Name: Group: 404- Date: Notes 2.7 Chapter 2: 1896-1945: Nationalisms and the Autonomy of Canada Section 7: The First World War & Canada s Involvement Pages that correspond to this presentation found in your textbook The First World War: Pages : What caused WW1? In the early 20 th century were: Seeking to their within Europe Creating to build power The need for power created tension between European superpowers These tensions force countries like England, France, Germany and Austria-Hungary to build up their military arms (weapons) the was called an arms race Two important alliances evolved in the early 1900s: alliance: England, France and Russia joined together (including smaller European countries like Serbia) alliance: Germany, Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire) joined together The in 1914: Franz Ferdinand was the heir to the thrown in the Austria-Hungary empire Groups in the Austria-Hungary empire wanted to separate and join Bosnia The Black Hand secret society members planned to assassinate Franz Ferdinand as a threat/message History & Citizenship Education Secondary IV 1
On June 28 th, 1914 6 members of the Black Hand secret society assassinated Franz Ferdinand and his pregnant wife as they were driving in a motorcade procession was the man who shot Ferdinand in the neck and his wife in the abdomen After the assassination, Austria-Hungary threatened war on Serbia very harsh demands that Serbia must meet Germany sided by Austria-Hungary, while Russia sided with the Serbians One month after the assassination Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia with the help of Germany Germany then declared war on Russia on August 1, 1914 and on France on August 3, 1914 On August 4 1914, the German troops marched on France and the route they took went through Belgium Britain had immediately declared war on Germany. British and Germany forces first fought at the Battle of Mons in Belgium. This was the first of many battles between Britain and Germany on the Western Front and is when World War 1 started for Britain and therefore Canada did join WW1? As a Canada joined the war Canada had a large number of who believed in supporting the Empire Canada would be 1 of 32 countries that would involve themselves in WW1 Canada During WW1 What does the term Home Front mean? What is happening at home while the country s soldiers are fighting in a war somewhere else How was the country helping the war effort? What were people doing? How did the government react during wartime? Did the government create any wartime laws? History & Citizenship Education Secondary IV 2
Before WW1 somewhat fragile economy in Canada During WW1 There was a need for many products and to support the war effort and the soldiers fighting for the British Empire, France, Russia and all the other allied countries Canada supplied the war effort with many things: to feed soldiers fighting in Europe, guns, ships, etc. Clothing and Wartime production = A lot of men were overseas in Europe fighting in the war There was a need for people to work in factories to produce all of the products /military equipment for the war effort in Canada to do this would fill the gaps in wartime helping to produce the needed equipment Because of WW1 unemployment was almost no existent The Triple Entente countries and allies were equally matched with the Central powers when it came to producing materials for the war By 1917 The wartime production of the British and their dominions outpaced the Germans After April 1917 USA joins the Triple Entente more military equipment and soldiers How did the soldiers get the military supplies made in Canada? across the Atlantic Ocean by boat Dropped off at port cities along the Atlantic Coast in Europe Transported by to specific spots Then transferred to and to horses and mules to get the supplies to the soldiers on the front lines Front lines = where the actual fighting is happening History & Citizenship Education Secondary IV 3
The presence of women in the war effort in Canada Because women were working hard to help the war effort producing military equipment women that fought for womens right felt that they could demand for equal treatment Canada s Prime Minister during the war realized the important role women played in Canada These contributions helped women the (if they had an immediate family member fighting in the war) By women had to vote in federal elections Before WW1 the Canadian government relied primarily on import duties/tariffs and postal rates to pay for a large number of expenses Sending soldiers to war became very expensive At the peak of the war Canada had spent $740 million The federal government had to find additional ways to finance the war effort: Issuing 1916: The 1917: The Victory Bonds The Victory Bond system was a way for Canada to borrow money from ordinary Canadians and pay them back later With interest There were several victory bond drives basically advertising campaigns to convince Canadians to buy the victory bonds Overall, Canadians bought of victory bonds = they lent $2 billion to the federal government to support the war effort History & Citizenship Education Secondary IV 4
