Exemplar for Internal Achievement Standard Geography Level 2 This exemplar supports assessment against: Achievement Standard 91246 Explain aspects of a geographic topic at a global scale An annotated exemplar is an extract of student evidence, with a commentary, to explain key aspects of the standard. It assists teachers to make assessment judgements at the grade boundaries. New Zealand Qualifications Authority To support internal assessment
Grade Boundary: Low Excellence 1. For Excellence, the student needs to explain comprehensively, aspects of a geographic topic at a global scale. This involves: fully describing a spatial or temporal pattern of the geographic topic using geographic terminology and concepts fully explaining the factors and/or processes that contribute to this pattern fully explaining, showing insight, the significance of the topic for people. The student has identified and fully described a spatial pattern of human trafficking, using geographic terminology. The required complexity of the evidence is shown through the extension of the general dispersed pattern (1) to include detailed descriptions of concentrated and clustered spatial patterns (2). Links to topics with similar spatial patterns add comprehensiveness to the description (3). The student fully explains economic factors that contribute to the spatial pattern, with the pattern forming an integral part of the explanation (4). The response provides case study evidence (6) and quotes (7) to explain the causal relationship. The explanation includes how economic factors also cause a dispersed pattern which was previously described by the student (8). The significance of human trafficking on individual victims (10) and society at large (11) (12) has been fully explained. The wide range of discussion points shows an insightful understanding of this topic (9). For a more secure Excellence, the student could make more effective use of the poverty cycle, and include supporting statistical evidence (5). More specific detailed global evidence could be used to support the explanation of the significance for people.
The global spatial pattern of human trafficking A world map from the resources was included which the student had annotated to show the overall dispersed pattern, including major trafficking flows. Detail in the annotations highlighted clusters and concentrations within the dispersed pattern. There are several spatial patterns relating to human trafficking on a global scale. Patterns showing source, destinations and trafficking flows all show the global extent of this topic, overall forming a dispersed global pattern. The hundreds of distinct trafficking flows also clearly show a dispersed pattern on the map. It is difficult to separate the source and destination countries because about half of the trafficking victims globally are trafficked within the same region, therefore most of the countries I will focus on are a mixture of both. The overall dispersed spatial pattern shows clusters in most continents. The main clusters are in South and East Asia, with concentrations around the Mekong river basin Africa with a large concentration in Niger, Chad, Sudan region and in Eastern Europe with concentrations around the Balkan states and former Soviet Union nations In Africa, the spatial arrangement of human trafficking countries shows clear concentrations in Sub Saharan regions, and These countries are both source and destination areas which is common when countries with high rates of human trafficking are also border countries In South East Asia, the clustered pattern also shows core areas or concentrations in Burma/Myanmar, Bangladesh, and Cambodia In Eastern Europe, there is a concentration around the Balkan states and one including the former Soviet Union nations A difference with this concentration is evidence that these victims are often trafficked further from the source Many of the concentrations relate to similar patterns of development e.g..and others reflect areas of extreme environments e.g. desert conditions for the African concentration shown on the map above, and There is a system that categorises countries in to Tier 1, 2 and 3 nations based on their government s attempts to combat trafficking and these groupings also reflect the general dispersed pattern and some of the clusters described Factors/processes that contribute to the spatial pattern There are many economic factors that have contributed to the clustered and concentrated spatial patterns of this global topic. The source areas of human trafficking form clusters in Asia focusing on the less developed countries of Burma, Bangladesh Poverty is a significant factor in the cluster pattern of source countries. People who are trafficked mainly come from countries with a low GDP per capita, very low standard of living and low ranking on the HDI e.g... They would be considered living below the poverty line and almost definitely within the cycle of poverty. [Poverty cycle included] Families are often forced into bonded-labour situations to pay off debts. Bonded labour is like renting out a person s labour to pay off a debt or a loan and this is very common in India and other countries in the Asian clusters. Ada was forced to migrate from Nepal to work as bonded
