Name: Date: Period: VUS 8c&d: Immigration, Discrimination, and The Progressive Era Notes VUS8c&d: Immigration, Discrimination, and the Progressive Era 1
Objectives about Title VUS8 The student will demonstrate knowledge of how the nation grew and changed from the end of Reconstruction through the early twentieth century by c) analyzing prejudice and discrimination during this time period, with emphasis on Jim Crow and the responses of Booker T Washington and WEB DuBois; d) identifying the causes and impact of the Progressive Movement, including the excesses of the Gilded Age, child labor and antitrust laws, the rise of labor unions, and the success of the women s suffrage movement The New Immigrants Main Idea: Immigration from Europe, Asia, the Caribbean, and Mexico reached a new high in the late 19 th and early 20 th centuries Why it Matters Now: This wave of immigration helped make the United States the diverse society it is today I Through the Golden Door A Background 1 Millions of immigrants entered the US in the late 19 th and early 20 th century 2 push factors (reasons to leave their homeland) = famine, land shortages, religious or political persecution 3 pull factors (reasons to come to the US) economic opportunity, freedom from persecution B Old Immigrants 1 Immigrants who came to the US prior to 1871, usually from countries in Northern and Western Europe 2 EX Great Britain, Ireland, German, Norway, Sweden 3 Many worked on canals or railroads, or in textile mills in the North and Midwest C New Immigrants 1 Immigrants who came to the US from 1871 to 1921, usually from countries in Southern and Eastern Europe 2 EX Italy, Greece, Poland, Russia, Austria-Hungary Notes VUS8c&d: Immigration, Discrimination, and the Progressive Era 2
3 Many worked in textile (a lot went to New York) or steel mills or in coal mines D Asian Immigration 1 Smaller numbers of Asian immigrants came to the West Coast of the US between 1851-1883 2 EX China, Japan 3 Many Chinese immigrants helped to build the Transcontinental Railroad II Life in the New Land A Ellis Island immigration center in New York harbor (1892-1924) 1 Near the Statue of Liberty first view of the US for many immigrants 2 Immigrants had to pass inspections to gain entry to the US a Physical exams, document inspections, criminal record, proof of work skills SIG 17 million immigrants entered the US through Ellis Island B Angel Island immigration center in San Francisco (1910-1940) 1 Inspection process was more difficult than at Ellis Island SIG 50,000 Chinese immigrants entered the US through Angel Island C Assimilation Process 1 Most immigrants settled in urban ethnic neighborhoods a Areas with people of the same ethnicity, culture, religion, and language b Made assimilation into American society easier 2 Most immigrants worked hard to assimilate into American society a Learned English b Adopted American customs c Became American citizens d Public schools were instrumental in assimilating children of immigrants III Immigration Restrictions A Melting pot a mixture of people of different cultures and races who blended together by abandoning their native languages and customs B Rise of Nativism favoritism of native born Americans combined with anti-immigrant feelings 1 Fear that immigrants would take jobs for lower pay than American workers Notes VUS8c&d: Immigration, Discrimination, and the Progressive Era 3
2 Resentment that many immigrants did not give up their unique cultural identities 3 Prejudice based on religions, cultural, and racial differences C Immigration Restriction Legislation 1 Chinese Exclusion Act (1882) 10-year ban on all Chinese immigration 2 Immigration Restriction Act aimed at severely restricting the immigration totals of southern and eastern European immigrants Segregation and Discrimination Main Idea: Discrimination and segregation against Africa-Americans intensified and took new forms in the late 19 th and early 20 th centuries African Americans disagreed about how to respond to the developments Why it Matters Now: Today, African Americans have the legacy of a century-long battle for civil rights I African-Americans Fight Legal Discrimination A Background 1 During Reconstruction, African-Americans faced violent opposition to their new constitutional rights, especially voting rights B Voting Restrictions all Southern states passed voting restriction on African-Americans 1 Literacy Test difficult reading test given to African-Americans trying to register to vote 2 Poll Tax an annual tax that had to be paid by African-Americans before voting 3 Grandfather clause state laws that allowed people to vote if their grandfather was eligible to vote in 1867 SIG African Americans were prevented from voting in the South as a result C Jim Crow Laws segregation laws that passed throughout the South to separate white and black people in public SIG applied to schools, hospitals, parks, and transportation systems Notes VUS8c&d: Immigration, Discrimination, and the Progressive Era 4
D Plessy v Ferguson (1896) US Supreme Court ruled that segregation of the races in public accommodations was legal and did not violate the 14 th Amendment 1 Established separate but equal doctrine state could maintain segregated facilities for blacks and whites as long they provided equal service SIG segregation was legal for almost 60 years II African-American Responses A Great Migration movement of African-Americans from the rural South to Northern Cities in search of jobs and to escape poverty and discrimination in the South SIG racial discrimination still existed in the North and sometimes resulted in violence B Ida B Wells 1 led an anti-lynching crusade and called for the federal government to act to stop oppression of African- Americans C Booker T Washington 1 Believed that the way to equality was through vocational education and economic success 2 Did not openly challenge segregation in the south 3 Founded the Tuskegee Institute in Alabama D WEB DuBois 1 Believed that education was meaningless without equality 2 Supported political for African-Americans by helping to form the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) The Progressive Era Main Idea: Political economic, and social change in the late 19 th century America led to broad progressive reforms Why it Matters Now: Progressive reforms in areas such as labor nad voting rights reinforced democratic principles that continue to exist today Notes VUS8c&d: Immigration, Discrimination, and the Progressive Era 5
