Absolutism and Revolution (1550 1850)
Absolutism and Revolution (1550 1850) Lesson 1 Absolute Monarchy in Spain and France
Absolutism and Revolution (1550 1850) Lesson 1 Absolute Monarchy in Spain and France Learning Objectives Identify the characteristics of absolute monarchy, including the concept of divine right. Explain how Spanish power grew under Charles V and Philip II. Understand how France built a centralized monarchy after the wars of religion. Evaluate Louis XIV as an absolute monarch. Describe how the arts flourished in Spain and France.
Ruling with Absolute Power During the Renaissance and Reformation, European rulers continued to centralize power at the expense of their nobles and the clergy. As wars of religion raged in many European lands, monarchs battled to impose royal law and restore order in their kingdoms. Powerful States and Rulers: During this period European kings and queens ruled their country with absolute power, using the Divine Right to Rule to justify they rule Devine Right Rule the right of a sovereign to rule, that holds that a monarch receives the right to rule directly from God and not from the people
Spain and the Hapsburg Empire By the 1500s, Spain had emerged as the first modern European power. Spain grew rich and powerful after the conquest of the Americas. Wealth from the Americas would help Spain to become the most powerful nation in Europe. Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand Marriage unified the country. When the queen s grandson Charles I took the throne, he became the ruler of Spain and of territories known as the Holy Roman empire which included the Hapsburg empire The empire was to large for one person to rule. Charles gave up his title and divided the kingdom between his son and brother
Philip II Becomes an Absolute Monarch Charles son Philip becomes kings of Spain. During his 42-year reign, Philip II expanded Spanish influence, strengthened the Catholic Church, and made his own power absolute. Thanks in part to silver from Spanish colonies in the Americas, he made Spain the foremost power in Europe. Phillip son Queen Elizabeth I of England as his arch enemy. She sided with the Dutch against Spain and encouraged English captains to plunger Spanish treasure ships and loot cities in the Americas. Phillip sent an armada to attack England but was defeated.
Royal Power Expands in France Like Philip II in Spain, French rulers were determined to expand royal power. France was torn apart by wars of religion in the late 1500s. Then a new dynasty, the Bourbons, rose to power and built the foundations for an absolute monarchy in France. Henry IV Restores Order 1610 Henry is killed by an assessing The throne goes to his old son Louis XIII 1643 Louis XIII dies His son Louis XIV inherited the throne
Louis XIV, an Absolute Monarch Soon after Louis XIV became king, disorder again swept France. In an uprising called the Fronde, nobles, merchants, peasants, and the urban poor each rebelled in order to protest royal power or preserve their own. On one occasion, rioters drove the boy king from his palace. Believed in Devine Right Louis Centralizes Power Appointed officials and Advisor Colbert Strengthens the Economy Colbert: French politician who served as an adviser to Louis XIV.
The Legacy of Louis XIV Louis XIV ruled France for 72 years far longer than any other monarch. During that time, French culture, manners, and customs set the standard for European tastes. The Sun King made France the strongest state in Europe. In both foreign and domestic affairs, however, many of Louis s policies were costly failures. Costly Wars Huguenots Face Persecution
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Absolutism and Revolution (1550 1850) Lesson 1 Absolute Monarchy in Spain and France Define the following Key Terms absolute monarchies divine right Hapsburg empire Charles V Philip II armada El Greco Miguel de Cervantes Huguenots Henry IV Edict of Nantes Cardinal Richelieu Louis XIV intendants Jean-Baptiste Colbert Versailles levée balance of power
Absolutism and Revolution (1550 1850) Lesson 3 The Triumph of Parliament in England
Absolutism and Revolution (1550 1850) Lesson 3 The Triumph of Parliament in England Learning Objectives Describe the relationship between Parliament and the monarchy under the Tudors and Stuarts. Explain how English government developed after the English Civil War. Identify the causes of the Glorious Revolution and the ideas contained in the English Bill of Rights. Identify the characteristics of limited monarchy and constitutional government in England.
