The Effect of Refugees on Host Country Economy Evidence from Jordan

The Effect of Refugees on Host Country Economy Evidence from Jordan Dr.Basem M. Lozi Associate professor AL-Balqa Applied University Abstract This study aims at investigating the impact of refugees on the Jordanian economy measured by three macroeconomic indicators: unemployment rate, foreign direct investment and food pricing. Simple regression was used to test the hypotheses. Results indicate that the impact of refugees on unemployment rate and food prices in Jordan is positive, so the null hypotheses are rejected. While in the case of the impact of refugees on foreign direct investment in Jordan, the null hypothesis is accepted. A questionnaire also used to find the impact of refugees on political, social, and environmental of the host country Jordan. A questionnaire was hand delivered for 300 participants on the host country Jordan. After three weeks 264 questionnaire were picked up from the participants. Eighteen of the questionnaires were dropped for missing information. A total of 246 questionnaires were used in the analysis, with a response rate of 82%. The majority of the respondents 65% indicated that refugees have impact on political situation in Jordan. While, 70% of the respondents indicated that refugees have an impact on the social life in Jordan. Furthermore, 60% of the respondent indicated that refugees have an impact on environmental situation in Jordan. Keyword: refugees, host country, Jordan economy, unemployment rate, FDI, food pricing. Introduction Jordan has received many waves of refugees. Refugees inflow to Jordan since the Palestinian exodus of 1948 has played a key role in the country s politics, economy and society. These movements have several underlying, interacting patterns. The main ones are connected to regional geopolitics, the fluctuations of the oil economy in the Arabian Gulf, and efforts by the kingdom s Hashemite monarchy to ensure its own stability. In addition to receiving Palestinian refugees in 1967, Jordan has also hosted forced refugees from other countries in the Middle East, such as Lebanon during the 1975-1991 civil war, Iraq in 1991 and 2003, and Syria in 2011. Inflow of refugees into Jordan in the last two decades, have made refugees policy a major public issue in Jordan. People are concerned that refugees reduces employment opportunities for the existing workforce, depresses wage rates in already low-wage labor markets and financially strains tax payers via their receipt of transfer payments and use of social services programs. In this respect, it is essential to assess the impact of refugees on unemployment rate, foreign direct investment and food pricing to assist policy markets in designing policies regarding refugees policy. The present study aims to investigating the nature of the relationship between the inflow of refugees and macroeconomic indicators in Jordan and to show the impact of refugees on political, social, and environmental of the host country Jordan. COPY RIGHT 2013 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research 114

Objective of the study The main objective of this study is to analyze and test the empirical relationship between refugees and macroeconomic indicators; unemployment rate, foreign direct investment and food pricing. To achieve this objective the study first reviews the theoretical and empirical literature on the impact of refugees on economic indicators. The empirical analysis uses annual data for the period 2000-2012. The data used in this study are drawn from the Central Bank of Jordan (annual reports), Department of Statistics (National Accounts). A questionnaire also used to find the impact of refugees on political, social, and environmental of the host country Jordan. Research Questions In order to achieve the objective of this study the following questions have been raised: 1- To what extend the refugees impacted the rate of unemployment in Jordan? 2- To what extend the refugees impacted the level of FDI in Jordan? 3- To what extend the refugees impacted the food prices in Jordan? 4- To what extend the refugees impacted the political situation in Jordan? 5- To what extend the refugees impacted the social life in Jordan? 6- To what extend the refugees impacted the environmental situation in Jordan? To answer the first three questions the simple regression analysis was used and to answer the last three questions a questionnaire was used. Hypotheses of Study This study set out to test the following hypotheses: H 1: There is no relationship between refugees and unemployment rate in Jordan. H 2: There is no relationship between refugees and foreign direct investment in Jordan. H 3: There is no relationship between refugees and food prices in Jordan. H 4: There is no relationship between refugees and political situation in Jordan. H 5: There is no relationship between refugees and social life in Jordan. H 6: There is no relationship between refugees and environmental situation in Jordan. Research Methodology and Data Collection Data was acquired from secondary and primary data. First, to test the first three hypotheses the secondary data obtained from government publications, Central Bank of Jordan publications (CBJ) and Department of statistics publications (DOS). Secondly a questionnaire was conducted to collect data relating to impact of refugees on political, social, and environmental of the host country Jordan. A questionnaire was hand delivered for 300 participants on the host country Jordan. After three weeks 264 questionnaire were picked up from the participants. Eighteen of the questionnaires were dropped for missing information. A total of 246 questionnaires were used in the analysis, with a response rate of 82%.the questionnaire was developed based on the previous studies, the questionnaire consisted of three parts: Part 1 is the demographic data which include questions related to the respondent demographic profiles. Part 2 questions measure the impact of refugees on the political situation from the respondent view. Part 3 questions measure the impact of refugees on the social life from the respondent view. Part 4 question measure the impact of refugees on the environmental situation from the respondent view. COPY RIGHT 2013 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research 115