labour in India. This effectively means that Ada will work for five years to pay off a loan that he took out to buy a house in his village for his family. This example shows the short range and cross border pattern of trafficking flows identified in the UNODC report (2012). A second example These groups show how socioeconomic conditions of the victims and their hope of improving their lives abroad are among the factors of vulnerability that traffickers leverage to exploit them. Poverty must be considered one of the primary causes contributing to the dispersed global spatial pattern and widespread nature of this topic However, the destination countries form a more dispersed pattern tending to be dominated by small clusters and nuclei which are mainly distributed in the northern hemisphere. Regions included in this pattern are Western Europe, Middle East, North America This is generally because these are the areas in the world that can afford to pay for people who are trafficked Significance of Human Trafficking The impact of trafficking needs to be considered on both an individual as well as on society. Trafficking weakens economies, breaks up families, fuels violence, threatens public health and safety, and stops progress in developing countries. Human trafficking is a major infringement of basic human rights and it devalues a human life. Each of these ideas will be discussed. Individuals may suffer from: physical, psychological and emotional harm, including disease Human trafficking includes threats to human health, through the spread of HIV/AIDS and other STDs to the victims, their clients forced substance abuse extreme violence It is estimated that 50,000 people are trafficked into the United States every year, most of whom are sold into prostitution obviously mental, physical and emotional effects of this crime Another effect of human trafficking is the lack of security of a country's border. This threatens the whole strength and integrity of a country, as millions of people are transported illegally and with false or no documents across national borders. These activities are usually carried out by organised crime groups Some African and Asian countries in particular have long borders and can border several different countries which make it nearly impossible to police the area. For example, Niger borders eight countries and is a Tier 3 country There are also effects on the society and communities that the people are taken from. Trafficking, separates children from their parents and families- they have no one to love and guide them in life Some women and children will go in to hiding to avoid being captured. This means the children have no schooling and the women cannot find work to support their families. It is just a big downward spiral and it destroys people's lives. This shows another link in the poverty cycle
Grade Boundary: High Merit 2. For Merit, the student needs to explain, in depth, aspects of a geographic topic at a global scale. This involves: describing, in detail, a spatial or temporal pattern of the geographic topic using geographic terminology and concepts explaining, in detail, the factors and/or processes that contribute to this pattern explaining, in detail, the significance of the topic for people. The student has described a spatial pattern of human trafficking using geographic terminology and supporting global evidence. The annotations added to a resource map provide an overview of the pattern at a global scale (1), and show a clear understanding of this concept. In-depth understanding is shown through descriptions of specific characteristics of the wider pattern (2) and relationships between patterns (3). Both gender inequalities and poverty are explained in detail as contributing to the pattern. The extract relating to poverty, includes explicit links showing how it contributed to the concentration and the wider dispersed spatial pattern (4). Several aspects of poverty are discussed, including the selling of children, bonded labour (5) and gender (6), with direct links to the pattern. To reach Excellence, the student could describe the characteristics of the spatial pattern in more depth. For example, including detail about the complexity of the concentration or main cluster in Africa and Middle East. The explanation of how poverty contributes to the pattern could include statistical evidence to compare GDP or HDI to provide a more comprehensive explanation.
These two groups show a global dispersed spatial pattern. Outliers with similar characteristics to the Africa/Middle East concentration are evident These show dispersal Watch list [2WL] countries show a global clustered pattern. A concentration or main cluster. The pattern: Human trafficking forms a dispersed spatial pattern, there is evidence in most continents as being either origins or destinations of trafficked persons, but a more detailed view shows a pattern of clusters or concentrations. I will focus firstly on a concentration or main cluster within this wider pattern of countries who are making little progress to dealing with this issue using evidence based on the criteria of adherence to US trafficking laws. This concentration includes countries in northern and central Africa (Algeria, Libya, Sudan ) flowing in to the Middle East (Saudi Arabia Yemen, Outliers to this concentration include North Korea, A second pattern which is more dispersed is made up of the countries who for the past 5 years have been in the list of Tier 2 and Tier 3 countries. This means they are making little progress or are on a watch list regarding combating human trafficking. While these form a more dispersed pattern they are mostly clustered in Africa, Asia and Eastern Europe, and to a lesser extent in northern South America including Ecuador... A characteristic of this pattern is that many of them are bordering the main concentration in Africa and Middle East
Factors and/or processes contributing to the pattern: Poverty is a major factor contributing to the pattern of human trafficking. Poverty and human trafficking have a large connection as the same areas that have lots of people in poverty and a low GDP per capita are the source areas for high rates of human trafficking. Many people living in the major concentration in Africa, namely Sudan and in the Middle East, Yemen and Afghanistan are living below the poverty line... Poverty is also the primary cause in the more dispersed pattern which includes Asian nations like Bangladesh If a person is below the poverty line it makes them potential victims of trafficking as they are desperate with no other options. Trafficking can involve the selling of their children or becoming bonded themselves In these clusters it tends to be the women and children who are the main group trafficked. 76% of the people trafficked in 2009 were women and children. This is reflected by the pattern, as the concentrations of countries with the highest rates of children and women that are trafficked are in the highly concentrated cluster of Tier 3 countries, which is mainly dominated by Africa and the Middle East Some of the countries in this group also demonstrate gender inequalities which further creates economic pressure on women and can result in them being seen as a commodity
