Geography GCSE Year 11 Examination Unit 2 Preparation booklet. Name: Students should bring the following to the Examinations: Black Ball Point Pen Pencil Rubber Ruler Calculator Colouring Pencils.
Year 11 Examination. Areas that will be examined. Section A TWO QUESTIONS Population Change. Likely Topics Definitions of key words like define migration Population growth Population change Migration Push and Pull factors Use of pie charts and other resources to gather data. Population pyramids Changing Urban Environments. Likely topics. 1. Definitions of key words like define CBD 2. Pollution within cities 3. Use of tables and charts to gather data. 4. CBD and land use within cities. 5. Methods to improve cities rich and poor. 6. Sustainable settlements 7. Issues within cities both rich and poor. Section B TWO QUESTIONS Tourism Likely topics. 1. Definitions of key words like define Eco-tourism 2. Use of tables and charts to gather data. 3. Types of tourist environments and reasons to go there. 4. Mass tourism and eco-tourism 5. Impact of tourism on places 6. The response of an area to tourism Bulter Model.
Year 11 Glossary Adventure holidays more active with more risk, off the beaten track, in more unusual destinations Ageing population increasing percentage of old people (aged 65 and over) Aid money, goods and expertise given by one country to another, either free or at low cost Birth rate number of live births per 1000 population per year Brownfield site area of previously built-up land that is available to be built on again Central Business District (CBD) urban zone located in the centre, mainly shops and offices Commuter person who travels to work in another place every day by car or public transport Conflict opposing views about issues, leading to debate between people about them Death rate number of deaths per 1000 population per year De-industrialisation declining importance of manufacturing industry Dependency ratio relationship between people of working and non-working ages Ecotourism involves protecting the environment and the way of life of local people Effects primary (first effects) and secondary (later effects), positive (good) and negative (bad) External factor something unrelated to tourism, which affects tourist numbers, such as the economy, currency exchange rates, political unrest, wars and terrorism Fair trade farmers and producers in developing countries are given a fair deal by buyers in developed countries; prices paid are always higher than their costs of production Gross National Income (GNI) per head total income of the country, divided by the number of inhabitants, to give average income per person Gross National Product (GNP) total value of all the goods and services produced by people and companies in the country in one year Immigration movement of people into a country from another country Infant mortality rate number of child deaths under one year old per 1000 people Informal sector not regular paid employment; unofficial work, often self-help small-scale services such as street sellers and shoe shiners Infrastructure for tourism support structures and services for visitors such as airports, hotels, electricity, tour agencies Inner city urban zone around the edges of the CBD, quite old Land uses (urban) ways in which the Earth s surface is used, e.g. houses, factories, shops, transport, parks in towns and cities Life expectancy average number of years that a new-born child can expect to live Management of problems making changes for improvement, planning ahead to stop them occurring in the future Management strategies ways to control development and change, to preserve and conserve, and to plan for a sustainable future
Mass tourism large numbers of visitors, often on package holidays with accommodation and travel included Migration movement of people either into or out of an area Multicultural when people from different ethnic, racial or religious backgrounds live together Multiplier effect spin-offs from one business growing, allowing other businesses to grow as well National Park area set aside to protect landscape and habitats, managed to stop visitor damage Natural decrease death rate higher than birth rate, declining population Natural hazard short-term event that is a danger to life and property, caused by natural events; examples are earthquakes, volcanoes and tropical storms Natural increase birth rate higher than death rate, growing population Population policy national plan for population change (either to lower or increase birth rates) Population structure the make-up (age and sex) of a population, usually shown in a population pyramid Pull and push factors circumstances that attract or drive people to migrate Quality of life how well a person is able to enjoy living; high quality is living comfortably (without always being wealthy) and low quality is struggling to survive Refugee person forced to flee from their country or place of residence Resource something useful for human needs Responses actions immediately after the event or in the long-term Rural depopulation decline in numbers living in country areas, often due to out-migration Rural urban fringe area of countryside lying on the edge of the main built-up area, sometimes partly built on Second home house (often in rural areas) that is not the owner s main place of residence Segregation (in urban areas) high concentration of land uses and/or groups of people in certain areas of the city, separate from other uses/people Squatter settlement homes on land not owned by the people living there, built illegally Stewardship entrusted to look after and manage places and areas Suburbanised village small settlement in the countryside that has grown with new housing and now is less like the old rural settlement it used to be Sustainable city city with low use of energy and raw materials, replacement by renewables and waste recycling Sustainable development growth of activities working with the environment for a long future Sustainable living people working with the environment for a long future for their economic activities Sustainable management planning ahead and controlling development for a long future Transnational corporations (TNCs) large businesses with interests in many countries Urban sprawl outward spread of towns and cities into and taking over rural areas Urbanisation increase in the percentage of people living in urban areas
