Development of a New Nation - PDF Free Download

Development of a New Nation 1. Articles of Confederation are authorized in June of 1776 by the Second Continental Congress and ratified in 1781. These articles gave individual states much power (sovereignty). This is colonial money printed during the reign of the Articles. It is called a continental. State Sovereignty Former Colonies are known as State/s; a State is part of a larger group a nation. Major Powers/Limits of the Articles: o International Diplomacy o Printing Money o Resolving controversies between States o Coordinating War o 9 out of 13 States vote to create law o Unanimous vote to change the Articles o ONE state; ONE vote o Unicameral (one group) Congress o NO POWER TO TAX Term that means individual freedom/s or the power to VOTE. Why was this Government not granted the power to TAX the States? If the Government can t tax how will it raise revenue ($) to pay for running the nation? School House Rock: Preamble The Articles of Confederation was the functioning government of the United States from March 1, 1781 until March 4, 1789 (it s the government between the Second Continental Congress & the Constitution).

Northwest Territory was developed from the Northwest Ordinance of 1787; It was an effort to raise revenue for the Government. The Northwest Territory was organized into 6 Mile X 6 Mile squares which were then further divided up as the chart/s to the right demonstrates. These sections of land were then sold. O n e M i l e ⅟4 Section 160 Acres Section 16 was reserved for Public Schools One Mile ⅟16 40 Acres ⅟8 section 80 Acres Half Section 320 Acres 6 5 4 3 2 1 7 8 9 10 11 12 18 17 16 15 14 13 19 20 21 22 23 24 30 29 28 27 26 25 31 32 33 34 35 36 Six Miles S i x M i l e s

Daniel Shays on horseback leading the protesters at Springfield, MA on Tues. Sept. 26, 1786 Shays Rebellion on Jan. 25, 1787 was an attempt to take over the Arsenal in Springfield, MA. Approx. 150 rebels were arrested & some were put to death. 2. Problems in the states, such as paper $ outlawed (because it was worthless), many people in debt led to Shay s Rebellion. Rebels Protested Against: o High Taxes o Governor s Salary o High Court Costs o Paper Money Problem/s 6 Min Part 1& 9 Min Part 2 Rev. War veterans were paid by the U.S. Gov t. for their services with land in the West Angry Regulators stopped the local government from functioning by force (using swords, muskets, etc.) until changes were made. Boom to Bust? Oath of Loyalty

3. Philadelphia (Constitutional) Convention took place from May-September of 1787 (all states present except Rhode Island). Conventions key points: Initial reason for the meeting or convention: The Annapolis Convention of September 1786. Some states refused to comply with the articles of peace. The union was unable to regulate interstate commerce. Shays Rebellion. Revise the Articles of Confederation! Two Main Ground Rules: o Proceedings Secret o No Issue Closed "we have errors to correct." May 25 through Sept. 17 of 1787 George Washington was selected the President of the Philadelphia Convention What is needed is an extended republic containing a system of Checks & Balances? James Madison CLICK Independence Hall

Connecticut Oliver Ellsworth* William Samuel Johnson Roger Sherman Delaware Richard Bassett Gunning Bedford, Jr. Jacob Broom John Dickinson George Read New Jersey David Brearley Jonathan Dayton William Houston* William Livingston William Paterson Who was there in Philadelphia? New York Alexander Hamilton John Lansing, Jr.* Robert Yates* South Carolina Pierce Butler Charles Cotesworth Pinckney Charles Pinckney John Rutledge Rhode Island Rhode Island did not send delegates to the convention. Georgia Abraham Baldwin William Few William Houstoun* William Pierce* Massachusetts Elbridge Gerry* Nathaniel Gorham Rufus King Caleb Strong* Maryland Daniel Carroll Luther Martin* James McHenry John F. Mercer* Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer Who signed the Constitution and who did NOT? Notabales not there? o Thomas Jefferson o John Adams o Patrick Henry North Carolina William Blount William Richardson Davie* Alexander Martin* Richard Dobbs Spaight Hugh Williamson I smell a rat! New Hampshire Nicholas Gilman John Langdon Pennsylvania George Clymer Thomas Fitzsimons Benjamin Franklin Jared Ingersoll Thomas Mifflin GouverneurMorris Robert Morris James Wilson Virginia John Blair James Madison George Mason* James McClurg* Edmund Randolph* George Washington George Wythe* (*) Did not sign the final draft of the U.S. Constitution.

The Corner Stone of the success the Constitutional Convention and of the current government today It is an agreement between two opposing views in which both find a common ground or understanding on an issue. 81 year old Benjamin Franklin addressed the men in Philadelphia about the need for COMPROMISE by better information or fuller consideration to change opinions... which I once thought right, but found to be otherwise. It is therefore that the older I grow, the more apt I am to doubt my own judgment, and to pay more respect to the judgment of others.