1916: The Business Profits War Tax 1917: The Income War Tax Act Issues of corruption were brought to light Wealthy business owners were making lots of money of wartime production and not paying taxes on these profits Unions, farmers and churches complained to the federal government everyone should help out even the wealthy The 2 laws mentioned above were put in place to make sure people who profited of the war paid their fair share The federal government and the War Measures Act During WW1 the federal government wanted to centralize power more control during wartime decisions to benefit the war effort and to keep Canada safe The federal government could now intervene in provincial jurisdictions, economic activities, social affairs and civil liberties Canada During WW1 the Home Front What did the War Measures Act really entail? control of information restricting what was known about Canada s war effort/what could be said on the radio, etc. The - and prices of goods Government intervention in the economy pressuring industries to produce equipment needed for the war (weapons, ammunition, food for soldiers, etc.) and the creation of - War fever struck Canada during WW1 The general public lashed out and German Canadian culture These feelings were stoked by British/Canadian propaganda this propaganda pushed stereotypes of Germans Although, not all the propaganda stories were fake History & Citizenship Education Secondary IV 5
Did Canadians have reason to be scared? True stories that scared Canadians The use of on the front line The sinking of the civilian liner The execution of the nurse Canada During WW1 the Home Front The use of chemical weapons on the front line Containers launched at enemies spewed poisonous gasses that were breathed in choking soldiers, blinding soldiers and killing many soldiers BOTH the German army and the British used gas attacks The sinking of the Lusitania in 1915 The Lusitania a large ocean cruiser = a large passanger ship German uboat sank the Lusitania on May 7, 1915 of the South-East coast of Ireland torpedos 1,198 civilians died and 761 survived Hundreds of the civilians that dies were Canadian The execution of Edith Cavell Edith Cavell was a nurse working in Belgium at the time German soldiers invaded and occupied Belgium she stayed in Belgium and helped both British and German soldiers However Cavell was accused of helping British soldiers escape Belgium She was executed on October 22 nd, 1915 Events such as the sinking of the Lusitania, the use of chemical weapons and the execution of Edith Cavell were during WW1 These stories were told to the Canadian public helping in the army Many propaganda posters helped! The idea that the Germans were not civilized that they were an embarrassment to the Western World was advertised on these propaganda posters History & Citizenship Education Secondary IV 6
Immigration to Canada was slow during the war period 1913 (year before WW1 Started): approx. 400,000 immigrants to Canada 1915 (during WW1): approx. 37,000 immigrants to Canada Canada (some might say continued to) established discriminatory immigration policies against immigrants from certain countries not let into Canada Civilians who may have already been in Canada that came from enemy countries may have been watched closely or placed in an internment camp Enemy Aliens & Internment camps Enemy aliens may have included people from -, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, the Turkish Empire and parts of -- If you were an immigrant you probably had to register yourself and check in so the federal government could keep an eye on you If you were suspected of espionage you were probably placed in an internment camp Enemy Aliens & Internment camps Espionage = Internment camp = a camp that held people that were possible spies If you were in an internment camp you were not treated that well: In 1916 17, many Austrians were paroled to fill labour shortages. Of 8,579 men at 24 camps across Canada, 5,954 were of Austro-Hungarian origin, including 5,000 Ukrainians; 2,009 were Germans; 205 were Turks and 99, Bulgarians. All endured hunger and forced labour, helping to build some of Canada's best-known landmarks, such as Banff National Park. - Source: Canadian Encyclopedia Online. http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/internment/ History & Citizenship Education Secondary IV 7