Importance of the study This study is to explore the impact of refugees on host country in case of Jordan. This has been achieved by examining different economic variables as well as examining the divergence of other variables. Additionally the study looks at potential effect of refugees on Jordan. This study is exceptional in the sense that no similar studies have taken the problem of hosting refugees in Jordan, especially after the civil war in Syria. It is valuable as it is provide researchers and decision makers suggested recommendations to increase the capability of Jordan in dealing with refugees. Literature Review The past two decades witnessed a continuing discussion in the literature about the relationship between refugees and its impact on the economy of the hosting country. One of these studies was conducted by Ahmed, S., & Olwan, M., (2012), Forced Migration of Syrians to Jordan: An Exploratory Study The study attempts to identify the economic, social and legal conditions of Syrian refugees residing in Jordan. The study sample consists of 105 interviews, which were conducted with the household heads of Syrian families residing in four governorates; Irbid, Mafraq, Balqa and Amman. The respondents were interviewed and they were asked to answer the 55 question survey included in the study questionnaire. The results of this exploratory study involved significant indicators regarding the challenges and difficulties faced by the Jordanian government as a result of hosting Syrian refugees on its territory. There is an urgent need to support the vital sectors necessary for refugees like health and education and the provision of adequate housing in addition to cash assistance to refugees Another conducted by Ashbaugh, L., (2010), Stranded in Jordan: A Study of Jordan s Iraqi Refugee Policy, This research often overlooks that most refugees flee to neighboring countries in the third world and minimizes the impact that these countries domestic policies have on the refugees. This research traces the historical trajectory of Jordanian policies on Iraqi refugees and explains them as rational reactions to the refugees perceived impact on Jordan s external relations, regime security, and socioeconomic situation. Elements of process tracing, content analysis, and discourse analysis are employed to examine official discourse on Iraqi refugees in speeches, interviews, and press reports. Its findings suggest that despite continued discourse on treating Iraqis as welcomed guests, the Jordanian regime s tightening policies reveal increasing concern that the refugees presence is a threat to the security and stability of the regime and Jordanian society. Furthermore, the policies reflect the regime s chronic fear of weakness and its desire to preserve social and political homogeneity. Simadi, F., (2009), Refugees in Jordan: sociological perspective, this paper aims to provide a thorough historical, legal, or political narrative of the refugee camps in Jordan. The study has analyzed three parts: the first part attempts to clarify Jordan's policy toward Palestinian refugees and their socioeconomic status in Jordan. The second part examines the refugee settlements in Jordan as social systems and applies Parsons' four functions system (AGIL). The third part analyzes the interrelationships between refugees and local host communities from the perspective of Coser's conflict functionalism. Results indicated that the Palestine refugees have found in Jordan a second home to protect them and help them to survive in dignity. And Coser's COPY RIGHT 2013 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research 116

