The Konstantinos Karamanlis Institute for Democracy Series on European and International Affairs Series Editor: Konstantina E. Botsiou Associate Professor of Modern History and International Politics at the University of Peloponnese, Corinth, Greece Director General, Konstantinos Karamanlis Institute for Democracy The Konstantinos Karamanlis Institute for Democracy 10, Vas. Sofias Ave. 10674 Athens Greece www.idkaramanlis.gr, info@idkaramanlis.gr For further volumes: http://www.springer.com/series/8346
The Konstantinos Karamanlis Institute for Democracy Series on European and International Affairs consists of edited multi-author works dealing with contemporary political and socioeconomic issues of European and international concern. It attempts to offer comprehensive and up-to-date accounts of the relevant debates currently taking place within the discipline of International Relations. The series is addressed to a wide audience: undergraduate and postgraduate students, scholars, think tanks and decision-makers.
Nikolaos Tzifakis Editor International Politics in Times of Change 123
Editor Dr. Nikolaos Tzifakis Department of Political Science and International Relations University of Peloponnese 47, Dervenakion Str. 20100 Corinth Greece tzifakis@uop.gr This is a joint publication of the Centre for European Studies and the Konstantinos Karamanlis Institute for Democracy. This publication receives funding from the European Parliament. The Centre for European Studies, the Konstantinos Karamanlis Institute for Democracy and the European Parliament assume no responsibility for facts or opinions expressed in this publication or any subsequent use of the information contained therein. Sole responsibility lies on the authors of the publication. ISSN 1866-1270 e-issn 1867-4488 ISBN 978-3-642-21954-2 e-isbn 978-3-642-21955-9 DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-21955-9 Springer Heidelberg Dordrecht London New York The Konstantinos Karamanlis Institute for Democracy Series on European and International Affairs Library of Congress Control Number: 2011938472 Konstantinos Karamanlis Institute for Democracy, Athens 2012 Published by Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2012. All Rights Reserved This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from the Konstantinos Karamanlis Institute for Democracy. Violations are liable to prosecution under the German Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)
Acknowledgements There is a number of people whom I wish to thank for their assistance and support at different stages of preparation of this long-awaited collective volume. First of all, I am grateful to the Konstantinos Karamanlis Institute for Democracy and the Centre for European Studies for entrusting me with this project and including it in their joint publications. I am also immensely indebted to the contributors of this volume for their participation. The book would not have been written without their hard work and inspiring ideas. Moreover, I would like to express my gratitude to Springer for embracing the book and making it part of its publishing activities. Special thanks go to Katharina Wetzel-Vandai and Irene Barrios-Keži for their excellent cooperation during the production phase. I also wish to acknowledge the meticulous work of Marvin DuBois and his team at Communicative English in copy-editing the manuscript. Finally, I thank Antigoni Kouvidi, Antonis Klapsis, Evangelia Sofroni and Panagiotis Tasiopoulos, colleagues with whom I cooperated while working at the Konstantinos Karamanlis Institute for Democracy and who have assisted me at different stages of this venture. March 2011 Nikolaos Tzifakis
Editor Nikolaos Tzifakis is Lecturer in International Relations in the Department of Political Science and International Relations at the University of Peloponnese, and Research Associate at the Centre for European Studies in Brussels. He is a graduate of the Department of Political Science and International Studies of Panteion University of Athens (1996), and holds an MA with distinction in International Relations and Strategic Studies (1997) and a PhD in International Relations from Lancaster University, UK (2002). He has taught as Visiting Lecturer in the Department of Political Science of the University of Crete, the Department of Geography of the Harokopion University of Athens and the School of Humanities of the Hellenic Open University. His research interests include contemporary developments in the Balkans, EU external policies and international relations theory. Recent publications include articles in peer-reviewed journals such as Ethnopolitics, European Foreign Affairs Review, European View, Global Society, International Journal, Journal of Political and Military Sociology, Journal of Southern Europe and the Balkans, Perspectives and Southeast European Politics. He has also published two monographs and a co-edited volume dealing with aspects of contemporary security problems in the Balkans, and has authored several book chapters and conference papers. In 2008, he was awarded the Marcel Cadieux Distinguished Writing Award for his coauthored article with Professor Asteris Huliaras in International Journal. He has been an external peer reviewer for international academic journals. Tzifakis has served as Deputy Director-General (December 2009 January 2011) and, previously, as Head of the International Co-operation Department (December 2007 December 2009) at the Konstantinos Karamanlis Institute for Democracy.
