Chapter 8 The Progressive Movement US History Seefeld
Section 1 The Roots of Progressivism After seeing the results of industrialization and laissez-faire economics reformers began to doubt free market s ability to address the problems. They believed government should take a more active role in solutions. Present government form would not facilitate corrections. Progressives were: Both political parties Urban Educated Middle class
Areas of Concern Trustbusting Protect common laborers Destroy Political Machines Voting Reform Improve urban living conditions Women s suffrage
Progressivism and Its Champions Industrialization helped many but also created dangerous working environments and unhealthy living conditions for the urban poor. Progressivism, a wide-ranging reform movement targeting these problems, began in the late 19th century. Journalists called muckrakers and urban photographers exposed people to the plight of the unfortunate in hopes of sparking reform. Jacob Riis Danish immigrant who faced New York poverty Exposed the slums through magazines, photographs, and a best-selling book His fame helped spark city reforms. How the Other Half Lives Ida Tarbell Exposed the corrupt Standard Oil Company and its owner, John D. Rockefeller Appealed to middle class scared by large business power Lincoln Steffens Shame of the Cities (1904) exposed corrupt city governments Frank Norris Exposed railroad monopolies in a 1901 novel
Reforming Government Scientific Management = efficiency! Frederick Taylor Optimized productivity Create more job opportunities Break jobs down into small tasks
City Management Opposed Mayor-Council format allowed Supported: Commission Form Each department is under the control of a commissioner who is an expert in that area. Council-Manager Form City council hires a city manager
Laboratory of Democracy Robert M. LaFollette Wisconsin governor Direct Primary all party members can vote for a candidate who will represent the party in the general election Prevents party bosses from controlling the elections
Initiative permits a group of voters to introduce legislation and required legislators to vote on it Referendum allows citizens to vote on proposed laws directly without going to legislators Recall voters can demand a special election to remove an elected official from office before term has expired. Eighteen states permit the recall of state officials:
Direct election of Senators Original constitution each state s legislators elected the state s senators. Political machines and wealthy businessmen had lots of influence in these elections 17 th Amendment The state s voters elected senators Removed one check on federal power
Suffrage 1848 Seneca Falls, NY Declaration of Rights and Sentiments Universal women s suffrage Abolishing slavery took precedence for most reformers After the Civil War the women s suffrage movement split into two camps. (weakens movement) Constitutional Amendment Convince state governments to give women voting rights.
National American Women Suffrage Association United both groups Difficult to convince women to become politically active until the progressive movement grew in power. Wilson s inauguration, 1913, suffragists marched.
NAWSA Carrie Chapman Catt new president Supported Wilson s reelection campaign 1919 - Nineteenth Amendment passed, 1920 ratified
National Women s Party Alice Paul split from NAWSA Picketed the White House Blocked sidewalks Chained themselves to lampposts Hunger strikes
Child Labor Horrible working conditions for children convinced states to begin passing laws the set limits on child labor Types of jobs Hours work Minimum age
Health & Safety Codes Pressured employers to pass worker s compensation laws Insurance funds to provide payments to workers injured in work-related accidents. Zoning laws Divide a city into zones for commercial, residential and other uses. Regulates how land and buildings can be used
Building Codes Set minimum standards Light Air Room size Sanitation Fire escapes Triangle Shirtwaist Fire Health Codes Required restaurants and other facilities to maintain clean environments.
Prohibition Hard-earned wages were often spent on alcohol Temperance Movement = advocated stopping or moderating intake of alcohol Women s Christian Temperance Union Prohibition laws which banned the manufacture, sale and consumption of alcohol
Regulate Business Break up big business. Regulate business Advocate socialism government owned and operated
Teddy Roosevelt Square Deal Social Darwinism and Progressivism - together Trustbuster Make an example of major trusts he believed were abusing their power Northern Securities J.P. Morgan Violation of Sherman Antitrust Act T.R. popularity grew
Coal Strike of 1902 United Mine Workers launched a strike Increased in pay Reduced work hours Union recognition Coal prices rose Roosevelt urged the union and owners to accept arbitration = settlement negotiated by an outside party Union agreed, owners did not
Roosevelt threatened to order troops in to run the mines Owners negotiated Big change in the way government responded to strikes.
Department of Labor and Commerce Most trusts benefit the economy so the goal is not to destroy them all. The best strategy for preventing trusts from abusing consumers would be to keep the public informed. US Steel Worried about a lawsuit they offered a deal Open books Issues found would be handled privately
Hepburn Act - 1906 Strengthen the Interstate Commerce Act Gave it power to set railroad rates At first RR were upset Then they realized if they worked with government they could also protect themselves and their profits. Control rates and regulations
Consumer Protection Patent Medicine Potions which were little more than alcohol, colored water and sugar sometimes drugs like caffeine, cocaine, and opium These cures often caused health problems or death
Safe Food The Jungle Upton Sinclair Agriculture Department Embalmed meat unsafe chemicals Pure Food and Drug Act Prohibited the manufacture, sale or shipment of impure or falsely labeled food and drugs Meat Inspection Act Required federal inspection Set standards of cleanliness
Turn to Page 303 in your text. Read about the Supreme Court case Northern Securities v United States Answer the three questions at the bottom of the page Turn to page 305 in your text Read the Debates in history documents. Should resources be preserved? John Muir versus Gifford Pinchot Answer the three questions at the bottom of the page Turn in to my desk
Conservation The nation s resources were being used up Need to manage an prevent exploitation Teddy Roosevelt Outdoorsman Valued minerals, animals and terrain
Newlands Reclamation Act Authorized the use of federal funds from public land sales to pay for land development projects United States Forest Service Gifford Pinchot Careful management of timber resources Rejected the laissez-faire argument that the best way to preserve forests was to sell them to lumber companies which would manage them to perpetuate profit.