Canada During WW1 the The of Canada with regards to soldiers was enormous: 417,000 Canadian soldiers went overseas to fight in Europe 60,000 soldiers died 150,000 returned to Canada with injuries Canadian soldiers served on land, at sea and in the air - was particularly horrible in WW1 soldiers on both sides suffered greatly during land battles in WW1 The most notable battles for Canadian soldiers include the battles of Ypres, Passchendaele and Vimy Ridge The of 1917 Start of the war volunteer soldier were mostly English Canadians with potentially imperialist views Fighting for the British Empire was important French Canadians were much less enthusiastic about fighting for England English was the language used when fighting for the British/Canadian armies The Canadian army made a special battalion made up of Even with the 22 nd battalion, French Canadian soldiers may not have been treated as well as English soldiers As the war continued death toll increasing more soldiers were needed to fight for the Allies There are less volunteers joining the Canadian military Soldiers were needed on the front lines (where the fighting was happening) The Canadian government lead by Robert Borden was forced to implement the Men in Canada ages 20-45/unmarried OR widowed/with no children were forced into military service History & Citizenship Education Secondary IV 8
What were the to the Military Service act? Anyone supporting the British Empire was in favour of the legislation However most at Borden s decision to implement conscription There were many rallies and in Quebec demonstrating against conscription this event brought back tensions between English and French Canadians November 11 th, 1918 The end of the war saw the side of the Triple Entente Alliance victorious (France, England, Russia and all other allies including Canada) The approximate of WW1 was people including both soldiers and civilians The victory was cause for celebration However Canada had to many of the returning back into society programs giving land and pensions to soldiers to help them readapt to normal life (civilian life) Many soldiers had a into civilian life wounded physically or psychologically gains more After WW1 the Treaty of Versailles (June 28 th, 1919) was signed sanctions on Germany (territorial, economic and military) February 1919 - International organization involving many countries dedicated to maintaining peace League of Nations was the older brother of the United Nations Canada was a member why is this significant? More autonomy from British Empire History & Citizenship Education Secondary IV 9
Canada gains more autonomy: After important events like The Boer War and World War I Canada & Canadians desire for autonomy from the British Empire grew Many Canadians died on European battlefields to fight for England These events evoked a sense of nationalism in Canadians people felt like Canada had already taken steps towards more independence from the mother country (England): After World War 1 Canada negotiates with the USA to have it s own consulate in Washington, D.C. During the 1920 s Canada refused to send troops to occupy Turkey without the approval of Ottawa s parliament Canada also signed fishing treaties with the USA without British representation Canada was not the only colony/dominion hoping for more independence from the mother country: South Africa, Australia, New Zealand, the Irish Free State and Newfoundland These demands for independence from British colonies/dominions forced England to hold a conference including Canada, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand The Imperial Conference of 1926 After the conference England released a report called The report stated that the dominions were constitutionally equal to the mother country This meant that Canada could now make more decisions on it s own WITHOUT England having the final say especially during international agreements History & Citizenship Education Secondary IV 10
The Balfour report combined with 1929 Conference on the Operation of Dominion Legislation and the Imperial Conference of 1930 lead to the Statute of Westminster in 1931 However, not all the powers granted to Canada in the Statute of Westminster were fully realized until 1949 The Privy Council in England continued to be the final court to appeal until 1949 /Take Aways from this PowerPoint: 1. European superpowers and their alliances pushed the world into WW1 2. The assassination of Archduke Frandz Ferdinand pushed the conflict over the edge 3. Canada joins as a dominion of the British Empire 4. Homefront: I. Wartime production of military equipment women involved in production II. War Measures Act of 1914 censorship, curfews, internment III. Financial resources Issuing Victory Bonds, The Business Profits War Tax, The Income War Tax Act IV. Propaganda anti-german sentiment in Canada 5. Canada sends many soldiers to fight in Europe I. 417,000 Canadian soldiers went overseas to fight in Europe II. 60,000 soldiers died III. 150,000 returned to Canada with injuries IV. Canadian soldiers served on land, at sea and in the air V. Trench warfare 6. Conscription Crisis of 1917 I. Need for more soldiers II. Prime Minister Robert Borden Conscription III. Imperialists for/ FCNs against IV. Renewed tensions between English and French Canadians in Canada V. History & Citizenship Education Secondary IV 11
7. End of WW1 & Canadian Autonomy I. Treaty of Versailles II. Reintegration of soldiers into Canadian society III. Canada joins the League of Nations separate from the British Empire IV. Balfour Report leads to the Statute of Westminster History & Citizenship Education Secondary IV 12