I Urbanization in the Gilded Age A Background 1 Gilded Age the time from the Civil War to about 1900; an era of rapid economic and industrial growth, especially in the North and West B Cities 1 Grew throughout the late 19 th century as a result of industrial growth 2 EX Chicago, Detroit, Cleveland, Pittsburgh, and New York City 3 Centers for manufacturing and transportation create industrial jobs 4 Harsh conditions for laborers in slums and tenements C Improvements? 1 Sewage and water systems were improved 2 Public transportation systems were improved a Trolley, streetcar, and subways (began in NYC) were developed 3 Labor supply to citied increased due to immigration and migration from rural farms II Goals of Progressivism A Middle-class progressive reformers waned to fix many of the problems that resulted from industrialization and urbanization in the 19 th Century (the Gilded Age) 1 Poor working conditions for laborers in factories low wages, long hours, no job security, no benefits, child labor was common, discrimination against women 2 Wanted government to become more responsive to the needs of the people SIG these issues led to the Progressive Movement use of government to reform problems created by industrialization and correct the injustices in American society B Goals of the Progressive Reformers 1 Government controlled by the people 2 Guarantee economic opportunities through government regulation 3 Eliminate social injustice Notes VUS8c&d: Immigration, Discrimination, and the Progressive Era 6
III Social Reform A Prohibition the movement to ban the manufacture, sale, and consumption of alcohol 1 18 th Amendment prohibition of alcohol went into effect B Women s Suffrage the movement to give women the right to vote 1 National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) benefited from strong leadership Susan B Anthony 2 Encouraged women to enter the workforce during World War One 3 19 th Amendment granted women the right to vote (suffrage) C Economic Reform 1 Background: Laissez-faire capitalism government took a hands-off approach to the economy and did not get involved in regulating business a Big businesses used power to crush competition 2 Muckrakers journalists who wrote about the corrupt side of business and public life in magazines during the Progressive Era a Upton Sinclair exposed horrible conditions of the meatpacking industry in Chicago in his novel, The Jungle 3 Clayton Anti-Trust Act strengthened the Sherman Anti-Trust Act a Outlawed trusts, monopolies, and price-fixing b Exempted labor unions from prosecuted by the Sherman Anti-Trust Act IV Political Reform A Local Governments 1 Commissioners and city council managers new ways to govern cities more efficiently in 250 cities in the US B State Governments 1 Secret ballot allowed voters to cast a vote without election officials knowing who they voted for 2 Initiative a bill originated by the people rather than lawmakers on the ballot 3 Referendum vote by the people on a bill that began as an initiative Notes VUS8c&d: Immigration, Discrimination, and the Progressive Era 7
4 Recall enabled voters to remove public officials from elected positions by forcing them to face another election before the end of their term 5 Primary system voters, rather than politicians, would choose candidates for public office through a special election C National Government 1 President Teddy Roosevelt s progressive plan Square Deal a Involved trust-busting and conservation projects b set aside 230 million acres for public parks 2 President Woodrow Wilson s progressive plan New Freedom a Involved financial reform, increased government regulation of business 3 Child Labor progressives wanted to end the use of children in industry 4 Keatings-Owen Act (1916) outlawed goods being transported from state to state if those products were produced by child labor a Later declared unconstitutional 5 New Amendments a 16 th Amendment established the federal income tax b 17 th Amendment allowed for the direct election of senators by the people of State Were previously chosen by the state governments c 18 th Amendment prohibition on the manufacture, sale, and consumption of alcohol d 19 th Amendment granted women the right to vote Notes VUS8c&d: Immigration, Discrimination, and the Progressive Era 8
Glossary VUS 8 c&d Directions: Fill in the definition for the term listed Then, in the box on the right, you have to draw a picture OR write the definition in your own words OR write a sentence using the word that demonstrates its meeting Term Term Term Term Term Term Term Notes VUS8c&d: Immigration, Discrimination, and the Progressive Era 9
Glossary VUS 8 c&d Directions: Fill in the definition for the term listed Then, in the box on the right, you have to draw a picture OR write the definition in your own words OR write a sentence using the word that demonstrates its meeting Term Term Term Term Term Term Term Notes VUS8c&d: Immigration, Discrimination, and the Progressive Era 10
Summary DIRECTIONS: Choose only one of the following: a) write a summary (25-75 words) of what you believe was the most important aspect of the notes/lecture b) write what you believe to be the most interesting or memorable part of the notes/lecture (25-75 words) c) draw something that symbolizes the notes/lecture to you (has to be different than your title page) Notes VUS8c&d: Immigration, Discrimination, and the Progressive Era 11