functional conflict theory seems more applicable to the refugee situation in Jordan than Parsons' theory. The study offers some new information and data about the situation of Palestine refugees in Jordan that are very limited or not offered in the libraries. A subsequent study was performed by Olwan, M., (2007), The Legal Framework of Forced Migration and Refugee Movements in Jordan the study tried to give an idea about the right to nationality, asylum, residency and work of the refugees. The result showed that Jordan is not in favor of permanent migration. Instead, it appears that the new trend is to favor more circular migration in the country. This is apparent in the new entry, stay and exit laws and regulations pertaining to domestic workers, the workers in QIZ and workers in the agriculture and construction sectors. The study recommended that the treatment of irregular migrants in the event of detention should be improved and mechanisms for judicial or administrative review of the lawfulness of detention should be established. Those detained have the right to inform their consular or embassy representatives of their detention. Furthermore a study done by Khawaja, M., (2003), Migration and the Reproduction of Poverty: The Refugee Camps in Jordan, This study examines the link between poverty and migration into and out of camps, using 1999 household survey data on the refugee camp populations in Jordan and a binomial logistic regression. The findings show a clear clustering of poverty in the camps, where about one-third of households are poor. Results from several nested regression models show that inmigration is not the cause of persistent poverty in the camps. On the other hand, human capital variables, especially education, economic activity, and social inheritance, as well as demographic factors such as household headship and dependency rate have significant effects on poverty incidence. Some theoretical and policy implications of the findings are discussed. Refugees in Jordan Jordan was involved in the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, which resulted in Jordan s annexation of the West Bank area of Palestine as well as East Jerusalem, territories originally designated by the UN Partition Plan to become part of a proposed Palestinian state. Palestinians and their descendents has become a sizeable portion of Jordan s population, with estimates placing their numbers between a third and more than half of Jordan s population. Another influx of Palestinian refugees occurred after Jordan s crushing defeat in the 1967. The numbers of Palestinians taking refuge in Jordan has increased incrementally as a result of other events such as the 1987 Palestinian Intifada and Iraq s 1991 invasion of Kuwait. Additionally, the US invasion of Iraq in 2003 drove hundreds of thousands of Iraqis to seek safety in Jordan, many of whom are still in Jordan. To date, Jordan has received more than 500,000 Syrian refugees since the start of the Syrian civil war in 2011. Estimates by the UN and other agencies predict that the number of Syrian refugees in Jordan will exceed one million before the end of 2013. As this brief historical survey reveals, the conflicts that have continuously surrounded Jordan throughout the last six decades has forced Jordan s involvement in regional conflicts in numerous different ways. Hosting the multitudes seeking refuge from these dangers has been an ongoing struggle for this small, dynamic constitutional monarchy, and has also been a source of domestic conflicts and external threats for nearly the entirety of the country s existence (Becker, 2013). COPY RIGHT 2013 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research 117

The impact of refugees on the main economic indicators Impact on inflation and food prices Jordan is facing a constantly growing rate of inflation rates. The two-third of Jordan s inflation in 2010, 2011, and 2012 is due to rising food prices. Food prices have risen 21% since 2002. Several explanations have been suggested for this dramatic rise. So part of the price rise is due to higher prices on imported food. The price of imported food to Jordan has increased by almost 27% from 2008-2012. In addition, the arrival of about 900,000 Syrians into Jordan has increased the demand for food (UNHCR, 2012). The amount of imported food has risen by 11% from 2008-2012 (Central Bank of Jordan, 2012). The domestic and refugees demands for food pushed the price to rise. Before the civil war in Syria, Jordan s government used to control the prices for basic foods; these goods would be sold either above or below International prices. The cost of subsidies rose substantially after the civil war in Syria; however, the Jordanian government stopped controlling prices of most food items. Subsidies on many goods were restricted to limited income group. Inflation rose to 4.8% in Jordan in 2012, from only -0.7% in 2009, see table (1). Table 1 Inflation rate in Jordan Year 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Inflation rate 3.5% 6.5% 7% 14% -0.7% 5% 4.4% 4.8% Source: Source: Department of Statistics, Monthly Statistical bulletins, (Various Issues). The observed inflation after 2009 is due to higher prices in the international market and refugees of neighboring countries. Within the consumer price index, food costs are the primary driver of increased inflation. Food items are weighed at about 40% of the CPI, making higher food prices the central cause of the overall CPI rise. In 2010 and 2011, for example, higher prices for food contributed in about 2% points out of the total inflation in each year and nearly 3% in 2012. The CPI sector for housing contributed about half a point of inflation each year from 2005-2012, at that part of index increased annually at slightly less than 2% per year. In 2010, however, costs for housing contributed approximately 1.5 points out of Jordan's total inflation rate, a significant jump over the past. Within the broad housing category, the CPI sub-sector specifically for housing and related expenses has grown at a relatively steady annual average of 1.7% per year from 2005-2012(Central Bank of Jordan, 2012). The CPI sub-sector for fuel and electric cost has shown dramatic growth. Volatility in fuel costs started even before the civil war Syria; CPI fuel costs rose more than 10% in 2012. Macroeconomic challenges intensified in the first half of 2012. The fiscal accounts came under further pressure, largely as a result of higher oil prices, lowerthan-expected grants, and rising outlays for hosting Syrian refugees. At the same time, balance of payment pressures increased new sabotages of the gas pipeline in February and April reduced gas inflows even more compared with 2011, further increasing imports of expensive fuel for electricity generation and, with it, NEPCO s COPY RIGHT 2013 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research 118