Tudor Monarchs Work with Parliament During the age of absolutism, English monarchs, like rulers on the continent, tried to increase royal power and claim the divine right to rule. Their efforts, however, ran into the obstacle of Parliament, which during the Middle Ages had acquired the power of the purse. Only Parliament could grant monarchs the funds they needed to pursue their ambitions. And Parliament at times stood firm against royal absolutism.
Stuart Monarchs Clash with Parliament Elizabeth died childless in 1603. The throne passed to her relatives the Stuarts, the ruling family of Scotland. The Stuarts were neither as popular as the Tudors nor as skillful in dealing with Parliament. When James I assumed the throne he asserted his divine right to rule, without interference from Parliament When the throne passed to James son Charles I, he was committed to the ruling the same way his father had. The result was a century of revolution (The English Civil War) that pitted the Stuart monarchs against Parliament.
The English Civil War The civil war that followed lasted from 1642 to 1651. Like the Fronde that occurred about the same time in France, the English Civil War posed a major challenge to absolutism. But while the forces of royal power won in France, in England the forces of revolution triumphed. After the Roundhead victory in the Civil War, the House of the Commons abolished the monarchy and declared England a republic also know as a Commonwealth lead by Oliver Cromwell This period is know as the English Interregnum as there was no monarch in power A political crisis followed the death of Cromwell in 1658 resulted in the restoration of the monarchy, and Charles II return to Britain.
From Restoration to Glorious Revolution In the century following the Glorious Revolution, three new political institutions arose in Britain: political parties, the cabinet, and the office of prime minister. The appearance of these institutions was part of the evolution of Britain s constitutional government that is, a government whose power is defined and limited by law.
From Restoration to Glorious Revolutionc A common protest during the American Revolution was "no taxation without representation." Which outcome in England influenced that idea?
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Absolutism and Revolution (1550 1850) Lesson 3 The Triumph of Parliament in England Define the following Key Terms James I dissenters Puritans Charles I Oliver Cromwell English Bill of Rights limited monarchy constitutional government cabinet prime minister oligarchy
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Absolutism and Revolution (1550 1850) Lesson 4 The Enlightenment
Absolutism and Revolution (1550 1850) Lesson 4 The Enlightenment Learning Objectives Describe how science led to the Enlightenment. Explain the political philosophies of Hobbes, Locke, Voltaire, Montesquieu, and Rousseau. Summarize the economic ideas of the physiocrats and Adam Smith. Describe how Enlightenment ideas spread and influenced the arts. Understand the role of enlightened despots.
Scientific Revolution Leads to the Enlightenment During the Scientific Revolution of the 1500s and 1600s, European scholars made advances in physics, chemistry, biology, and medicine. Like ancient scholars, the thinkers of the Scientific Revolution relied on reason, but they also developed a new scientific method to test their theories and observations. Using mathematics and the scientific method, they discovered a series of laws that governed the physical universe. Sir Isaac Newton was a key figure in the Scientific Revolution. Among his many discoveries was gravity.
Hobbes and Locke on the Role of Government During the 1600s, two English thinkers, Thomas Hobbes and John Locke, set forth ideas that were to become key to the Enlightenment. Both men lived through the upheavals of the English Civil War. Yet they reached different conclusions about human nature and the purpose and proper role of government. Hobbes Argues for Powerful Government Locke Focuses on Natural Rights This illustration from Thomas Hobbes's book Leviathan reflects his belief in a powerful ruler. The monarch rises above all society, just as the mythological Leviathan, or sea monster, rises above all the seas.
The Philosophes In the 1700s, France saw a flowering of Enlightenment thought. French philosophes (fee loh ZOHFS), or philosophers, felt that nothing was beyond the reach of human reason. As they examined ideas about government, law and society, they called for reforms to protect people s natural rights. Their ideas, like those of Locke, would shift political thought and strongly influence the development of democratic-republican government. Montesquieu Voltaire Calls for Separation of Powers Supports Freedom of Thought Diderot Rousseau Edits the Encyclopedia Promotes the Social Contract
New Economic Ideas French thinkers known as physiocrats focused on economic reforms. Like the philosophes, physiocrats based their thinking on natural laws. The physiocrats claimed that their rational economic system was based on the natural laws of economics. Mercantilist Favored government regulations build wealth through trade Physiocrats Opposed government regulations Build wealth through land productivity Adam Smith During the American colonial era, the British government followed mercantilist principles and attempted to control colonial trade. Physiocrats rejected mercantilism and argued that governments should interfere very little in the economy.
