Activity 18 DECODE A MESSAGE DIRECTIONS: Write the key term below its definition. Then decode the secret message about Texas ranching. Copy the numbered letters from the key words into the boxes marked with matching numbers. 1. public land that could be used by anyone, usually for grazing cattle 1 2 2. the Spanish word for cowhand 3 4 3. the Spanish word for rancher 5 6 4. the fat of cattle and sheep, used in the manufacture of soap, margarine, candles, and lubricants 7 8 5. a place where livestock are penned before they are slaughtered or shipped 9 10 6. a person who drives cattle in large herds to a stockyard or market 11 7. a tenant farmer who is provided with seed, tools, living quarters, and food and receives a share of the value of the crop X 7 11 3 9 15 9 7 6 11 8 11 3 10 15 16 14 12 The first cowboys knew nothing of the Texas plains. Their base was the colony of New York. These socalled cowboys were cattle thieves who were loyal to the British cause during the American Revolution! 8. a serious crime for which punishment may be death or imprisonment 13 9. the small, hardy horse of the western plains, descended from horses brought by the Spaniards 14 10. a state of enforced isolation designed to prevent the spread of disease or pests 15 11. a ranch hand who takes care of saddle horses 16 9 7 3 7 11 15 16 7 6 11 12 2 1 10 4 5 7 15 1 16 36 1 13 5 3 7 7 8 11 3 16 10 9 6 11 1112
Activity 19 Politics & Progress Many of the important cities and towns in Texas were settled along railroad lines. The construction of railroads through Texas during the late 1800s made settlement by farmers and ranchers possible. Before long, however, the settlers became dependent on the railroads for delivering supplies and transporting their products to markets. Eventually, the state government was called upon to regulate big business and railroads in Texas. REVIEWING CHAPTER 19 Important Events in Texas Politics, Transportation, and Industry A new constitution and political reforms bring changes to Texas. Constitution of 1876 limits the powers of the government: Powers of governor reduced Legislature to meet every two years Salaries of state employees lowered Low taxes guaranteed Less money spent on education 1879: Governor Oran Roberts reduces state expenditures. 1888: A new capitol building is dedicated in Austin. 1893: Suffragists organize the Texas Equal Rights Association. Transportation and industry boom in the late 1800s in Texas. Railroads and businesses use unfair tactics. 1886: Farmers Alliance has over 100,000 members. 1891: Texas Railroad Commission is established to regulate the railroad business. 1887: U.S. Congress creates the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) to set rules for interstate and intrastate railroads. 1900: Ten thousand miles of railroads spread across Texas. 1900: Lumber is the most important and valuable industry in the state. (continued) 37
Activity 19 CROSSWORD PUZZLE DIRECTIONS: Use the clues below to complete the crossword puzzle with key terms from Chapter 19. Eighty-five percent of Texas s public libraries were begun by women s organizations. Across 1. a member of a volunteer committee organized to punish criminals 5. connecting or existing in areas within a state 6. a combination of companies formed by agreement to reduce competition 9. exclusive possession or control Down 2. prohibiting companies from joining together to fix prices or limit production: law 3. the right to vote 4. the freedom of 1 2 private businesses to 3 compete with other businesses to make a profit without government interference: free 5. connecting or existing between two or more states 4 5 7. a building equipped G O V E R N M E N T to refine or process 6 7 products such as oil, metals, or sugar 8 8. a wage paid to a person following his or her retirement from service 9 38
Activity 20 A New Century As the twentieth century began, many Texans started moving from rural areas to the rapidly growing industrialized cities. Rural areas changed and more ranches became farms. As the impact of the Spindletop gusher was realized, Texans started new companies, and people came to take part in the new fossil fuel industry. With the twentieth century also came cultural changes as a new influx of Mexicans crossed the border to fill Texas s need for workers and to escape the political instability in Mexico. REVIEWING CHAPTER 20 Important Events of the Early 20th Century 1901 Theodore Roosevelt becomes president 1900 Galveston hurricane 1901 Spindletop gusher 1904 Oil discovered near Humble 1903 Terrell Election Law passed 1913 Worker s compensation created 1918 Statewide prohibition law 1919 Eighteenth Amendment ratified; nationwide prohibition Early 20th Century 1909 NAACP formed 1912 Houston Chapter of NAACP created 1914 Houston Ship Channel opened 1903 Equal Suffrage League of Houston established 1916 Oil discovered at Goose Creek 1918 Texas women vote in primary elections 1920 Nineteenth Amendment ratified; nationwide women s suffrage (continued) 39
Activity 20 TRUE OR FALSE? DIRECTIONS: A teenager living in the early twentieth century was reading the Texas Times. In that newspaper the teenager found some unfamiliar terms. Not having a dictionary handy, the teen guessed at their meanings. Tell whether the teen s guesses, shown below, were true or false by writing T for true or F for false on the lines provided. In 1919 the pecan was adopted as the state tree of Texas. 1. A poll tax is a fee the state charges for putting up telegraph polls. 2. In a commission form of city government, each elected official, or commissioner, is in charge of one city department, such as public safety or human services. 3. A derrick is a framework or tower that supports the drill over a deep hole. 4. Scrip is a technique used in tilling soil in arid areas. 5. Retailers sell in small quantities directly to the consumer. 6. A white-collar job usually requires physical labor. 7. Progressivism is a reform movement that tries to correct social and political problems. 8. In a primary election party, members choose their party s candidates for the general election. 9. Jim Crow laws discriminate against German Americans. 10. Forcing African Americans to use separate water fountains is segregation. 11. A conservationist is a person who believes that nongovernment currency should be spent only at a company store. 12. Lynch means to put to death (as by hanging) without a legal trial. 40