Unit Three: Jackson, Reform, and Sectional Strife 1820-1877 AP US History Unit 3 Overview OVERVIEW OF TIME SPAN: First, we will look at Andrew Jackson and the development of the 2 nd Party System. Andrew Jackson had an incredible effect upon the history of the US from 1825 through 1845 and election in 1828 marked a definite revolution in American politics as the "common man" was brought into a greater role in government. Next we will take a view of the formative years of the American character during the period 1790 through 1860. Particular attention will be given to the early reform and intellectual movements, where seeds of most major movements began to germinate: abolition, communalism, women's rights, temperance, and Utopianism. We will look at the increasing sectionalism leading up to the Civil War. During the first half of the 19th century, the US began to expand steadily westward with an eye to the Pacific coast. It was a time of Unionism and unity in one respect, and sectionalism and sectional rivalry in another respect. Lastly, we will look at how the Civil War both tore apart and forever changed America, and analyze the lingering effects of the conflict: socially, economically, psychologically; particularly as we discuss the years of Reconstruction. QUIZ DATES: (subject to change) Chapter 10: Tuesday, November 20 Chapter 11: Tuesday, November 27 Chapter 12: Tuesday, December 4 Chapter 13: Tuesday, December 11 Chapter 14: Tuesday, December 18 EXAM DATES: Unit 3 IDs Part One: Wednesday, December 6 Unit 3 IDs Part Two: Wednesday, December 19 Unit 3 Multiple Choice: Thursday, December 20 Unit 3 Essay: Friday, December 21 DBQ for unit 3 due Monday, January 7th
APUSH UNIT 3 THEMES 1) What were the advantages and disadvantages of the new politics of mass democracy? Were such things as the spoils system, party machines, and hoopla-driven campaigns more inevitable accompaniments of popular democracy, or could the people have been mobilized by a more open and less partisan system? 2) The decision of the Jackson administration to remove the Cherokee Indians to lands west of the Mississippi River in the 1830s was more a continuation of a policy that had been in effect since colonial time than a new policy. Assess the validity of this generalization with reference to the moral, political, constitutional and practical concerns that shaped national policy between 1789 and 1830s. 3) What particular qualities did the new religious awakening give to the early American culture? Why did so many of its energies move toward the reform of society? What did these reform movements contribute to American culture? 4) What made women such prominent leaders in the religious and reform movements? How did the women s rights movement compare with the other movements of the period? What obstacles did women reformers face? Why did women often have more difficulty working on their behalf than they did advocating other causes? 5) How did the literature of the period reflect the nation s evolving view of itself and challenges facing it? 6) How did slavery affect whites-those who owned slaves and those who did not? How did blacks respond to the condition of slavery? 7) How did the South move from viewing slavery as a necessary evil to proclaiming it a positive good? 8) How effective were the abolitionists in achieving their goals? Did they hasten or delay the end of slavery? Why were they so controversial in the North, were slavery had been abolished decades before? 9) Was American expansion across North America an inevitable development? How was the idea of Manifest Destiny used to justify expansionism? 10) What were the causes and consequences of the Texas revolt? Why did Texans remain for a time an independent nation rather than become a state of the Union right away? What current and future problems and the disagreement over the Texas issue expose? 11) Why was the Texas annexation so controversial? What might have been the consequence had Texas remained an independent nation? 12) What caused the Mexican War? Did Polk provoke the Texas boundary conflict in order to gain California and/or expand slavery, as war opponents like Lincoln charged? 13) Analyze the benefits and costs of the Mexican War both immediately and in the long run of American history. 14) Was the Compromise of 1850 a wise effort to balance sectional differences or a futile attempt to push the slavery issue out of sight? Why was the reaction of both North and South so negative?
15) Why did Douglas s popular sovereignty approach to the slavery question prove to be unworkable in Kansas? What effects did the controversy over Kansas (and subsequent events leading up to the election of 1860) have on the Democratic Party, Douglas s political future, and the Republican Party? 16) Analyze how each of the major crisis events of the 1850s contributed to the coming Civil War. 17) How could a fanatical and violent man like John Brown come to be regarded as a hero by millions of northerners? What lessons did the South learn from northern reaction to Brown s trial and execution? 18) Since Lincoln had guaranteed to protect slavery in the states where it existed, why did seven southern states secede shortly after he was elected? Why was another compromise, even the discussion of a possible compromise, no longer acceptable to many southerners? 19) What were Lincoln s greatest strengths as president? Were his wartime abridgments of civil liberties and his treatment of the Copperheads justified? 20) How was the impact of the Civil War different for the soldiers and civilians of the North and South? 21) Examine why the Union won the Civil War? Was the result due to: military, political economic, or diplomatic factors? 22) Should the Civil War be seen primarily as: a. -a war to save the Union? b. -a war to free the slaves? c. -a war of northern aggression? Why? What name would you give the conflict? 23) How did the war itself reflect and affect American attitudes toward race? Why were the black Union soldiers so critical in this regard? 24) Analyze the effects of Lincoln s assassination on the course of Reconstruction? In what ways, if any, would Reconstruction have been different? 25) How did both Southern and Northern racial attitudes shape Reconstruction, and what effect did Reconstruction have on race relations and the conditions of blacks? Did Reconstruction really address the problem of race? 26) How truly radical was radical Reconstruction? What was really motivating the radical, idealism or politics 27) Was Reconstruction: -a noble experiment that failed? -a vengeful Northern punishment of the South? -a weak effort that did not go far enough? -or the best that could have been expected under the circumstances?
