A 371306 International Relations Since 1945 A Global History JOHN YOUNG and JOHN KENT OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS
Detailed contents Preface List of Abbreviations Introduction v xvii i Part I: The Origins and Development of the Cold War, 1945-1953 Introduction 19 1. Tensions in the Grand Alliance and the Growing Confrontation, 1945-1947 51 A. The Yalta Conference 51 B. From Yalta to Potsdam 59 C. Atomic Diplomacy and the Councils of Foreign Ministers, 1945 62 D. Growing Confrontation: The Near East and the Mediterranean 66 E. Containment, Confrontation, and the Truman Doctrine, 1946-1 947 68 2. Two Worlds East and West, 1945-1948 73 A. The Marshall Plan and the Western Economic System 74 B. The Soviet Takeover of Eastern and Central Europe 78 C. The Struggle For Influence in East Asia 83 D. The Division of Germany 88 3. Empire, Cold War, and Decolonization, 1945-1953 98 A. Asia 98 B. Africa 104 C. The Middle East 111 4. The Cold War Intensifies: Containment Superseded, 1948-1953 121 A. Covert Operations and the Origins of Cold War Fighting 121 B. Armaments and Militarization 126 C. The Cold War and Integration in Europe 134
xii Detailed contents D. Developing a Strategy for Fighting the Cold War: NSC 68, Rearmament, and the Cold War Offensive Controversy 138 E. The Growing Importance of Communist China and the Conflict in Korea 146 Part II: Cold War: Crises and Change, 1953-1963 Introduction 159 5. Soviet-American Relations: Avoiding Hot War and the Search for Stability 177 A. The German Question 178 B. The Progress of Arms Control and Peace Efforts 181 C. Cold War, Armaments, and Preparations for Hot War 187 6. Maintaining the Spheres of Influence 193 A. Eastern Europe 193 B. Western Europe 199 C. Latin America 206 7. Fighting the Cold War: The Offensive Strategies 214 A. US Covert Operations and the Revised National Security Strategy 214 B. The Berlin Crises 221 C. The Offshore Islands Crises 229 D. The Cuban Missile Crisis 236 8. Collapsing Empires: The Cold War Battle for Hearts and Minds, 1953-1963 245 A. The End of the French Empire 245 B. The Crises in the Congo and Angola 254 C. Crises in the Middle East 259 D. The End of the British Empire in Africa 270 Part III: The Cold War of Peaceful Coexistence and the Rise of Multipolarity, 1963-1971 Introduction 283 9. The Eastern and Western Blocs in the 1960s 300 A. US-Soviet Relations from the Missile Crisis to Detente, 1963-1971 300 B. The Superpowers and the Emergence of an Independent China 309
Detailed contents xiii C. Unity and Division in Eastern Europe: The'Prague Spring' 313 D. Unity and Division in the Western Bloc 318 E. The Rise of European Detente 324 10. The Vietnam War 332 A. The Escalation of US Involvement, 1963-1965 332 B. America versus North Vietnam, 1965-1967 336 C. 'Tet' and its Implications, 1968 346 D. Nixon's War in Vietnam, 1969-1971. 353 11. Other Regional Conflicts 358 A. Latin America: US Intervention in the Dominican Republic 358 B. South-East Asia: The Malaysia-Indonesia 'Confrontation' of 1963-1966 362 C. South Asia: The Indo-Pakistan Wars of 1965 and 1971 366 D. The Middle East: The Arab-Israeli Six-Day War 370 E. Sub-Saharan Africa: The Nigerian Civil War 380 Part IV: The Detente Era, 1972-1980 Introduction 389 12. An Era of Negotiations, 1972-1973 406 A. 'Triangular Diplomacy' and the East Asian Balance 406 B. The Moscow Summit and SALT I 411 C. The Vietnam Settlement, 1972-1973 415 13. 'Stagflation' and the Trials of Detente, 1973-1976 423 A. The October 1973 Middle East War 423 B. The Era of 'Stagflation' 430 C. Political Problems in Europe 434 D. European Detente at its High Point 441 E. Crises in the Less Developed World 445 14. Detente in Decline, 1977-1979 454 A. Detente and the Carter Presidency 454 B. The Egyptian-Israeli Peace Process 459 C. TheOgadenWar 468 D. Sino-US 'Normalization' and the Sino-Vietnamese War 471 E. The SALT II Treaty 475 15. The Return to Confrontation, 1979-1980 482 A. NATO's 'Dual Track' Decision 482 B. The Iranian Revolution 485
xiv Detailed contents C. Soviet Intervention in Afghanistan 489 D. The Revival of Cold War 493 Part V: From Confrontation to Communist Collapse, 1981-1989 Introduction 501 16. The'Second'Cold War, 1981-1985 515 A. US-Soviet Relations and the New Cold War 515 B. The Polish Crisis of 1980-1982 524 C. Nuclear Arms Control and the 'Year of the Missile' 527 D. The War in Afghanistan to 1985 531 17. Middle East Conflicts in the 1980s 538 A. Lebanon and the Israeli Invasion 538 B. The Arab-Israeli Dispute and the Palestinian Question 544 C. The Iran-Iraq War of 1980-1988 548 D. Libya and 'International Terrorism' 553 18. Instability in Latin America 558 A. The Reagan Doctrine and El Salvador 558 B. Nicaragua and the 'Contragate' Scandal 563 C. Two American Invasions: Grenada and Panama 569 D. The 'Lost Decade': Latin America's 'Debt Crisis' 573 19. The Decline of the Cold War, 1985-1989 578 A. The Impact of Gorbachev, 1985-1987 578 B. Is the Cold War Over? 1987-1989 583 C. Ending the Cold War in the Less Developed World: Afghanistan, Angola, Cambodia 589 D. The Demise of Soviet Communism in Eastern Europe 595 Part VI: The Post-Cold War World, 1990-2000 Introduction 605 20. Europe and the Former Soviet Union 623 A. German Reunification 623 B. TheBreak-UpoftheUSSRand the Wars of Succession 628 C. Yugoslavia's Break-Up and the Bosnian War 635
Detailed contents xv D. NATO and European Security. 643 E. From European Community to European Union 647 21. US Predominance and the Search for a Post-Cold War Order 653 A. US Foreign Policy in the 1990s: the Search for Direction 653 B. Enforcing Order: the Gulf War of 1990-1991 663 C. Washington and Moscow in the 1990s 669 D. The Clinton Administration and 'Rogue States' 676 E. 'Humanitarian Intervention' in Somalia and Haiti 681 22. Stability and Instability in the Developing World 688 A. Southern Africa: The End of Apartheid 688 B. Central Africa: Rwanda and Zaire 692 C. The Middle East: Progress and Retreat on Palestine 699 D. East Asia's Changing Balance 705 E. ASEAN, the'tigers'and the Post-1997 Economic Crisis 712 Bibliography 719 Index - 729