Thursday, March 19, 2015 Geography 05: Population and Migration Population Population geography Distribution of humankind Emigration: The flow of people out of a place Immigration: The flow of people into a place Demography: The study of population statistics Specific group characteristics 1
Distribution and Density Population 7.2 billion (2014) Major concentrations East Asia South Asia Europe from the Atlantic to Ural Mts Southeast Asia Eastern US & Canada 2
Population Density Arithmetic density Number of people per unit of area Physiological density Density of population per unit cropland Carrying capacity Measure of the productivity of land Factors Influencing Population Distribution Climate Low density ( poor climates) High density ( good climates) Topography and soils Flat areas = easier cultivation Accessibility to water Fertile soils History Domestication of plants and animals Demarcation of cultural and political territories 3
World Population Growth Crude birth rate: Total number of births per 1000 people Crude death rate: Total number of deaths per 1000 people Natural increase or Natural decrease: Birth rate Death rate (if positive = increase, negative = decrease Population Projections Fertility rate: # children average woman will have Total fertility rate: Fertility rate of all populations Zero population growth Doubling time: Years needed for population to double 4
Population Representations Population Pyramids Age and sex structure of population Dependency ratio Proportion of population of working age 5
Demographic Transition Model Stage one Crude birth/death rate high Fragile population Stage two Lower death rates Infant mortality rate Natural increase high Stage three Indicative of richer developed countries Higher standards of living/education Stage four Births begin to decrease Population ages Population begins decline 6
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Life Expectancy Infant mortality rates improving Antibiotics/immunization Rapid increase throughout world Lowest Life Expectancy: Swaziland (Africa) 31.88 31.62 (M) 32.15 (F) 8
New Influences on Birth Rates Family planning programs Contraceptive technology Role of mass media Notice how these two families differ in this government poster what is the poster promoting? Obstacles Contraception: Manufacture and distribution expense Religion Population Control Low female status Preference of male children 9
Birth Control Programs One family/one child policies Female infanticide Social compensation fees Sterilization Loss of status Termination healthcare/ food coupons Free birth control Increased literacy World Death Rates Infectious diseases HIV/AIDS SARS Degenerative diseases Obesity Tobacco use Epidemiology Epidemiological transition 10
Adults and Children Living with HIV/AIDS, mid-2006 Demographic Patterns Sex ratios Effects of Ultrasound, amniocentesis Male status Aging Increased median age Rich countries Sustaining economic growth Medical needs Poor countries Young populations Changing social needs 11
Migration Push factor Drive away people Pull factor Attract people Migration chains 12
Migration Today 2002 = 175 million living outside country of birth Characteristics Many poor, uneducated, unskilled Enterprising, working age looking for opportunity Many also highly educated and skilled Refugees 1951 Geneva convention Asylum International Migration Increased apprehension in receiving countries Compassion fatigue Immigrants are scapegoats when unemployment rises Emigration Importance of remittances Mexico = 3 rd largest source of foreign exchange 13
International Migration Europe as a destination 16 million immigrants 7-10 percent of host country population Problems = religion, education Contributions = entrepreneurs Migration of Asians 4-5 million work abroad Remittances important Loss to home communities Migration to the US and Canada US Largest migration flow to US 10% US population foreign-born Immigration quotas restrict immigration Implications Hispanics as proportion of US population Canada 18.4 percent population foreign-born 94 percent live in metro areas 14
Sources of Immigrants to the US and Foreign-born Population by Region of Birth 15
Sources of Immigrants to the US and Foreign-born Population by Region of Birth New Controversies Additional costs for public services? Importing poverty? Local costs of immigration California Melting pot or cultural mosaic? 16