American Federation of Labor (AFL) this was an early union which hoped to organize all working men and women into a single union. This union pursued social reforms like equal pay for equal work, 8 hour workday, and an end to child labor. They preferred to use political activity rather than strikes, however, it was a series of failed strikes that ultimately led to the group's decline and disappearance in the 1890's. Booker T. Washington Washington was a former slave and a notable African American leader during the Progressive Period. He founded the Tuskegee Institute and advocated blacks advancing themselves through economic freedom attained by excelling in teaching, agriculture, and blue collar fields. he did not oppose segregation and was greatly criticized by certain African Americans like W.E.B DuBois boycotts This is the act of refusing to buy or pay for certain services or products in the hopes of forcing producers to change their policies or action. child labor this is a practice in which children, some as young as five, would have to work rather than go to school for families to survive. It led to children missing out on school and becoming trapped in poverty. civil rights These are the rights guaranteed to citizens under the US constitution.
Clayton Antitrust Act The law signed by Wilson in 1914 made strikes, peaceful picketing, and boycotts legal. It also meant that employers could no longer use antitrust laws to put down strikes or break up unions. closed shops This is a workplace in which employers can only hire union members, thereby forcing employers to deal with the union. collective bargaining Collective bargaining is a process in which employees negotiate as a group rather than as individuals in an effort to increase their bargaining power. de facto segregation This is segregation which is not officially sanctioned by law but rather evolves due to economic or social factors. de jure segregation This is segregation based on Jim Crow Laws.
Direct Primary A direct primary is the process by which the people choose the candidates for public office rather than having them be chosen by party bosses disenfranchisement The act of denying a certain group of people the right to vote. It was a primary meaning for suppressing African American in the South after the end of reconstruction. Eighteenth Amendment This amendment was added to the US Constitution during the Progressive Era; it prohibited the making, selling, or transporting of alcoholic beverages. It was later repealed. Eugene Debs Debs was an influential union leader who was the head of the American Railway. Union and led the famed Pullman strike. He eventually ran for presidents several times as a socialist. Federal Reserve Act This law was passed by Congress in 1913 established the Federal Reserve. The Federal Reserve gave the government greater control over the circulation of money and helped prevent bank failures.
grandfather clauses These were clauses stating that anyone who had voted in prior elections, or whose ancestors had voted, were exempt from voting requirements. (i.e. poll taxes and literacy test) Since this usually only applied to whites, grandfather clauses were often used to enable poor literate whites to vote will still disenfranchising blacks. Great Migration This term applied to the period during WWI in which thousands of African Americans left the South to migrate to the big cities of the North in search of jobs and opportunities created by the war. Great Strike The first major case of nationwide labor unrest, it occurred in 1877 and involved the nation's railroad. President Hayes eventually sent in federal troops to put down the protests. It showed business owners that they could appeal to the government for help in dealing with striking workers. Haymarket Riot The violent incident occurred in Chicago's Haymarket Square in 1886 as part of a national labor demonstration. During the rally, a bomb exploded and a riot broke out that resulted in several deaths. The incident turned public opinion against the unions as many began to identify strikes with anarchy and violence. Homestead Strike This was a strike among steelworkers in 1892 at Carnegie's steel plat. It became violent with strikers and Pinkerton agents started shooting at one another. The strike ended when the public views the strikers as instigators of the violence.
Hull House Hull House serves as a center from which poor workers and immigrant received needed help. It also served a a launching pad for investigations into economic, political, and social conditions in the city of Chicago. Ida Wells-Barnett Barnett was an advocate of civil rights and women's rights. She was also known for her campaign against segregation on railway cars prior to the plessy decision. initiative An initiative is a process which allows for citizens to force the state legislature to vote on particular issue. injuctions Injunctions are court orders that forbade strikes because they violated the law of threatened public interests. Jacob Riis Riis was a photographer and writer who drew attention to the horrible living conditions in city tenements.