Changing Urban Environments Flash Cards. 1 Urbanisation Increasing population living in cities City growth fastest in developing world High rates of rural urban migration High birth rates, growing populations 2 Urban zones Areas with similar functions and land uses CBD (Central Business District) in centre Inner city: old industry and housing Suburbs: mainly residential housing 3 CBD Oldest part, historical core, cathedrals etc. Main function: commercial, not residential Large shops, skyscraper offices Place of work, focus of roads, railways 4 Changes in UK CBDs Indoor or covered shopping centres Pedestrianised high streets for shoppers New transport systems e.g. trams Old offices converted to luxury apartments 5 Inner cities in UK Decaying old housing, industry, docks Terraced housing; ethnic communities Derelict land (railway sidings) and property High-rise flats built in 1960s 6 Changes in UK inner cities Dockland redevelopment (e.g. London) Gentrification: homes for the wealthy City Challenge: new homes for local people Community projects (Hulme in Manchester) 7 Traffic in UK cities Major problem; city centre congestion Solutions: by-passes, ring roads Congestion charge (e.g. London) Park & Ride; improved public transport 8 Squatter settlements Informal self-built housing / poor shacks Built illegally on waste / unused land Without services (water, electricity, roads) Some in old city, most on the city edges 9 Squatter settlements: improvements Aided Self-Help (ASH) community schemes Giving slum dwellers legal land titles Linking them up to essential public services Providing building materials, loans, help 10 Big cities: environmental problems Waste disposal and lack of sanitation Water pollution, some from toxic wastes Air pollution, smog from traffic, industries Resulting health risks: bronchitis, asthma 11 Managing environmental problems Extend the network of water, sewage pipes Enforce air pollution regulations / controls Build underground railway systems Speed up the self-help housing schemes 12 Sustainable urban living Conserve the old, historic parts of cities Provide more open spaces and greenery Reuse, recycle and reduce waste Provide efficient public transport systems
Population Issues Flash Cards 11 Birth rates (BRs) Live births per 1000 people per year Highest in poor developing countries Lowest in developed countries of Europe Factors: economic, social, political 12 Death rates (DRs) Deaths per 1000 people per year Similar in both developed and developing Low due to improvements in healthcare High in some African countries: HIV/Aids 13 Natural increase (NI) and decrease (ND) NI: BR higher than DR, in most countries Fastest in Africa many BRs are very high ND: DR higher than BR, a few countries Mainly in Europe some BRs very low 14 Demographic Transition Model (DTM) Stage 2: BR high, DR falling, NI large Stage 3: BR falling, DR low, NI decreasing Stage 4: BR low, DR low, NI small Stage 5: BR low, DR rising, ND exists 15 Population policies National Plans to change birth rates In developing countries, to reduce BRs By family planning programmes, education In developed countries, to increase them 16 China's 'one child' policy Strictly, 'one couple one child' Free family planning, late marriages Enforcement: fines, lost privileges Incentives: financial help, better housing 17 Population structure Age sex make-up of a population 0 5 years: young dependants 16 60: working population, independent 65 and above: old dependants 18 Ageing populations Increasing percentage of old people (65+) Longer life expectancies, living longer Economic cost to country for pensions, care Their needs paid for by taxes from workers 19 Population pyramids They show population structure Developing countries: pyramid shape Wide base, narrow top, low height Developed: narrower base, taller, straighter 20 Migration: push and pull factors What drives / attracts people to move Push: driven out by natural disasters Human problems, no work, poverty Pull: city attractions, more varied jobs 11 Migration: impacts on source regions Negative: families broken up, workers lost Young, most skilled, best workers leave Positive: remittances (money) sent home Spent locally improving houses, services 12 Migration: impact on receiving countries Negative: strain on resources, services Increase in racial tension, discrimination Positive: bring new skills, take any job Knowledge transfer, economic development
Tourism Flash Cards 21 Growth of tourist industry One of world's great growth industries More than 900 million tourists a year Main reason for growth is greater wealth Also more leisure time, better infrastructure 22 Different environments for tourism Cities: historical remains, culture, sport Mountains: scenery, lakes, winter skiing Coastal: beaches, sea, water sports Unique: Venice canals; Antarctica penguins 23 Tourist areas in the UK Traditional: coastal seaside resorts Most on warm south coast of England Now: National Parks good scenery Historic cities such as London and York 24 Life cycle model of a resort Slow growth while infrastructure is built Rapid growth as popularity increases Growth slows; other places more attractive Decline; search for new attractions 25 Need for management of tourist areas Conservation of landscapes, habitats Preservation of historic buildings Control of new buildings and developments Provide visitor access and facilities 26 Mass tourism Large numbers of visitors / big resorts Example: Mediterranean resorts in summer Many on package / organised tours Economic gain and environmental loss 27 Developing world: growth of tourism Long-haul jet aircraft make it possible Caribbean: warm and sunny in winter East Africa: big game safari holidays Far East: cities, temples, tropical beaches 28 Developing world: benefits of tourism Economy: foreign exchange earnings Many jobs in hotels, transport, as guides Tourists support local craft industries Benefits from infrastructure improvements 29 Developing world: costs of tourism Economic: tourist numbers go up and down Social: traditions and cultures destroyed Environmental: landscapes damaged Also litter, water and air pollution 10 Extreme environments Places with difficult physical conditions Wildernesses: few people living there Off the beaten track: adventurous tourists Example: polar lands Arctic and Antarctica 30 Ecotourism Tourism that is environmentally sound Natural environments / wildlife safeguarded Considers and involves local communities Sustainable: no damage for the future 31 Example of ecotourism Rainforest lodges in Ecuador Main attraction: forest plants and wildlife Indians work as guides and in the lodge Forest preserved for the tourist income