losses. Such pressures resulted in a decline in the central bank s reserves, which was exacerbated in May by an increase in deposit dollarization, reflecting depositor nervousness. The large public financing needs including for NEPCO further pushed up public debt and also crowded out the private sector. Impact on public services The arrival of huge number of Syrians in Jordan has put pressure upon Jordan s public services and government budget, and on its labor market. Because Jordan subsidizes a variety of public services, the increased demand on these services from refugees translated to higher governmental expenditures on services. Jordan s policy toward refugees children in Jordanian schools is ambiguous, perhaps deliberately (Brand, L, 1995). The Jordanian Government announced in 2011 the refugees children without permanent residence permits would not be allowed to enroll in public or private schools that year, thought it quickly rescinded the decision in the face of international criticism. Ultimately, government officials have been quoted in a published report as saying 25000 refugee children enrolled in Jordanian public schools during the 2012-2013 school years, greatly straining government resources. The Jordanian Ministry of Education s per-pupil expenditure for 2005-2006 was JD 400 per student, and thus according to these figures the ministry spent about JD 135 million educating the refugees children last academic year. This year the Ministry of Education said that 11000 refugee s students enrolled in Jordan s public and private schools, mostly in Amman. They account for 23% of all foreign children in Jordanian schools (Ministry of education, 2012). As for medical care, Jordan s public healthcare system is open to both Jordanian citizens and foreigners equally. Refugees pay the same government-subsidized rates as others do, increasing costs to the Jordanian government. In addition, the Jordanian government subsidizes consumer s fuel purchases by capping fuel prices and compensating the Jordan Petroleum Refinery for the difference between the capped price and the market price. Because consumer prices are capped, these government subsidies are available to all consumers regardless of nationality. Refugee who buy diesel products in Jordan benefit from the subsidies as mush as Jordanians do. This increased demand for fuels caused by the presence of Iraqis have adds another stress on the government budget. Because oil subsidies have become so expensive, the government has been steadily cutting them, alleviating the government budget burden but shifting that burden to consumers. Lastly, Jordan is a very water-poor country, and the government heavily subsidizes water consumption. Refugee consumption of the water is an indirect subsidy from the Jordanian government to refugees living in Jordan (Chatelard, 2002). Impact on unemployment rate Refugees, regardless of their residency status, are not allowed to work in Jordan without a work permit. Work permits are only issued for jobs that are listed by the Ministry of Interior as open to foreigners, and in order to obtain the permit, a worker must find an employer willing to offer him or her contract. Due to this strict and lengthy process, few refugees seek or receive work permits. The total number of valid foreigner work permits at that time was 320000 of which 200000 were Egyptians (DOS, 2012). Since the government certifies jobs for which it issues foreign work permits as being not in competition with Jordanian workers, such jobs ought not to COPY RIGHT 2013 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research 119

impact Jordanian unemployment rate. Because Jordan has a relatively high unemployment rate, at 15 % in 2012, some Jordanians perceive refugees working illegally as taking jobs that would otherwise be done by Jordanians. But considering the substantial number of other foreign low-wage workers available to the Jordanian labor market, such as Egyptians and Asians, it is doubtful that undocumented refugee workers are taking many jobs that would otherwise go to Jordanians (Council of the European Union, 2012) Impact on foreign direct investment in Jordan The regional turmoil has imposed significant costs on the Jordanian economy. Political tensions in Jordan have sharpened in the wake of Arab uprising, creating growing domestic political uncertainties. The regional unrest has generated adverse spillover effects on economic activity in Jordan, driven by a retrenchment in investment, tourism and exports which also suffered from the continued poor performance of the world economy. Real GDP has maintained relatively low growth level of 2.6% in 2011 and 2.8% in 2012. Table 2 Jordan's Real GDP Growth Year 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Growth 7.2% 6.4% 7.2% 7.2% 5.5% 2.3% 2.6% 2.7% Source: Department of Statistics, Monthly Statistical bulletins, (Various Issues). Table 3 Foreign Direct Investment in Jordan Year 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 FDI 1086 2213 1827 1997 1671 1187 1046 996 GDP 7963 9362 10805 13971 15044 16417 17987 19298 FDI as % GDP 14% 24% 17% 14% 11% 7% 6% 5% Source: Department of Statistics, Monthly Statistical bulletins, (Various Issues). FDI witnessed a steep drop of 40% percent in Jordan by the end of 2011, according to statistics of World Bank. Jordan received only 12.1 percent of net FDI for the MENA region. The sharp drop in FDI is primarily ascribed to the wave of protests which swept the region. The Arab Spring took toll, not only on investment, but on other economic activities and tourism as well. However, the World Bank expects the situation to improve over the mid-and long-term due to the robust economic growth in the region as a whole, as well as improved climate, which will attract international investors to the region. COPY RIGHT 2013 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research 120