Contents Change in International Politics: An Introduction to the Contemporary Debate... 1 Nikolaos Tzifakis PART I: THE ESTABLISHED GLOBAL PLAYERS US Foreign Policy: Continuity and Change in an Increasingly Complex World... 17 Dimitris Keridis Obama s Foreign Policy: Change Without Conviction... 33 Alexander Moens Global Atlanticism: Transatlantic Relations and the Global Shift... 49 Stephen F. Szabo The Quest for the Holy Grail: Europe s Global Strategy... 61 Kostas Ifantis and Ioannis Galariotis The European External Action Service: Consequences for EU Institutions and Foreign Relations... 79 Rafa Trzaskowski, Olaf Osica and Joanna Popielawska Japan in Times of Epochal Change... 99 Malcolm Cook
X Contents PART II: THE EMERGING GLOBAL PLAYERS China s Growing International Role... 117 Robert G. Sutter Decoding China s Political Future and Foreign Policy: An Operational Code Analysis of Hu s and Wen s Belief Systems... 135 Huiyun Feng and Kai He A Former Superpower Coming Out of Hibernation: Today s Russia in World Politics... 153 Efstathios T. Fakiolas India s Rise Leads to New Foreign Policy Challenges... 173 Harsh V. Pant Brazil s Upward Spiral: From Aspiring Player to Global Ambitions... 187 Pedro Seabra PART III: ISSUES IN INTERNATIONAL POLITICS The Problem of Order in an Anarchical Society... 207 Harry Papasotiriou System and Units in an Ordered Plurality... 223 Dimitris N. Chryssochoou and Dimitris K. Xenakis Ethnic Conflict and Democratic Peace : 20 Years Later... 243 Irini Chila The Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction in the Modern World: Trends and Straining Regimes... 263 Miles A. Pomper and Cole J. Harvey
Contents XI The Terrorism Democracy Nexus and the Trade-Off Between Security and Civil Liberties... 283 Andreas Gofas International Terrorism: The Neglected Domestic Dimension... 299 Anthony Glees and Julian Richards Index... 321
List of Figures and Tables Decoding China s Political Future and Foreign Policy: An Operational Code Analysis of Hu s and Wen s Belief Systems Figure 1 The operational code typology of leadership... 141 Figure 2 Hu and Wen in the operational code typology model of leadership... 146 Table 1 Hu s and Wen s domestic belief differences in an ANOVA test... 144 Table 2 Hu s and Wen s operational code mean scores... 144 Table 3a Hu s key beliefs in an ANOVA analysis of difference over domestic and international issues... 147 Table 3b Wen s key beliefs in an ANOVA analysis of difference over domestic and international issues... 147 The Problem of Order in an Anarchical Society Table 1 The greatest wars in history, battle casualties... 217 The Terrorism Democracy Nexus and the Trade-off between Security and Civil Liberties Figure 1 The terrorism regime type nexus... 294 Table 1 Old vs. new terrorism (ideal types)... 286
Contributors Irini Chila is Associate Professor of International Politics at Panteion University of Athens. She holds a BA in Political Sciences, University of Athens (1981), an MA in International Studies (1984), Université Paris II- Sorbonne and a PhD in International Relations, Panteion University of Athens (1987). Her research interests include theories of international relations, political aspects of international organisations and analysis and conflict resolution approaches. Her publications include International Society: Historical and Contemporary Aspects (in Greek; Herodotos, 2006) and she edited a special number of the journal Mésogeios: La Grèce dans le sud-est européen: enjeux régionaux et perspectives (vol. 23 4; Herodotos, 2004). She has served as vice-president at the Institute of International Relations of Panteion University (2007 8), where she is now a member of the Board of Directors. She is also a board member of the Institute of Defence Analysis of the Greek Ministry of National Defence (2008 now). She was the recipient of a Stanley J. Seeger Visiting Fellowship at Princeton University, and has been a Visiting Research Fellow at King s College, London. Dimitris N. Chryssochoou is Associate Professor of European Integration at Panteion University, Athens. He has been Associate Professor of International Organization at the University of Crete, Reader in European Integration at the University of Exeter, Scientific Director of the Defence Analysis Institute in Athens, and has held visiting posts at the University of Athens, Panteion University, the London School of Economics, Cambridge University, Columbia University, the Hellenic Centre for European Studies and the Centre for European Constitutional Law in Athens.
