Classes and Elites in Democracy and Democratization A Collection of Readings A Edited by Eva Etzioni-Halevy GARLAND PUBLISHING, INC. New York & London 1997
Contents Foreword Preface Introduction XV xix xxiii PART I: Classes in Democracy and Democratization Classical Analyses 3 Ruling Class, Proletariat, and Bourgeois Democracy 7 Selections from the Works of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels Intellectuals and the Hegemony of the Dominant Class in Modern Western Democracies 12 Antonio Gramsci Repressive Tolerance in Contemporary Democracy 18 Herbert Marcuse The Reproduction of Working-Class Exploitation in Capitalist Democracies 24 Louis Althusser The Democratic Route to Modern Society 30 Barrington Moore Some Social Requisites of Democracy 37 Seymour Martin Lipset
x Contents PART II: Elites in Democracy and Democratization Classical Analyses 43 r The Governing Elite in Present-Day Democracy 47 Vilfredo Pareto The Ruling Class in Representative Democracy 53 Gaetano Mosca Democracy and the Countervailing Powers of Bureaucracy, Charisma, and Parliament 63 Max Weber * The Power Elite 71 C. Wright Mills > An Elite Theory of Democracy 78 Joseph A. Schumpeter The Ruling Minorities in Western Societies 86 Raymond Aron PART III: Classes in Democracy and Democratization New Analyses 93 The Relative Autonomy of the Capitalist State, Democracy, and Dominant Class Hegemony 97 Nicos Poulantzas Democratic Sovereignty, the Bourgeoisie's Dominance, and Disciplinary Power in the West 103 Michel Foucault
Contents xi Democracy and Capitalism [Contradiction, Accommodation, and Instability] 111 Samuel Bowles and Herbert Gintis Rediscovering the American Democratic Dream 120 John F. Manley Transition to Capitalist Democracy as Class Compromise 128 Adam Przeworski The Rule of Capital and the Rise of Democracy 134 Goran Therborn Economic Development and Democracy [ The Role of Subordinate Classes] 142 Evelyne Huber, Dietrich Rueschemeyer, and John D. Stephens PART IV: Elites in Democracy and Democratization New Analyses 151 The Irony of Democracy 155 Thomas Dye and Harmon Zeigler Prospects for Pluralism [Linkages Between Leaders and Followers in the American Democracy] 160 Nelson W Polsby Democratic Government by Leading Minorities, Responsiveness, and Responsibility 168 Giovanni Sartori
xii Contents National Elite Configurations and Transition to Democracy 174 G. Lowell Field, John Higley, and Michael G. Burton Modes of Transition and the Emergence of Democracy in Latin America and Southern Europe 185 Terry Lynn Karl and Philippe C. Schmitter South Korea's Elite Settlement and Democratic Consolidation 194 Michael G. Burton and Jai P. Ryu Party Elites and Democratic Consolidation in Southern Europe 205 Leonardo Morlino Delegative Democracy 214 Guillermo O'Donnell Elites' Political Values and Democratic Consolidation in Brazil 222 Elisa P. Reis and Zairo B. Cheibub The Role of Political Elites in the Transition from Communism to Democracy The Case of Poland 230 Wlodzimierz Wesolowski PART V: Classes and Elites in Democracy and Democratization 239 The Oligarchical Tendencies of Working- Class Organizations 243 Robert Michels
Contents xiii State Leaders as Promoters of Capitalist Interests in Democracies 251 Ralph Miliband The Ruling Class Does Not Rule [State Managers, Capitalists, and the Working Class in Capitalist Democracies] 259 Fred Block The Dilemma of Pluralist Democracy [Autonomy Versus Equality] 267 Robert A. Dahl The Top-down and Bottom-up Construction of Democracy 275 Charles Tilly The Third Wave [Economic Development, Expansion of the Middle Class, Elite Compromises, and Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century] 285 Samuel P. Huntington Class Inequalities, Elite Patterns, and Transition to Democracy in Latin America 293 Larry Diamond and Juan Linz Capitalism by Democratic Design in East/Central Europe 302 Claus Offe
xiv Contents Elites and the Working Class On Coupling, Uncoupling, Democracy, and (In)equalities in the West 310 Eva Etzioni-Halevy Conclusion 327 Indexes 33l