result or effect is concerned but it has little or no affinity with a contract in respect of mode of creation. These contracts are based on the doctrine that a person shall not be allowed to enrich himself unjustly at the expense of another. The salient features of a quasi-contract are : 1. It does not arise from any agreement of the parties concerned but is imposed by law. 2. Duty and not promise is the basis of such contract. 3. The right under it is always a right to money and generally though not always to a liquidated sum of money. 4. Such a right is available against specific person(s) and not against the whole world. 5. A suit for its breach may be filed in the same way as in case of a complete contract.