Spread of Enlightenment Ideas From France, Enlightenment ideas flowed across Europe and beyond. Everywhere, thinkers examined traditional beliefs and customs in the light of reason and found them flawed. In the 1600s and 1700s, the arts evolved to meet changing tastes. As the Enlightenment Ideas spread people s taste in art develop. The middle class emerged as a new audience for the arts because they could now afford to attend to the operas and comission works of music and art.
Arts and Literature of the Enlightenment The Swing, by French painter Jean-Honore Fragonard, is a masterpiece of rococo art.
The Enlightened Despots Discussions of Enlightenment theories enlivened the courts of Europe. Philosophes hoped to convince European rulers to adopt their ideas and introduce reforms. Some monarchs did accept Enlightenment ideas. They became enlightened despots, or absolute rulers who used their power to bring about political and social change. As an enlightened despot, Frederick the Great pursued some government reforms. This statuette shows him talking with Voltaire.
In what ways did music reflect Enlightenment ideals?
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Absolutism and Revolution (1550 1850) Lesson 4 The Enlightenment Define the Following Key Terms natural laws Thomas Hobbes John Locke social contract natural rights philosophes Montesquieu Voltaire Jean-Jacques Rousseau laissez faire Adam Smith free market free enterprise system censorship salons baroque rococo enlightened despots Joseph II
Absolutism and Revolution (1550 1850) Lesson 5 The American Revolution
Absolutism and Revolution (1550 1850) Lesson 5 The American Revolution Learning Objectives Describe how Britain became a global power. Understand the events and ideas leading up to the American Revolution, including the impact of the Enlightenment. Summarize key events of the American Revolution. Identify the political and legal ideas in the Declaration of Independence and the United States Constitution.
Britain Becomes a Global Power By the 1770s, Britain was a major power in Europe with territories around the globe. Although upheavals in the 1600s had created a limited monarchy, a new king was eager to recover powers the crown had lost. By the time King George III took over as Britain s monarch in 1760, the king s power had greatly diminished. He was determined to reverse this trend. Unlike his father and grandfather, he was born in Great Brittan, spoke English and loved England
The British Colonies in America By 1750, a string of prosperous colonies stretched along the eastern coast of North America. They were part of Britain s growing empire. Colonial cities such as Boston, New York, and Philadelphia were busy commercial centers that linked North America to the West Indies, Africa, and Europe. Colonial shipyards produced many vessels for this trade. England had a vast trading network that included its thirteen North American colonies. This image shows the busy port of Charleston, South Carolina.
Americans formally broke with Britain by signing the Declaration of Independence. This famous painting shows the presentation of the Declaration to the Continental Congress. Discontent in the Colonies The French and Indian War had drained the British treasury. George III and his advisors insisted that colonists pay the costs of their own defense, including troops still stationed in frontier posts. The Enlightenment ideas, combine with the political philosophies of the founding father s gave rise to American Independence and to the formation of a government that derive its power from the people.
The American Revolution At first, the American cause looked bleak. The colonists themselves were divided. About one third of the American colonists were Loyalists, or those who supported Britain. Many others refused to fight for either side. The defeat of British General John Burgoyne at Saratoga prevented the British from dividing New England from the rest of the colonies. George Washington encouraged his men to fight on despite heavy odds.