Grade Boundary: Low Merit 3. For Merit, the student needs to explain, in depth, aspects of a geographic topic at a global scale. This involves: describing, in detail, a spatial or temporal pattern using geographic terminology and concepts explaining, in detail, the factors and/or processes that contribute to this pattern explaining, in detail, the significance of the topic for people. The student has explained the economic factors that contribute to the dispersed spatial pattern of human trafficking. A relationship between economic factors and the spatial pattern are directly made (1) (4). Detail is provided through case study evidence (2), which is incorporated into the response. The significance of human trafficking for people is explained through reference to three aspects: human rights violations, related health issues and national security. Some global evidence and specific detail is provided (5). For a more secure Merit, the student could ensure that the evidence provided addresses the task. For example, evidence provided for trafficking of women and children (3) needs to be explained as contributing to the identified spatial pattern. This section also needs to show use of more specific detail, such as statistical evidence for poverty rates, GDP etc. An in-depth explanation of the significance of the topic for people could also include wider global evidence. For example, the inclusion of evidence relating to the trafficking of children and spread of HIV/AIDs in South East Asian nations, and national security issues experienced in Southern Asian nations.
Factors/processes contributing to the pattern There are many causes for the widespread/dispersed pattern of human trafficking. The pattern of human trafficking is widespread including a range of source, transit and destination countries. The source areas are very poor and the traffickers get their victims here, but the demand for people is further away often in richer countries e.g. victims from poorer areas of Central and South America are trafficked to wealthier countries USA. This shows how economic factors contribute to a dispersed pattern. Many people who are victims of trafficking are trafficked for bonded labour, they are forced to work for the trafficker or organisation to pay off a loan or a debt owed. This form of trafficking is common and often related to prostitution or slave labour. This reflects the pattern of trafficking flows within Asia, there is considerable movement from India and China to a nucleus in Malaysia, e.g. The Malaysian NGO, Tenaganita reported that 65 % of the trafficking victims in Malaysia are for forced labour Gender inequality is another reason for the pattern of trafficking being dominated by women and children. Women account for over half of all trafficking victims Cultures in some countries e.g. Sudan place little value on the life of a girl child or a woman. They are often sold to keep their family alive. Trafficking for forced labour is widespread and rapidly growing Children are trafficked for begging, illegal adoptions and forced marriages. Trafficking of children is huge in Africa and the Middle East and this contributes to the concentrated pattern in this region and The source pattern is scattered and the pattern of destination areas is more highly concentrated on the continents of Europe and America which reflects the economic factors of supply and demand. The richer areas are fewer leading to a more concentrated pattern but poverty is more wide spread creating a more dispersed pattern Significance of the topic for people Human trafficking effects many people around the world, trafficking people can cause a threat to human security, threats to health and well-being, and damage national security. Human trafficking is a violation of a person's rights. When they are trafficked these rights are removed and replaced by control of another person or group, this is a threat to the person's personal security The largest group trafficked are women (60%) followed by children (28%) who are often in this vulnerable position because they come from countries that do not respect women and where children are seen as a commodity. The countries in the Middle East have a different view of women compared to developed countries and... two thirds of the victims in Africa and the Middle East are children and many of these end up as child soldiers. Human trafficking is a threat to health; it causes the spread of HIV/AIDS around the world Countries in Africa have high rates of HIV/AIDS When people are used for prostitution this is spread quickly National security is breached by human trafficking, when people are transported over borders or through countries to another. This is a threat to that country because often drugs and weapons are moved by the same groups trafficking people Corrupt governments do not help improve this as they You can see that some countries have multiple borders or have borders that cannot be policed like between Chad and Sudan, so trafficking would be nearly impossible to control