The 5 foot tall, 120 pound, 36- year-old James Madison is the primary creator of the Virginia Plan VIRGINIA PLAN (Large State Plan) The 34-year-old Governor of Virginia Edmund Randolph presented the plan to the Convention The Great Compromise is also known as the Connecticut Compromise or Sherman s Compromise Representation or numbers of reps. based on State population Lower House selected by the people Upper House selected by the Lower House members William Paterson proposed the New Jersey Plan as a counter to the Virginia Plan NEW JERSEY PLAN (Small State Plan) Eventually on July 16 th the Delegates accepted & voted in the Compromise which saved the Convention from breaking apart For 10 days the Delegates debated the Virginia Proposal (Plan) from the time Edmund Randolph proposed it on Tuesday morning May the 29 th. Roger Sherman Bicameral Legislature: Bi is 2 & Cameral is House Two Houses in Lawmaking Group Upper House is Senate & Lower House is House of Representatives Senate has 2 Reps. per state; House of Reps. varies depending on State Population Representation stays EQUAL as it had been under the Articles of Confederation 2 Reps per State in ONE House or Group 3a. Great Compromise-Virginia Plan & New Jersey Planare compromised and develop a Bicameral Legislature.

Roger Sherman The Constitutional Chin vention (2 min) William Paterson The Connecticut Compromise? Ben Franklin Oliver Ellsworth James Madison School House Rock: Preamble

3b. Separation of Powers- 3 Branches of government are created (Legislative, Executive, & Judicial) Facts of Congress: Three Branches of Government Facts of Congress: Checks and Balances ARE YOU J.E.L. in? Judicial Branch Judges Laws Executive Branch Enforces Laws Legislative Branch Lawmakers School House Rock: Three Ring Government

Points Earned US Constitution (G. Washington) 1770-1800 s Vocabulary: The System of Checks and Balances! Heading: Directions: From the class discussion of the Supplement Handout titled The System of Checks and Balances briefly write out a definition of the vocabulary word or term listed below. Your response does NOT have to be in complete sentences. 1. Checks & Balances 2. Veto 3. Appropriations 4. Cabinet 5. Legislative Branch 6. Judicial Branch 7. Executive Branch 8. Bill 9. Law 10. Simple Majority 11. Super Majority 12. Impeach 13. Remove from office 14. Inferior Courts 15. Hopper 16. Pardon 17. Party 18. Term 19. Congress 20. Constitutionality 21. Senate 22. House of Representatives 23. Bicameral Legislature 24. Census 25. Apportionment

School House Rock: I m Just A Bill School House Rock: Electoral College Impeach? Remove? Hopper? Term? Simple Majority? Super Majority? Veto? Cabinet? Pardon? Congress? Facts of Congress: Amendments Facts of Congress: Key Leaders Facts of Congress: House of Reps. Facts of Congress: Senate StateHouse CRock : PARODYI m Just A Bill Barney Fife & the Preamble

3c. Slave Issue- 3/5 Compromise Northern vs. Southern States? Are there any states that do NOT allow slavery in 1787? This was a compromise that stemmed from the argument of state population providing more representation in the House of Representatives and the impact on Presidential Elections James Wilson of Pennsylvania Creators of the Three Fifths Compromise idea Roger Sherman of Connecticut

Slave Tax? Article 1 Section 9 of the US Constitution The Old Plantation, ca. 1790 Slave Importation How many slaves from the painting above would be cannot be counted towards the State or Virginia s population? prevented until How much possible revenue would a slave tax the year 1808! generate for the US? Unlike the Articles of Confederation the Constitutionwould have the power to tax ALL states thus bring in revenue; it also maintained the power to make money POWER TO TAX 300,000 Slaves 3d. Commerce $ -Congress has the power to tax, a slave tax was developed at the sum of $10

3e. Elect a President -Electoral College elects pres., which is based on # of representatives in Congress. Electoral Worth of the State of Michigan 17 2 Senators + 15 Members in the House of Representatives States decide how to distribute their Electoral Votes (Most have a winner take ALL method) To be elected President of the United States an individual must obtain MORE THAN HALF OF ALL ELECTROAL VOTES! 55 3 270 Winner! 538 Total Electoral Votes Plus the 3 Electors from Washington D.C. 435 Members of the House of Representatives + 100 Members of the Senate School House Rock: Electoral College

House of Representatives Census? Apportionment?

Ignite Learning: Federal vs. State Powers Bill of Rights Rap Song Bill of Rights (1 st 10 Amendments): 1. Freedom Speech, Press, Religion, Right to Petition & Assemble 2. Right to Bear Arms 3. No Quartering of Troops 4. No Unreasonable Search & Seizure 5. Right to Due Process of Law 6. Right s of the Accused 7. Right to a Trial by Jury 8. No Cruel or Unusual Punishment 9. Protection of rights not specifically enumerated in the Bill of Rights 10. States Powers Super Majority vote was needed for Ratification. 4. Ratification of the Constitution occurs only after the Bill of Rights was added (started by James Madison of Virginia & Reps from the states of Massachusetts & New York).