The United States Constitution The Articles of Confederation was the new nation s first constitution. It proved to be too weak to rule effectively. To address this problem, the nation s leaders gathered once more. Among them were George Washington, James Madison, and Benjamin Franklin. During the hot summer of 1787, they hammered out the Constitution of the United States. This framework for a strong, flexible government has remained in place for more than 200 years. James Madison is known as the father of the U.S. Constitution because he was instrumental in drafting the document. Columbia, was a popular personification of the United States. Columbia represented the ideal of American freedom
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Lesson Assessment pg. 367 Q4
Absolutism and Revolution (1550 1850) Lesson 5 The American Revolution Define the following Key Terms George III Stamp Act George Washington Benjamin Franklin Thomas Jefferson popular sovereignty Yorktown, Virginia Treaty of Paris James Madison federal republic checks and balances
Absolutism and Revolution (1550 1850) Lesson 6 The French Revolution Begins
Absolutism and Revolution (1550 1850) Lesson 6 The French Revolution Begins Learning Objectives Describe the social divisions of France s old order. Trace the causes of the French Revolution. Identify the reforms enacted by the National Assembly, including the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen.
The Old Regime in France On April 28, 1789, unrest exploded at a Paris wallpaper factory. A rumor had spread that the factory owner was planning to cut wages even though bread prices were soaring. Enraged workers vandalized the owner s home and then rioted through the streets. The rioting reflected growing unrest in Paris and throughout France. In 1789, France faced not only an economic crisis but also widespread demands for farreaching changes. By July, the hungry, unemployed, poorly paid people of Paris were taking up arms against the government, a move that would trigger the French Revolution.
The Old Regime in France In the late 1700s, French society was divided into tree social classes or Estates First Estate Second Estate Third Estate Members of the Clergy Nobility The Middle class and Peasants
The Old Regime in France Analyze Political Cartoons What does this cartoon say about the relationship between the three social classes in France?
France's Economic Crisis France s pre-revolutionary government was deeply in debt due to years of deficit spending (when the government spends more money than what it collects). To bridge gap between income and expenses, the government of King Louis XVI borrowed heavily, half of the government income went to pay interest on the debt. To solve the problem the king needed to raise taxes, however the 1 st and 2 nd estate oppose this idea. High debt and a bad harvest led top food prices skyrocketing. The country's economic problems hurt the middle class and peasants the most. As the crisis deepened the public demanded that the king summon the Estates General in hopes that reform might be enacted.
France's Economic Crisis Analyze Charts As France s deficit grew, so did the suffering of the poor. How much did the price of firewood rise between 1726 and 1789?
Louis XVI Calls the Estates-General As 1788 came to a close, France tottered on the verge of bankruptcy. Bread riots were spreading, and nobles, fearful of taxes, were denouncing royal tyranny. A baffled Louis XVI finally summoned the Estates-General to meet at Versailles the following year. Each of the estates prepared a cahiers or notebooks outlining their grievances Evidence of resentment towards other social classes Tax collectors are the nation s bloodsuckers, who drink the tears of the unfortunate in goblets of gold The Third Estate, meet on the Jeu de Paume, an indoor tennis court, in defiance of King Louis XVI s order to disperse. They took an oath vowing not to separate, and to reassemble wherever circumstances require, until a new constitution was established this became know as the Tennis Court Oath
Storming the Bastille On July 14, 1789, the city of Paris seized the spotlight from the National Assembly meeting in Versailles. The streets buzzed with rumors that royal troops were going to occupy the capital. More than 800 Parisians assembled outside the Bastille, a grim medieval fortress used as a prison for political and other prisoners. The crowd demanded weapons and gunpowder believed to be stored there. The political crisis of 1789 coincided with the worst famine in memory. Starving peasants roamed the countryside or flocked to towns, where they swelled the ranks of the unemployed. As grain prices soared, even people with jobs had to spend as much as 80 percent of their income on bread.
The National Assembly Analyze Charts The French Revolution had many symbols. What is the name of the French national anthem?
The National Assembly Peasant uprisings and the storming of the Bastille stampeded the National Assembly into action. On August 4, in a combative all-night meeting, nobles in the National Assembly voted to end their own privileges. They agreed to give up their old manorial dues, exclusive hunting rights, special legal status, and exemption from taxes. The National Assembly voted to take and sell Church land to pay off the huge debt, and to place the French Catholic Church under state control. The National assembly also produced a new constitution, which called for many reform including a limited monarchy and a Legislative Assembly made up members elected into office my male citizens over age 25
Reforms of the National Assembly Analyze Charts The Constitution of 1791 turned France upside down by destroying the old order. What powers did the Legislative Assembly now have?