The number of Syrians investing in Jordan shot up by 197 per cent during the first two months of 2013.101 Syrian investors launched new ventures at the Companies Control Department (CCD) during January and February 2013, up from 34 during the same period of 2012. The volume of investments amounted to JD4.9 million during the first two months of 2013 compared to JD1.7 million during the same period of 2012. For the whole of last year, the rate of Syrian investors went up to 70.9 per cent, with a total of 388 firms registered, up from 113 entities in 2011. The volume of investment was higher by 68.8 per cent, totaling JD19.2 million last year and JD6 million in 2011. Despite the surge, Syrians come in year, the number of Iraqi investors increased by 22.4 per cent; a total of 771 firms were second, behind Iraqis, in terms of investment in Jordan. CCD data shows that 144 Iraqi companies registered during the first two months of 2013, with a total capital of JD8.2 million. During the last registered, up from 598 in 2011. The volume of investment was higher by 21.7 per cent last year, reaching JD51.6 million from JD40.4 million in 2011. The Research Findings This study is to explore the impact of refugees on host country in case of Jordan. Table 4 shows the distribution of respondent by gender, age, education, and occupants. The results indicate that male form about 70% in comparison with female who forms 30%. Table 4 Respondent characteristics Distribution of Respondent Frequency Percentage Gender Male 173 70% Female 73 30% 18 26 40 16% 27 34 110 45% Age in years 35 42 50 19% 43 49 35 13% More than 50 20 7% PhD 15 6% Master 35 13% Education Bachelor 98 42% Diploma 66 27% Less than diploma 32 12% Public sector 96 40% Occupation Private sector 73 30% Self employed 50 19% Without work 27 11% The age distribution shows that 45% of respondent are laid in the age group of 27-34 years. The table also shows that 60% of respondent have bachelor or more, while 40% have diploma or less. Regards to occupation, the table shows that 40% engaged in public sector, 30% in private sector and the rest 30% were engaged in self employed and without work. The diversity of sample s characteristics means that the sample is representing the study population. Table 5, the majority of the respondents (65%) indicated that refugees have impact on political situation in Jordan; shows that respondents agreed with most previous COPY RIGHT 2013 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research 121

studies. Most of the studies that are done on refugees show that the political and security impacts of refugees to be negative on the host country. They are a political force for their country of residence and the way they react to the politics of host country. Furthermore, 70% of the respondents indicated that refugees have an impact on the social life in Jordan. The refugee presence in hosting countries has potential social impacts on the ethnic balance of hosting areas, social conflict, and delivering of social services. Furthermore, in refugees-affected and hosting country, there may be inequalities between refugees and non-refugees that give rise to social tension. Environmental impact of refugees on the host country is also evident. 60% of the respondent indicated that refugees have an impact on environmental situation in Jordan. Studies show that the large numbers of refugees has been associated with environmental impacts on water, land and natural recourses. For example, one of the evident environmental impacts is water pollution. It is important to conclude that such environmental impacts can be affecting the long-term livelihood opportunities of both refugees and the hosting population. Table 5 Impact of refugees on selected variables in the host country Jordan Selected variables Impact No impact Total Political situation 160 (65%) 86 (35%) 246 (100 %) Social life 173 (70%) 73 (30%) 246 (100 %) Environmental situation 148 (60%) 98 (40%) 246 (100 %) Table 6 shows the findings of the statistical analysis of secondary data. Simple regression was used to test all the hypotheses. Table (6) Hypotheses testing Variable T calculated T tabulated R 2 T Sig. Result Ho Foreign direct 1.134 2.1009 0.071 0.267 Accept investment Food prices 3.036 2.1315 0.438 0.009 Reject Unemployment rate 2.887 2.1009 0.329 0.010 Reject H 1: There is no relationship between refugees and unemployment rate in Jordan. The result of simple regression shows that the null hypothesis is rejected; indicated that there is a positive relationship between refugees and unemployment in Jordan. H 2: There is no relationship between refugees and foreign direct investment in Jordan. The result of simple regression shows that the null hypothesis is accepted. H 3: There is no relationship between refugees and food prices in Jordan. The result of simple regression shows that the null hypothesis is rejected; indicated that there is a positive relationship between refugees and food prices in Jordan. COPY RIGHT 2013 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research 122