Grade Boundary: High Achieved 4. For Achieved, the student needs to explain aspects of a geographic topic at a global scale. This involves: describing a spatial or temporal pattern of the geographic topic explaining the factors and/or processes that contribute to this pattern explaining the significance of the topic for people. The student has described a clustered spatial pattern for the topic of human trafficking (1) and supported their description with a map. Global evidence is provided, and the description shows some depth of understanding through identification of differences between the clusters (2). The description of the clustered spatial pattern continues to be developed when the student explains several contributing factors/processes. In the explanation of political factors, explicit links are made to the clustered spatial pattern, showing understanding of the causal relationship (3). The significance of the topic for people is explained with global evidence. Different types of human trafficking are covered, including the trafficking of women in Europe for sexual exploitation (4) and children trafficked for use as soldiers in Africa (5). To reach Merit, more depth could include further elaboration of ideas, use of statistical evidence and/or more detailed case study evidence. For example, the trafficking across India/Nepal border could include an explanation of environmental reasons for the limited border controls, contributing to the pattern. Another appropriate case study would be the trafficking of children in the war zones of Central and Western Africa, and the significance of this on the children and communities.
The pattern Human trafficking is clearly a global topic as it affects most continents but there is a spatial pattern of clusters especially when looking at the Tier 3 and some of the worst Tier 2 watch list countries. Tier 3 means There are 5 distinct clusters, shown on the map, and they are spread across the globe in Central America, Africa, the Middle East and South East Asia. The largest cluster which could be considered a concentration is in Africa A characteristic of the clusters which is clearly shown in Africa and the Middle East is that the countries forming the cluster are neighbouring countries Only in a few cases does this pattern show more isolated countries e.g. Burma and Malaysia or in the case of the Central America cluster which includes the island nation of Cuba. With the exception of the cluster in Africa the others are in the Northern Hemisphere The factors/processes contributing to the pattern There are many economic, cultural and political factors that are responsible for the clustered pattern of trafficking.
Political factors are a significant cause of the clustered pattern of trafficking. The lack of effective governments, laws and border controls in and between countries contributes to Human Trafficking becoming a global issue. Poor border control has resulted in the formation of the large clusters in Africa and the Middle East. Governments in countries within these clusters are not effective at detecting or controlling movement across their borders. Many of these countries are also experiencing civil wars and trafficking victims can appear to be part of the refugee flows across borders e.g. between Sudan and Chad. Corrupt law enforcement and immigration officials can be bribed to falsify information on ID cards, birth certificated and passports, this makes child trafficking and trafficking involving bonded labour difficult to detect. Children form the largest group of victims in the African and Middle Eastern clusters. Economic factors can also be linked to the spatial patterns. The major clusters are characterised by poverty The significance of the topic for people Physical labour and sexual exploitation are the two main reasons for human trafficking Women form Eastern Europe are trafficked to Western Europe to work as prostitutes, even though the women may have believed that were going to work doing other things. These women are bought and sold like animals and many are beaten or catch HIV/AIDS. The effect on their health often leads to a short life. Human trafficking results in men, women and children having their lives ruined and they end up being violated both sexually, emotionally and physically The children who are trafficked lose the opportunity for an education and a future. Many are forced to work long hours which results in physical handicaps, injuries These children are often sold by their parents and moved to different countries e.g. children trafficked for sex in Asia or to become child soldiers in Africa The significance of child soldiers is a huge issue causing widespread social and economic problems for families, villages and whole countries
Grade Boundary: Low Achieved 5. For Achieved, the student needs to explain aspects of a geographic topic at a global scale. This involves: describing a spatial or temporal pattern of the geographic topic explaining the factors and/or processes that contribute to this pattern explaining the significance of the topic for people. The student has briefly described a clustered spatial pattern of human trafficking, with global evidence. The statement This looks like one cluster shows that the student has identified a concentrated component to their overall spatial pattern, and begins to develop the description (1). Poverty is explained as a factor contributing to the clustered spatial pattern, with the student making explicit links between poverty and the spatial pattern (3). For a more secure Achieved, the student could improve the quality of the description of the clustered pattern (1) through further discussion of the characteristics of the clusters. For example, comparisons of sizes or descriptions of concentrations within the clusters. The explanation of poverty as a factor contributing to the pattern, could be strengthened through further use of the World Poverty and Human Trafficking maps (2) (3), and more extensive global evidence. The inclusion of more specific aspects of poverty could introduce other factors or processes. Trafficking flows and the implications of shared borders could be explained in more depth and explicitly linked to the resulting clustered spatial pattern (1).