XVI Contributors Malcolm Cook is Professor and Dean of the School of International Studies at Flinders University in Adelaide. Prior to joining Flinders in January 2011, Cook was the founding East Asia Program Director at the Lowy Institute in Sydney. Born in Canada, he holds a bachelor s degree from McGill University, a master s degree from the International University of Japan and a PhD from the Australian National University. His research interests include Asian regionalism, Asia s strategic order and Japanese and Australian foreign policy. Efstathios T. Fakiolas (PhD, Department of War Studies, King s College London) is Lecturer-Elect of International Relations in the Department of Political Science and International Relations at the University of Peloponnese, and Analyst (Deputy Manager) in the Division of Strategic Planning, Analysis and Investor Relations at ATEbank. He has received grants from NATO, DAAD and the Onassis and MacArthur Foundations, among others. His areas of research are international relations, strategic and security studies, Greece, the EU and Russia. His writings have appeared in such publications as East European Quarterly, European Foreign Affairs Review, European Security, Journal of Slavic Military Studies, Korean Journal of Defense Analysis, Mediterranean Quarterly and Perspectives on European Politics and Society. Huiyun Feng is Assistant Professor of Political Science at Utah State University. She is a former Jennings Randolph Peace Scholar at the United States Institute of Peace. Her publications have appeared in Security Studies, European Journal of International Relations, The Pacific Review, Chinese Journal of International Politics and Asian Perspective. She is the author of Chinese Strategic Culture and Foreign Policy Decision-Making: Confucianism, Leadership and War (Routledge, 2007). Ioannis Galariotis holds a PhD from the Department of Political Science and Public Administration, University of Athens. He holds a BSc in Economics, also from University of Athens, and MA degrees in International Political Economy from Newcastle University and in European Integration from Essex University. He has worked as a research assistant at Yale University and at the Hellenic Centre for European Studies (EKEM). His current research interests focus on critical theories of international relations,
Contributors XVII foreign policy analysis, international political economy and quantitative methods of social sciences. Anthony Glees, MA, MPhil, DPhil (Oxford), is director of the Centre for Security and Intelligence Studies (BUCSIS) at the University of Buckingham. He has a specialist interest in intelligence-led security policies, both domestic and foreign. He is the author of six books, numerous chapters in books and scholarly articles. A frequent commentator for the UK and international media, he has also given policy advice to the various parts of the UK government and to members of the UK and European parliaments. He is a member of the Editorial Board of Intelligence and National Security and several other international advisory boards. Andreas Gofas (PhD, University of Warwick) is a Lecturer in International Relations at Panteion University in Athens, Greece, and a Research Fellow at the Institute of International Relations. He has also held positions at the Barcelona Institute for International Studies (IBEI) and the London School of Economics. He is the co-editor of The Role of Ideas in Political Analysis (Routledge, 2010), and his recent work has appeared in Defence and Peace Economics, Democracy and Security and the Journal of Conflict Resolution. Cole J. Harvey joined the James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies as a Research Associate in December 2009. Previously he worked as a Herbert Scoville Peace Fellow at the Arms Control Association (ACA), where he covered nuclear arms control, missile defence and developments related to the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty for Arms Control Today. He is the author of the ACA s Resource Guide to the 2010 NPT Review Conference. Harvey is a 2008 graduate of the University of Pittsburgh, where he studied political science, philosophy and Russian affairs. Kai He is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Political Science at Utah State University. He was a postdoctoral fellow in the Princeton- Harvard China and the World Program at Princeton University (2009 10) and a Bradley Fellow of the Lynda and Harry Bradley Foundation (2009 10). He is the author of Institutional Balancing in the Asia Pacific: Economic Interdependence and China s Rise (Routledge, 2009). He has also