American System The "corrupt bargain" (1824) John Q. Adams Jacksonian Revolution Webster/Hayne Debate Nicolas Biddle Election 1832 Martin Van Buren Election of 1840 South Carolina Exposition and Protest Worchester vs. Georgia Maysville Road Veto Unit Three IDs PART ONE Election of 1836 Whigs Specie Circular Charles River Bridge Case Spoils System Kitchen Cabinet Tariff of Abominations Panic of 1837 Daniel Webster John C. Calhoun Edgar Allen Poe Nathaniel Hawthorne Herman Melville Dorothea Dix Horace Mann gag resolution 1836 John Tyler James Polk Webster Ashburton Treaty Zachary Taylor Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo John Slidell "spot resolutions" Gadsden Purchase Wilmot Proviso Frederick Douglass Nat Turner William Lloyd Garrison Harriet Beecher Stowe American Anti-Slavery Society Sojourner Truth Harriet Tubman William Seward Compromise of 1850 Millard Fillmore Franklin Pierce Ostend Manifesto Stephen Douglas Kansas Nebraska Act PART TWO Panic of 1857 John Brown Brooks vs. Sumner John C. Fremont Dred Scott Lincoln/Douglas Debates Lecompton Constitution Crittendon Compromise Harpers Ferry Morrill Tariff Act Trent Affair Jefferson Davis Stonewall Jackson Robert E. Lee Copperheads George McClellan Antietam Emancipation Proclamation William T. Sherman Andrew Johnson Black Codes Thaddeus Stevens KKK Seward's Folly Ex Parte Milligan case Tenure of Office Act Freedman's Bureau Wade-Davis Bill carpetbaggers & scalawags
CHAPTER 10: THE AGE OF JACKSON, 1824-1844 VOCABULARY: Democracy in America Spoils system Election of 1824 Corrupt bargain Tariff of abominations Revolution of 1828 Peggy Eaton affair Cherokee Nation v. Georgia Worcester v. Georgia Trail of tears Nullification Force Bill Whigs Pet banks Specie circular Panic of 1837 Election of 1840 (Log Cabin/Hard Cider Campaign) NAMES TO REMEMBER: Alexis de Tocqueville John Quincy Adams Andrew Jackson Henry Clay John C. Calhoun Nicholas Biddle Martin Van Buren William Henry Harrison John Tyler QUESTIONS: 1. How did Tocqueville describe America? Do you think he was right? Why or why not? 2. How did politics change between 1824-1840? Did American politics become more democratic? 3. What arguments would critics use against the spoils system and rotation of office? How would supporters respond? 4. What was the so-called corrupt bargain? 5. What did Jackson s success in the election of 1828 signify regarding the type of candidate Americans were looking for? 6. How did Andrew Jackson change the presidency? 7. What was the Indian removal act? 8. What was the reaction of the southern states to the Tariff of 1828? 9. What factors/events triggered the nullification crisis of 1832? 10. What factors led to the death of the Bank of the US? 11. What factors/events led to the formation of the Whig Party? 12. What problems plagued the Van Buren presidency? Who was responsible for these problems? Explain your answer. 13. What changes in the electoral process did the election of 1840 demonstrate?
CHAPTER 11: SOCIETY, CULTURE, AND REFORM, 1820-1860 VOCABULARY: Burned-over district Transcendentalists Brook Farm Shakers New Harmony Oneida community Hudson River School Temperance Maine Law of 1851 Cult of domesticity Seneca Falls Convention Declaration of Sentiments American Colonization Society American Antislavery Society The Liberator The Liberty Party Frederick Douglass Sojourner Truth Harriet Tubman NAMES TO REMEMBER: Charles Finney Peter Cartwright Joseph Smith Brigham Young Ralph Waldo Emerson Henry David Thoreau Robert Owen John Humphrey Noyes James Fenimore Cooper Washington Irving Herman Melville Dorothea Dix The Grimke sisters Elizabeth Cady Stanton Lucretia Mott Susan B. Anthony William Lloyd Garrison QUESTIONS: 1. What factors/events led to the beginning of the 2nd Great Awakening? 2. What were the key features of the 2nd Great Awakening? 3. What were the effects of the 2nd Great Awakening? How were they different than the first? 4. What were the characteristics of the transcendentalists? 5. What was the goal of the utopian movement? 6. What were the features of American literature of the period? 7. What factors/events led to the growth of public schools? 8. What effect did the 2nd Great Awakening have on higher education? 9. How did industrialization change family life? 10. What was the significance of the American Colonization Society? Hint: Why do you think it was popular with politicians? 11. Describe the different approaches to the antislavery movement from most radical to moderate. 12. How did southerners view antislavery movements?