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Lesson Assessment pg. 378 Q5
Absolutism and Revolution (1550 1850) Lesson 6 The French Revolution Begins Define the following Key Terms ancien régime estates bourgeoisie deficit spending Louis XVI Jacques Necker Estates-General cahiers Tennis Court Oath Bastille faction Marquis de Lafayette Olympe de Gouges Marie Antoinette
Absolutism and Revolution (1550 1850) Lesson 7 A Radical Phase
Absolutism and Revolution (1550 1850) Lesson 7 A Radical Phase Learning Objectives Explain why the French Revolution entered a more radical phase. Understand how radicals abolished the French monarchy. Analyze the causes and course of the Reign of Terror. Describe France under the Directory. Identify how the French Revolution changed life in France.
Radicals Gain Strength The outbreak of the French Revolution stirred debate all over Europe and the United States. Supporters of the Enlightenment, such as Thomas Jefferson, saw the French experiment as the dawn of a new age for justice and equality. European rulers and nobles, however, denounced the French Revolution. Fear of the French Plague - Europe's monarchs feared the ideas coming from the French Revolution.
Radicals Gain Strength The sans-culottes were working-class men and women who became the heart of radical France. These men wore long pants instead of the knee breeches wore by the Jacobins (middle class lawyers or intellectual)
The Monarchy Is Abolished In 1793, the Revolution entered a radical phase. For a year, France experienced one of the bloodiest regimes in its long history as determined leaders sought to extend and preserve the Revolution. The national convention was controlled by radical members who drew up a new constitution, voted to abolish the monarchy and establish France as a republic. The Jacobins, who controlled the Convention, set out to erase all traces of the old order. They seized lands of the nobles and abolish titles of nobility. Every one was now a citizen even Louis XVI Marie Antoinette s lavish lifestyle and disregard for the masses contributed to her unpopularity and later execution.
The Reign of Terror By early 1793, danger threatened France on all sides. The country was at war with much of Europe, including Britain, the Netherlands, Spain, and Prussia. In the Vendée region of France, royalists and priests led peasants in rebellion against the government. In Paris, the sans-culottes demanded relief from food shortages and inflation. To deal with the treats the convention created the Committee of Public Safety. The 12 members committee had almost absolute power The Committee of Public Safety was headed by Maximilien Robespierre. Who rounded up suspected persons, sentencing many to death for being traitors to the Revolution. Thousands of citizens were beheaded by the guillotine.
The Reign of Terror The people of France feared the Committee of Public Safety because it was so powerful and ruthless. Robespierre was beheaded on July 28, 1794, a victim of the Terror he helped create.
Reaction and the Directory The French Revolution began with the burning of the Bastille in 1789 and continued through the Reign of Terror. After the Terror, it moved into a third phase in which the government was headed by a five-man Directory.
Reaction and the Directory Brash and young, military hero Napoleon Bonaparte would eventually become ruler of France.
The Revolution Transforms France By 1799, the 10-year-old French Revolution had dramatically changed France. It had dislodged the old social order, overthrown the monarchy, and brought the Church under state control. New symbols such as the red liberty caps and the tricolor confirmed the liberty and equality of all male citizens. The new title citizen applied to people of all social classes. Elaborate fashions and powdered wigs gave way to the practical clothes and simple haircuts of the sans-culottes.
The Revolution Transforms France Analyze Charts The French Revolution changed the country s political and social landscape. How did the Revolution change the social order?