XVIII Contributors published articles in the European Journal of International Relations, Review of International Studies, Security Studies, The Pacific Review, Asian Security, Journal of Contemporary China, Asian Perspective and International Relations of the Asia Pacific. Kostas Ifantis is Associate Professor of International Relations at the University of Athens. He has held visiting research posts at the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor, Harvard University and the London School of Economics. His papers have appeared in edited books and in periodicals such as Democratization, Review of International Affairs, International Journal, Turkish Studies and Southern Europe and the Balkans. His books include NATO in the New European Order (Macmillan, 1996), Greece in a Changing Europe (MUP, 1996), Theory and Reform in the European Union (MUP, 2002), NATO and the New Security Paradigm (Frank Cass, 2002), Turkish Greek Relations (Routledge, 2004) and Multilateralism and Security Institutions in a Era of Globalization (Routledge, 2008). Dimitris Keridis is Associate Professor of International Politics at the University of Macedonia, Director of the Navarino Network, a public policy think tank in Thessaloniki, a senior research associate at the Karamanlis Foundation in Athens and at the Institute for Foreign Policy Analysis (IFPA) in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and Director of Studies at the Institute of International Relations in Athens. His latest books are The Historical Dictionary of Modern Greece (Scarecrow Press, 2009) and US Foreign Policy and the Conservative Counterrevolution: Bush, Terrorism, Iraq and Islam (in Greek). Dr Keridis has served as the Constantine Karamanlis Associate Professor at the Fletcher School, Tufts University (2005 7) and as the director of the Kokkalis Foundation in Athens (2001 5) and the Kokkalis Program at the John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University (1997 2001). Alexander Moens is Professor of Political Science at Simon Fraser University in Vancouver and a Senior Fellow at the Fraser Institute in the Centre for Canadian American Relations. He is the author of The Foreign Policy of George W. Bush: Values, Strategy, Loyalty (Ashgate Publishing, 2004), and Foreign Policy under Carter (Westview Press, 1990) as well as several edited books on NATO and European security and Canadian American relations. Recent articles include Afghanistan and the Revolu-
Contributors XIX tion in Canadian Foreign Policy, International Journal (vol. 63, no. 3, 2008); and Future NATO: Guardian of National Interests, Atlantisch Perspectief (vol. 4, 2010). Olaf Osica is Deputy Director of the Centre for Eastern Studies in Warsaw. He has been Senior Lecturer at the Institute of European Union, Collegium Civitas, in Warsaw since 2007 and Senior Research Fellow at the Natolin European Centre in Warsaw from 2005 to 2010. He received in 2007 his PhD in Social and Political Science from the European University Institute in Florence with a thesis entitled NATO Enlargement and Central European Security: A Disintegrating Security Community. He is the author of numerous articles and book chapters devoted to Poland s security policy, the EU s Common Security and Defence Policy, and transatlantic relations. Harsh V. Pant teaches at King s College London in the Department of Defence Studies. He is also an Associate with the King s Centre for Science and Security Studies and an Affiliate with the King s India Institute. His current research is focused on Asia-Pacific security and defence issues. His most recent books include Contemporary Debates in Indian Foreign and Security Policy (Palgrave Macmillan, 2008), Indian Foreign Policy in a Unipolar World (Routledge, 2009) and The China Syndrome (Harper- Collins, 2010). Harry Papasotiriou is Professor of International Relations at Panteion University and Deputy Director of the Institute of International Relations in Athens. He studied philosophy, politics and economics at Oxford and received an MA and a Ph.D (1992) from Stanford University s Political Science Department. He is co-author of America since 1945: The American Moment (Palgrave Macmillan, 2005) and has published books and articles on the Balkans since the end of the Cold War, the War of Greek Independence, Byzantine grand strategy, American politics and foreign policy, the role of the diaspora in Greek foreign policy and international politics in the twenty-first century. Miles A. Pomper joined the James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies in 2009 as a Senior Research Associate after serving as Editor-in- Chief of Arms Control Today, a post he held since March 2003. Pre-