CHAPTER 12: TERRITORIAL AND ECONOMIC EXPANSION, 1830-1860 VOCABULARY: Manifest destiny The Alamo The Battle of San Jacinto Aroostook War Election of 1844 54 40 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo Wilmot Proviso Ostend Manifesto Gadsden Purchase Great American desert Panic of 1857 NAMES TO REMEMBER: Stephen Austin Sam Houston Santa Anna John Tyler James K. Polk Zachary Taylor John Fremont Winfield Scott Franklin Pierce William Seward Matthew Perry QUESTIONS: 1. What problems did the independence of Texas create for the USA? 2. What were the main issues in dispute over Oregon? 3. What factors/events finally led to the Texas admission to the Union? 4. What were the main issues in the election of 1844? (Include Polk s goals) 5. What factors/events led to the war with Mexico? 6. Who opposed the war? 7. What were the effects of the war? Why is this war considered by many the first major event leading to the Civil War? 8. What drove more Americans to western territories? 9. What factors helped spur the growth of the American economy?
VOCABULARY: Popular sovereignty Conscience Whigs Impending Crisis of the South Election of 1852 Know-Nothing party Brooks v. Sumner Lecompton Constitution Lincoln-Douglas debates Crittenden Compromise NAMES TO REMEMBER: Lewis Cass Zachary Taylor Millard Fillmore Harriet Beecher Stowe Stephen Douglas John Brown CHAPTER 13: THE UNION IN PERIL, 1848-1861 QUESTIONS: 1. Order the causes of the Civil War from most significant to the least (in your own words/opinion). 2. What were the issues in the election of 1848? 3. What were the causes and main elements of the Compromise of 1850? What were the effects of the compromise on the North and the South? 4. What factors/events led to the growing sectional division within the nation? 5. What were the effects of Uncle Tom s Cabin? 6. What factors/events led to the Kansas-Nebraska Act? What were the effects of the act? 7. What factors/events led to the demise of the Whig Party? 8. What were the key issues in the election of 1856? 9. What factors/events led to bleeding Kansas? In what ways did violence in Kansas affect North- South tensions? 10. Summarize the Dred Scott ruling in one sentence. What were the effects of the Dred Scott decision? 11. What were the effects of John Brown s raid of Harper s Ferry? 12. What factors/events led to the divisions within the Democratic Party leading to the election of 1860? What factors/events enabled the Republican candidate, Lincoln, to be victorious? 13. What was the immediate cause of secession and which states seceded in the winter of 1860? 14. List all the attempts at compromise between the North and the South over slavery since the drafting of the Constitution. In your opinion, was the Civil War inevitable?
VOCABULARY Trent Affair Cotton Diplomacy Confiscation Acts 54th Massachusetts Regiment Ex Parte Milligan Total War Morrill Tariff Act of 1861 Homestead Act of 1862 Morrill Land Grant Act of 1862 Pacific Railway Act 1862 War Democrats Peace Democrats Copperheads Appomattox Court House NAMES TO REMEMBER Abraham Lincoln Robert E Lee Jefferson Davis George McClellan Thomas ( Stonewall ) Jackson Ulysses Grant William Sherman CHAPTER 14 STUDY GUIDE QUESTIONS 1. How did Lincoln act during and directly after the attack on Fort Sumter? Write one sentence evaluating his activity from the perspective of his supporters and one sentence from his opponents. 2. What were the effects of the attack on Fort Sumter? 3. What was the significance of the so-called Border States (Upper South)? 4. Create a strengths/weaknesses chart for both the Union and the Confederacy 5. What were the respective strategies of each side? 6. What was the significance of the 1 st Battle of Bull Run (Manassas)? 7. What factors/events kept Great Britain and France from actively supporting the CSA? 8. Use what you know to dispute this statement: From early in his career, Abraham Lincoln wanted a swift and definite end to slavery. 9. How did the freeing of slaves begin? Why was the Emancipation Proclamation a blow to slavery? What actually freed American slaves? 10. What role did freedman play during the war? 11. What was the significance of the battles of Gettysburg and Vicksburg? 12. What were the characteristics of the Union strategy of total war near the end of the war? What were its effects? 13. What factors/events led to Lincoln s re-election in 1864? 14. How did the role of the federal government change during the Civil War? (Use specific examples to support your answer) 15. How did the Civil War affect women?