FEDERALISTS: James Madison John Jay Alexander Hamilton ANTI-FEDERALISTS: Patrick Henry Sam Adams George Mason Richard Henry Lee Robert Yates

b. 11/22 Feb 1732, "Wakefield", near Popes Creek, Westmoreland county, Virginia d. 14 Dec 1799, Mount Vernon, Virginia 5. George Washington was elected first president, John Adams was elected Vice-pres. Challenges to the first presidency were: April 30, 1789 GW was inaugurated here Federal Hall, NYC, NY Separate ballots for Pres. & Vice- Pres. Unanimously Elected both times First President under Constitution Declined his $25,000 salary Had to be convinced to take job Presidential Election of 1789 Presidential Election of 1792 NY deadlocked no electors won N.C. & R.I. had not ratified yet John Adams Movie: G.W. s oath of Office

Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson (1789-1793) Edmund Randolph (1794-1795) Timothy Pickering (1796-1797) Secretary of War Henry Knox (1789-1794) Timothy Pickering (1795-1796) James McHenry (1796-1797) Postmaster General Samuel Osgood (1789-1791) Timothy Pickering (1791-1795) Joseph Habersham (1795-1797) Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton (1789-1795) Oliver Wolcott Jr. (1795-1797) T. Pickering Knox 5a. Developing a Cabinet for the Executive Branchthis allowed for the delegation of power. President George Washington (1789-1797) Vice President John Adams (1789-1797) McHenry Attorney General Edmund Randolph (1789-1794) William Bradford (1794-1795) Charles Lee (1795-1797) Hamilton

Supreme Court Washington nominated John Jay to be Chief Justice and then Associate Judges John Blair William Cushing (William Paterson) James Wilson James Iredell John Rutledge (Thomas Johnson) J. Jay 5b. Set-up a court system-developed from the Judiciary Act of 1789.

5c. Create a Bank System-this was started by Alexander Hamilton but Thomas Jefferson disagreed with its development which led to the formation of political parties in the U.S. ( Dev. of Political Parties ). Charter of the First Bank of the United States was established on Feb. 25, 1791 for 20 years Hamilton Will a National Bank provide EQUAL opportunity to ALL American citizens? Jefferson Banks Purpose: Establish Financial Order Establish Credit Resolve Issue of (Fiat) Continental Currency Bank s Functions: Act as a Private Company Provide Loans Government owns $2 million of stock in Bank Other $8 million in stock sold to public BUT ¼ of purchase MUST be with gold or silver Rotate Directors Bank Cannot buy Government Bonds

On August 20 in 1794 Approximately 3,000 U.S Troops faced 1,500 Native Americans the battle did not last long & ended in a U.S. victory. 5d. Battle of Fallen Timbers-Anthony Wayne secures the land in the Ohio Valley for the U.S. from Indian attack. Treaty of Greenville 1795 ended the conflicts in the Ohio Valley Region. One Native American leader would NOT sign the Treaty it was a Shawnee Leader named Tecumseh; later in US History he will yet again be faced by US Troops. Mad Anthony Wayne

5e. Whiskey Rebellion- Pennsylvania tax revolt. 6 9 Cents per gallon on whiskey to gain revenue for the National Government. Westerners turned their surplus corn into whiskey to get it to market easier REVOLT occurs because the tax was believed to be unfair

NEUTRAL: is a term that means a nation will not get involved in the affairs of other nations 5f. Foreign Affairs- French Revolution, U.S. stays Neutral. The proclamation was signed on April 22, 1793, in Philadelphia by Washington G.W. Napoleon Bonaparte France Jefferson When France declared war on Englandon February 1, 1793, the United States faced a thorny political problem. France was America's ally during the Revolutionary War, yet Great Britain's financial support was important to American ship owners. Hamilton Great Britain

5g. The Jay Treaty -compensated England s with prewar debt & to hear claims for captured American vessels (BUT captured slaves would not be returned). Results of the Treaty: British agreed to vacate the six western forts by June 1796 Compensate American ship owners (the British paid $10,345,200 by 1802) United States gave most favored nation trading status to Britain US agreed to British anti-french maritime policies US guaranteed the payment of private prewar debts owed by Americans to British merchants that could not be collected in U.S. courts (the U.S. paid 600,000 in 1802) Is this Treaty the action/s of a Neutral Nation? American Issues with Great Britain: Britain was still occupying a number of forts in the Great Lakes region. American merchants wanted compensation for 250 ships confiscated during 1793 94. Southerners wanted compensation for the slaves the British had taken from them during the Revolution. Merchants wanted the British West Indies reopened to American trade. The boundary with Canada was too vague and needed delineation. The British were believed to be aggravating Native-American attacks on settlers in the West. John Jay Jay dropped the issue of compensation for slaves, which angered Southern slave owners. Jay was also unsuccessful in negotiating an end to the impressment of American sailors into the Royal Navy

Key Points of the Address: Only 2 Terms Importance of National Unity; Fear of Sectionalism Threat of Political Parties Religion, Morality & Education Establishment of National Credit Stay out of Foreign Affairs; Stay Neutral 5h. G. W. s Farewell Address Originally published in David Claypoole'sAmerican Daily Advertiseron September 19, 1796 under the title "The Address of General Washington To The People of The United States on his declining of the Presidency of the United States," the letter was almost immediately reprinted in newspapers across the country and later in a pamphlet form.