Bully Pulpit T.R. used his power as president to promote his views. Greatly increased federal powers Increasingly Americans expected the federal government to solve national economic and social problems
William Howard Taft Hand picked by Roosevelt Judge Governor of Philippines Secretary of War Easily received nomination Fair Deal
Tariff Roosevelt warned him to stay away from tariff reform because it would split the Republican Party. Progressives favored reduced tariffs Republicans wanted to maintain high tariffs Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act Barely cut tariffs on most things and even raised them on others.
Ballinger v Pinchot Controversy Taft replaced Roosevelt s Secretary of Interior Richard Ballinger conservative corporate lawyer Tried to make nearly a million acres available for private development Pinchot accused Ballinger of turning over public lands to private business
An investigation proved the accusation was groundless Pinchot leaked the story to the press Taft fired him for insubordination
Taft s Achievements Trustbuster Brought twice as many antitrust lawsuits as Roosevelt Children s Bureau Investigated and publicized the problems of child labor Conservationist Acres set aside for protection surpassed Roosevelt Bureau of Mines New technologies Protect waterpower sites
Roosevelt s Anger Big-game hunting in Africa Disturbed by stories that Taft was betraying progressivism. T.R. believed Taft s focus on breaking up trusts was destroying his carefully crafted system of cooperation and regulation between government and big business
The Republican Party & President William H. Taft
Keep the Whistle Blowing Taft was determined to defeat TR and preserve the conservative heart of the Republican Party.
High import tariffs. Republican Party Platform Put limitations on female and child labor. Workman s Compensation Laws. Against initiative, referendum, and recall. Against bad trusts. Creation of a Federal Trade Commission. Stay on the gold standard. Conservation of natural resources because they are finite.
The Progressive Party & Former President Theodore Roosevelt People should rise above their sectarian interests to promote the general good.
Theodore Roosevelt New Nationalism Big business requires big government.
The Anti- Third-Term Principle
The Bull Moose Party: The Latest Arrival at the Political Zoo We stand at Armageddon, and we battle for the Lord! ONWARD, CHRISTIAN SOLDIERS!
Progressive Party Platform Women s suffrage. Graduated income tax. Inheritance tax for the rich. Lower tariffs. Limits on campaign spending. Currency reform. Minimum wage laws. Social insurance. Abolition of child labor. Workmen s compensation. N e w N a t i o n a l i s m
The Socialist Party & Eugene V. Debs The issue is Socialism versus Capitalism. I am for Socialism because I am for humanity.
The Working Class Candidates Eugene V. Debs for President Emil Seigel for Vice-President
Growth of the Socialist Vote Year Socialist Party Socialist Labor Party Total 1888 2,068 2,068 1890 13,704 13,704 1892 21,512 21,512 1894 30,020 30,020 1896 36,275 36,274 1898 82,204 82,204 1900 96,931 33,405 130,336 1902 223,494 53,763 277,257 1904 408,230 33,546 441,776 1906 331,043 20,265 351,308 1908 424,488 14,021 438,509 1910 607,674 34,115 641,789 1912 901,873
Socialist Party Platform Government ownership of railroads and utilities. Guaranteed income tax. No tariffs. 8-hour work day. Better housing. Government inspection of factories. Women s suffrage.
The Democratic Party & Governor Woodrow Wilson (NJ) Princeton University professor Progressive Governor of New Jersey Could he rescue the Democratic Party from Bryanism??
The Reform Governor of NJ: It Takes Time to Remove the Grime
N e w F r e e d o m Democratic Party Platform Government control of the monopolies trusts in general were bad eliminate them!! Tariff reduction. One-term President. Direct election of Senators. Create a Department of Labor. Strengthen the Sherman Anti-Trust Act. Did NOT support women s suffrage. Opposed to a central bank.
Election Results By 1912, 100,000 fewer people had voted for Wilson than had voted for Bryan in 1908. The 1912 election marked the top of the Socialist movement in America.
GOP Divided by Bull Moose Equals Democratic Victory!
Wilson s Reforms Wilson was the first president to appear before Congress since John Adam Believed lowering tariffs would benefit business and consumers. Competition would Improve products Lower prices Underwood Tariff Act Reduced tariffs Allowed levying of an income tax Constitutionally prohibited
Sixteenth Amendment gave the federal government power to tax the income of an individual directly Since numerous bank failures the public had lost confidence in banks. To restore confidence: Federal Reserve Act central banking system Banks would have to keep a portion of deposits in a central bank safety of financial cushion 12 regional banks Board of Governors Set interest rates control the amount of money in circulation
Federal Trade Commission Monitor business Power to investigate companies Power to issue cease and desist orders against companies participating in unfair trade practices Those that hurt competition Clayton Antitrust Act Outlawed certain practices that restricted competition Banned price discrimination for customers Banned agreement that required one company to stop selling the product of another company Banned non-uniform price discounts Specifically declared its provisions did not apply to labor organizations Magna Carta of workers
Keating-Owen Child Labor Act Prohibited the employment of children under the age of 14 in interstate businesses Declared unconstitutional in 1918 Adamson Act Established the 8-hour work day for RR workers Federal Farm Loan Act Provide farmers with low income loans
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People Niagara Movement 1905 Demanded full rights for African Americans Believed voting rights were essential to end lynching and other racial discrimination W.E.B. DuBois Leader of Niagara Movement Eventually merged with NAACP NAACP 1909
Anti-Defamation League Sigmund Livingston Combat stereotypes and discrimination Jews faced mob violence and discrimination ADL worked to remove negative portrayals of Jews in movies, print, and plays