Jane Addams Addams opened Hull House in Chicago and aided poor workers and immigrants. Jim Crow Laws These laws established segregation by requiring whites and blacks to use separate facilities. labor unions Labor unions were organizations of workers that arose during the age of industrialization. They were intended to protect the interest of members. literacy test These were test requiring citizens t prove they were literate before they would be allowed to vote. Since many African American in the 1800s and early 1900s were illiterate, these test effectively disenfranchised blacks. Mann-Elkins Act This was an act signed by President Taft which expanded the power of the Interstate Commerce Commission to regulate telephone and telegraph rates.
Marcus Garvey Gravey was an important African American figure in the Progressive Era. He is perhaps best known for his "back to Africa" movement. Muckrakers The term was applied to writers of the Progressive Era who exposed abuses in government and industry. The name was applied to them by President Theodore Roosevelt. NAACP Founded by W.E.B. DuBois and others in 1909, the organization devoted itself to the progress of Aferican Americans. Nineteenth Amendment The stated ratified the 19th amendment to the Constitution in 1920. It gave women the right to vote in national elections. Plessy v. Ferguson In this case 1896 Supreme Court case, the court ruled that de jure segregation is lawful as long as the separate facilities/ services were equal. It meant that segregation was legal.
poll taxes The technicality required members of a state to pay a special tax to before they could vote. since most African Americans in the late 1800's and early 1900s were poor, poll taxes were an effective means of disenfranchising blacks. Progressive Era The progressive Era began about the beginning of the 1900's. During this period, government officials and citizens called for reforms in business, politics, society, and economic reforms came bout during this period. Progressive Party This was a third party formed by Progressive Republicans who supported Theodore Roosevelt for president in 1912. Its platform reminded many of the old populist movement because they called for a number of reforms. Among these were better working conditions, more regulation of business, women's suffrage, and an end to child labor. Pullman Strike This was the last great nationwide strike. It involved the railroad industry and was led by Eugene Debs. The strike ended when the strikers disrupted the US mail and the president sent in federal troops to enforce federal injunction against the union. This strike established the precedence of factory owners appealing to courts to end strikes. recall A recall is a process accepted by many states during the Progressive Era in which special elections could be held to remove corrupt officials from office before their rime had expired.
Referendum A referendum is a process adopted by many states in which public officials are elected by popular vote rather than party bosses of state legislatures. Samuel Gomper Gomper was leader ofafl. secret ballot A secret ballot is a voting process in which individuals vote secretly, thereby removing fear of reprisal. segreation This was separation of races (mostly notably in the US between whites and blacks) Settlement Houses Settlement Houses were houses in urban areas in which reformers wanting to serve the poor and immigrants would live and from which they would assists the urban working class.
Seventeenth Amendment This amendment added to the US Constitution during the Progressive Era established the election of Senators directly by the people rather than by state legislatures. Sixteenth Amendment This amendment added to the US Constitution during the Progressive Era established the federal income tax. strikes Strikes were a method used by unions in which employees refused to to report for work until certain demands are met. Susan B Anthony Susan B. Anthony was one of the most recognized leaders of the women's suffrage movement. Temperance Movement This was a movement that originally wanted to limit, and eventually advocated eliminating, alcohol.
Theodore Roosevelt Theodore Roosevelt was the youngest man ever to be elected as president. e was perceived as siding with strikers rather than management during the Anthracite Coal Mine Strike of 1902. W.E.B Du Bois DuBois was the first black PhD from Harvard, an African American leader who disagreed with Booker T. Washington and felt the blacks must seek to achieve intellectually as well. He advocated legal, social, and political activity on the part of African American, and he criticized Washington for his acceptance of segregation. He started the Niagara Movement and was the key figure in founding the NAACP. William Howard Taft Williams Howard Taft was elected president after Roosevelt. Like his good friend Roosevelt, he also championed a number of progressive causes; however he could never gain the full support of Progressives within the Republican party and lost the 1912 election. Woman's Suffrage Movement This was a reform movement hat called for women to have the right to vote. It led to the passage of the 19th amendment. Woodrow Wilson Woodrow Wilson won the 1912 election and opposed both big business and big government. His supported Congress in passing the Federal Reserve Act.