XX Contributors viously, he was the lead foreign policy reporter for CQ Weekly, where he covered the full range of foreign policy issues before Congress, including arms control and proliferation concerns, and a Foreign Service Officer with the US Information Agency. His career has also included several years spent covering national security and political issues at the Legi-Slate News Service, and the publication of book chapters, analytical articles and reports for publications, such as Foreign Service Journal, Survival, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, World Politics Review, Nuclear Engineering International and the Centre for International Governance Innovation. He holds a master s degree in international affairs from Columbia University and a master s degree in journalism from Northwestern University. Joanna Popielawska is a graduate of Collegium Civitas in Warsaw, where she studied International Relations with a focus on the European Union. In 2007/8 she was awarded the Robert Schuman scholarship by the European Parliament, where she completed a traineeship with the Subcommittee on Security and Defence. She has been Research Fellow at the Natolin European Centre in Warsaw since 2009, while she currently assists Rafa Trzaskowski, Member of the European Parliament. Julian Richards, BA, PhD (research on political violence in Pakistan; Cambridge, 1992), spent 20 years in security and intelligence at Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ) in the UK. In 2008, he cofounded the University of Buckingham s Centre for Security and Intelligence Studies (BUCSIS) and the Security and Intelligence Research Centre (SAIRC). His affiliations include the Pakistan Security Research Unit (Bradford University) and European Ideas Network (EIN). His work includes The Art and Science of Intelligence Analysis (Oxford University Press, 2010), regular media commentary (including the BBC, Al Jazeera and the Islam Channel) and numerous research papers on security in the Afghanistan-Pakistan region, European counterterrorism policy, extremism and radicalisation and the security implications of contemporary globalisation. Pedro Seabra is licensed in Law from the Oporto University Law School and holds a master s degree in Political Science and International Relations from the New University of Lisbon s Faculty of Social and Human Sciences. He is currently a Researcher at the Portuguese Institute for Inter-
Contributors XXI national Relations and Security (IPRIS), where he focuses on Brazil, South America and Lusophone Africa. Robert G. Sutter is Professor of Practice in International Affairs at the Elliott School of George Washington University beginning in 2011. His earlier full-time position was Visiting Professor of Asian Studies at the School of Foreign Service, Georgetown University (2001-2011). A PhD graduate in History and East Asian Languages from Harvard University, Sutter taught part-time for over 30 years at Georgetown University, George Washington University, Johns Hopkins University and the University of Virginia. He has published 19 books, over 200 articles and several hundred government reports dealing with contemporary East-Asian and Pacific countries and their relations with the United States. His most recent book is U.S. Chinese Relations: Perilous Past, Pragmatic Present (Rowman and Littlefield, 2010). Sutter s government career (1968-2001) involved work on Asian and Pacific affairs and US foreign policy for the Congressional Research Service of the Library of Congress, the Central Intelligence Agency, the Department of State, and the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. He was for many years the Senior Specialist and Director of the Foreign Affairs and National Defense Division of the Congressional Research Service. He also was the National Intelligence Officer for East Asia and the Pacific at the US Government s National Intelligence Council, and the China Division Director at the Department of State s Bureau of Intelligence and Research. Stephen F. Szabo is the Executive Director of the Transatlantic Academy, a Washington, DC based forum for research and dialogue between scholars, policy experts and authors from both sides of the Atlantic. Previously, Dr Szabo was Professor of European Studies at the Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies at Johns Hopkins University, where he also served as Interim Dean and Associate Dean for Academic Affairs. Prior to joining Johns Hopkins, he was Professor of National Security Affairs at the National War College (1982 1990). He received his PhD in Political Science from Georgetown University and has published widely on European and German politics and foreign policies, including The Diplomacy of German Unification (St. Martin s Press, 1994) and Parting Ways: The Crisis in the German-American Relationship (Brookings Institution, 2004).