Student 5 Low Achieved The spatial pattern of human trafficking: The spatial pattern is a clustered pattern. There are clusters in Africa, Middle East, Asia and Eastern Europe. The largest clusters extend through Africa and the Middle East. This looks like one cluster because the countries all share borders e.g. Chad, Sudan and across the Red sea to Saudi Arabia. The pattern looks dispersed as it covers most continents Factors and/or processes contributing to the pattern: The main factor contributing to the clustered pattern of trafficking is POVERTY. The map of world poverty closely matches the clustered pattern on the human trafficking map. People in these countries that make up the clusters are generally very poor and some of these countries have large populations. This means that there is not enough money to go around and some areas lack clean water supplies showing that they are not able to meet their basic needs. They are trapped in the poverty cycle. Traffickers go to the poorest groups of people in these countries and offer them a way out. They offer them money for their children or in exchange for their work, this is bonded labour and usually a child, or men are effectively sold as slaves to an organisation or person in another country for domestic work or labour. Poverty makes these people more at risk to becoming victims. This shows a pattern of trafficking which generally originates in less economically developed countries and flows to more economically developed countries e.g. common trafficking flows are from poorer countries in Africa to the Middle East, or further into Europe. This explains the cluster pattern because the poverty map matches many of the clusters on the Human trafficking map.
Grade Boundary: High Not Achieved 6. For Achieved, the student needs to explain aspects of a geographic topic at a global scale. This involves: describing a spatial or temporal pattern of the geographic topic explaining the factors and/or processes that contribute to this pattern explaining the significance of the topic for people. The student has briefly explained how poverty can contribute to a clustered pattern of human trafficking (3). The significance of the topic for people has been explained, referring to several key factors such as sex trafficking, HIV/AIDS, and trafficking of boys/child soldiers, with some global case study evidence (4). To reach Achieved, the student could more clearly demonstrate understanding of the concept of pattern through describing the clusters in the spatial pattern (2), (3). The statement trafficking of people happens in places such as the continents of Africa, South America and Asia (1) identifies locations where trafficking occurs, but does not offer any description. The student needs to focus more on how the factors and/or processes, such as political influence or poverty, contribute to the identified pattern. The emphasis in the student work is more on identifying the causes of human trafficking (2).
The pattern: On the map, it shows that most of the trafficking of people happens in places such as the continents of Africa, South America and Asia. It is mostly in developing countries like Chad and Bangladesh. The reasons for trafficking in developing countries is the fact that there is a lot of problems in those places. The factors/processes causing the pattern: There are many causes for the trafficking of people from clusters of less developed countries to those that are more developed. The main factor is that the governments of some of these countries are corrupt e.g. Somalia, Burma. They do not have laws or powers to control the illegal movement of people; they have lax border controls and officials willing to accept bribery to facilitate trafficking. People can be easily trafficked from Somalia to countries all over the world Economic factors relating to human trafficking have a major influence on the clusters in the spatial pattern. The less developed countries make up the clusters e.g. in Africa and Asia. These countries have high levels of poverty and easily become victims to traffickers who offer them money in exchange for work. This ends up being bonded labour and the trafficked people are treated like slaves Effects on people: Human trafficking has a wide range of effects on people largely depending on why and where they are taken. Some of these effects relate to health like the spread of Aids because of sex trafficking. The spread of HIV Aids is mainly linked to the trafficking of women and girls being forced in to prostitution This leads to some girls being abandoned when they become too sick to work and they can t go home because they have no money or a passport, this was the case for Amy who was trafficked from Nepal to India The spread of crime and violence is seen in Africa (Sudan, Chad, Rwanda ) where boys are forced to become child soldiers While this trafficking is often with in the same country, they are taken from their families and in some cases boy soldiers they are forced to hurt people in their own villages. Case studies show that most of these children suffer severe emotional effects and have fairly short lives