Conclusion Jordan has traditionally been and continues to be one of the regions most welcoming countries towards refugees. The popular perception in Jordan is that the approximately 2.5 million refugees who have fled their home to Jordan [7]. The principle conclusion of this study is that the impact of refugees on the three macroeconomic indicators, unemployment rate, foreign direct investment and food pricing. Among these, the impact of refugees on unemployment rate and food prices in Jordan is positive, so the null hypothesis is rejected. While in the case of the impact of Iraqi immigrants on unemployment rate in Jordan, the null hypothesis is accepted. Refugees in Jordan have had an impact on the national budget since some of them have enrolled in Jordanian schools; used hospitals and consumed government subsidized fuel and water. This added spending, among other reasons, made Jordan s 2012 budget an expansionary one. It is unclear whether this path is sustainable and, if not, what consequences that will have or what trade off must be made. The fact remains that the refugees presence in Jordan and the impact of the civil war in Syria on the Jordanian economy was overstated, both in terms of its negative and positive effects. But it is important to emphasize that the refugees in Jordan are not responsible for most of the economic challenges that Jordanians are currently facing and their return to Iraq would do little to alleviate tuff economic conditions in Jordan. As long as the questionnaire is concerned, the majority of the respondents (65%) indicated that refugees have impact on political situation in Jordan. Furthermore, 70% of the respondents indicated that refugees have an impact on the social life in Jordan. There may be inequalities between refugees and non-refugees that give rise to social tension. Environmental impact of refugees on the hosting country Jordan is also evident. 60% of the respondent indicated that refugees have an impact on environmental situation in Jordan. It is important to conclude that such environmental impacts can be affecting the long-term livelihood opportunities of both refugees and the hosting population. Recommendations 1- Jordan has traditionally been and continues to be one of the region s most welcoming countries toward refugees. Nevertheless, unless the international community takes steps to help counter problems resulting from the influx of Palestinians, Iraqi and Syrians refugees, the Kingdom, long known for its stability and openness, may soon be compelled by self-interests to shut its borders. 2- As the international community encouraged regional governments to continue to accept refugees and help these states to better cope with the security and stability challenges they pose. Simultaneously, the administration should lead an international donor effort to help alleviate the financial burden of this endeavor. Providing funding to bolster educational and health care programs would help relieve some of the strains on the Jordanian economy. 3- The number of refugees working in Jordan and holding work permits has substantially increased in the last years according to Ministry of labor statistics. The role of inspector of the Ministry in supervision these agencies should be activated to insure compliance and serious actions should be taken in case they violate the rules protecting domestic workers. COPY RIGHT 2013 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research 123

4- The international community should be aware of the hardships on the Jordanian authorities on a compromise that would make it easier for international assistance to come to Jordan. 5- Ministry of labor should amend the labor law so that its provisions apply to domestic workers in the agricultural sector. COPY RIGHT 2013 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research 124

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9. Becker, D., (2013), The Impact of the Involuntary Mass 'Return' to Jordan in the Wake of the Gulf Crisis International Migration Review,Vol. 29, No. 2, pp. 352-374. 10. Ministry of Education declaration to Al Rai newspaper, 22-2-2012, www.alrai.com 11. Council of the European Union, Tenth meeting of Jordan- EU Association Council, 2012 12. Al-Darawi.S., (2012), Jordan's economy in light of the Arab Spring, Alrai newspaper. http://m.alrai.com/article/549423.html 13. CARE Jordan, Syrian Refugees in Urban Jordan: Baseline Assessments of Community- Identified Vulnerabilities Among Syrian Refugees Living in Irbid, Madaba, Mufraq, and Zarqa. CARE Jordan, April 2013. 14. Hazaimeh, Hani. Around 160,000 Syrians work illegally in Jordan, Jordan Times, 17 March, 2013. http://jordantimes.com/around-160000-syrians-work-illegally-in-jordan. 15. Luck, Taylor. Jordan to Open School for Syrian Refugees, Jordan Times, 5 August, 2012. http://jordantimes.com/jordan-to-open-school-for-syrian-refugees. 16. Malkawi, Khetam., UNFPA seeks to mitigate effects of Syrian crisis on Jordan s economy, Jordan Times, 15 April, 2013. http://jordantimes.com/unfpa-seeks-to-mitigateeffects-ofsyrian- crisis-on-jordans-economy. COPY RIGHT 2013 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research 126