XXII Contributors Rafa Trzaskowski, is Vice-Chair of the Constitutional Affairs Committee in the European Parliament. After graduating from the Collège d Europe and receiving a PhD in Political Science from the Institute of International Relations of Warsaw University, he worked as a senior research fellow in Natolin European Centre. He is, among other things, advisor to Vice-President of the European Parliament Jacek Saryusz-Wolski (subsequently appointed Chair of the EU Parliamentary Committee on Foreign Affairs) and Senior Lecturer at Collegium Civitas University in Warsaw. Trzaskowski is the author of numerous articles and publications on European integration, EU institutional reform and EU enlargement. Dimitris K. Xenakis is Lecturer in International Politics at the University of Crete. He has been a Research Fellow at the Hellenic Foundation for European and Foreign Policy, Strategic Analyst at the Defence Analysis Institute in Athens, Advisor to the Hellenic Parliament, Research Fellow and Head of the Mediterranean and Middle East Studies Unit at the Institute of International Economic Relations in Athens and Director of the Euro- Mediterranean Policy Unit at the Hellenic Centre for European Studies.
Abbreviations AfPak ALDE ANOVA ANSF APEC ARF ASEAN BASIC BBC BE BfV BIO BNDES BRIC BRICS BWC CCP CCYL CDM CFSP CIA CSA CSCE CSDP CSI CTUs CW CWC DCA Afghanistan and Pakistan Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Analysis of Variance Afghanistan National Security Forces Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation ASEAN Regional Forum Association of Southeast Asian Nations Brazil, South Africa, India and China British Broadcasting Corporation Belgium Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz Biotechnology Industry Organization Banco Nacional de Desenvolvimento Brazil, Russia, India and China Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa Biological Weapons Convention Chinese Communist Party Chinese Communist Youth League Clean Development Mechanism Common Foreign and Security Policy Central Intelligence Agency Comprehensive Safeguards Agreement Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe Common Security and Defence Policy Crime Scene Investigation Counterterrorist units Chemical-warfare Chemical Weapons Convention Defense Cooperation Agreement
XXIV Abbreviations DCI Development Co-operation Instrument DE Germany DG Directorate-General DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid DPJ Democratic Party of Japan ECOWAS Economic Community of West African States EDF European Development Fund EEAS European External Action Service EEC European Economic Community EG India China Expert Group of Diplomatic and Military Officials EMBRAPA Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária ENPI European Neighbourhood and Partnership Instrument EP European Parliament EPP European People s Party EU European Union FBI Federal Bureau of Investigation FDI Foreign Direct Investments FTA Free Trade Agreement FTAA Free Trade Area of the Americas G-2 Group of Two (US and China) G-4 Group of Four (Brazil, Germany, India and Japan) G-7 Group of Seven G-8 Group of Eight G-14 Group of Fourteen G-20 Group of Twenty GDP Gross Domestic Product HEU High-enriched Uranium HLG High Level Group HM Her Majesty s IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency IBD Inter-American Development Bank IBSA India, Brazil and South Africa ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization ID Identity Document IISS International Institute for Strategic Studies IMF International Monetary Fund ISAF International Security Assistance Force ITU International Telecommunication Union JWG Joint Working Group LAC Line of Actual Control LDP Liberal Democratic Party LEU Low-enriched Uranium
Abbreviations XXV LTTE MEP MERCOSUR MI5 MINUSTAH MOFA NATO NGOs NPT NSC OECD OPCW OTA PCA PFLP PKK PL PT RELEX SAARC SCO SIPRI START TTP UK UN UNASUR UNCTAD US USSR VICS VX WIPO WTO Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam Member of European Parliament Southern Common Market Military Intelligence, Section 5 (UK Security Service) UN Stabilization Mission in Haiti Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan North Atlantic Treaty Organization Non-Governmental Organisations Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty National Security Council Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons United States Office of Technology Partnership and Cooperation Agreement Popular Front of the Liberation of Palestine Kurdistan Workers Party Poland Brazilian Worker s Party External Relations South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation Shanghai Cooperation Organisation Stockholm International Peace Research Institute Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty Tehrik-e-Taliban Pakistan United Kingdom United Nations Union of South American Nations United Nations Conference on Trade and Development United States Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Verbs in Context System nerve agent World Intellectual Property Organization World Trade Organization