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Lesson Assessment pg. 387 Q3
Absolutism and Revolution (1550 1850) Lesson 7 A Radical Phase Define the following Key Terms émigrés sans-culottes Jacobins Suffrage Maximilien Robespierre Reign of Terror guillotine Napoleon Bonaparte Nationalism Marseilles
Absolutism and Revolution (1550 1850) Lesson 8 The Age of Napoleon
Absolutism and Revolution (1550 1850) Lesson 8 The Age of Napoleon Learning Objectives Describe how Napoleon Bonaparte rose to power. Explain the impact of Napoleon and the Napoleonic Wars. Identify the reasons for Napoleon s fall from power. Understand how the Congress of Vienna tried to restore order to Europe.
Napoleon on the Rise From 1799 to 1815, Napoleon Bonaparte dominated France and Europe. A hero to some, an evil force to others, he gave his name to the final phase of the French Revolution the Age of Napoleon. His rise to power was fueled by his success on the battlefield, his personal political ambitions and his popularity with the French People Napoleon was a military genius who dominated Europe for more than a decade.
Napoleon Reforms France At Napoleon's coronation, he placed the crown on his own head to show that he was the source of his own power, not the pope Napoleon consolidated his power by strengthening the central government. Order, security, and efficiency replaced liberty, equality, and fraternity as the slogans of the new regime. Napoleon undertook a massive building campaign to reform the French economy. Projects included this church, La Madeleine, originally designed as a temple to glorify Napoleon's army.
Napoleon Reforms France Analyze Charts The Napoleonic Code was Napoleon's attempt to reshape France s legal system. Whose civil rights were guaranteed under the Napoleonic Code?
The Napoleonic Wars From 1804 to 1812, Napoleon furthered his reputation on the battlefield. In a series of conflicts known as the Napoleonic Wars, he battled the combined forces of the greatest European powers. He took great risks and even suffered huge losses. I grew up on the field of battle, he once said, and a man such as I am cares little for the life of a million men. By 1812, his Grand Empire reached its greatest extent. As a military leader, Napoleon valued rapid movements and made. effective use of his large armies. He developed a new plan for each battle so opposing generals could never anticipate what he would do next. His enemies paid tribute to his leadership. Napoleon s presence on the battlefield, said one, was worth 40,000 troops
The Napoleonic Wars Analyze Political Cartoons In this political cartoon, the character on the left represents the British, and the character on the right represents Napoleon. What are the figures carving, and why?
Challenges to the French Empire In his famous painting Third of May 1808, Spanish artist Francisco Goya shows the execution of Spanish resistance leaders by French troops.
Challenges to the French Empire In 1812, Napoleon continued his pursuit of European domination and invaded Russia. This campaign began a chain of events that eventually led to his downfall. Napoleon s final defeat brought an end to the era of the French Revolution. The French invasion of Russia became a disaster when the lack of food and supplies combined with a hard winter to nearly destroy Napoleon's army.
Napoleon Falls from Power The disaster in Russia changed the course of the Napoleonic Wars. Russia, Britain, Austria, and Prussia formed a new alliance against a weakened France. In 1813, they defeated Napoleon in the Battle of the Nations at Leipzig. After escaping from Elba, Napoleon made his way back to France. He met his final defeat at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815. Napoleon was force into exile in St. Helena a lonely island in the South Atlantic. He dies in 1821 Once the scourge of Europe, Napoleon eventually fell from power. This painting shows Napoleon in exile.
The Congress of Vienna After Waterloo, diplomats and heads of state again sat down at the Congress of Vienna. They faced the monumental task of restoring stability and order in Europe after years of war. The Congress met for 10 months, from September 1814 to June 1815. It was a brilliant gathering of European leaders. Diplomats and royalty dined and danced, attended concerts and ballets, and enjoyed parties arranged by their host, Emperor Francis I of Austria. The work fell to Prince Clemens von Metternich of Austria, Tsar Alexander I of Russia, and Lord Robert Castlereagh of Britain. Defeated France was represented by Prince Charles Maurice de Talleyrand.
Absolutism and Revolution (1550 1850) Lesson 8 The Age of Napoleon Define the following Key Terms plebiscite Napoleonic Code Napoleonic Wars annexed Continental System guerrilla warfare abdicated Congress of Vienna legitimacy Concert of Europe