SUB Hamburg B/113955 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS VINAY KUMAR MALHOTRA M.A. (Gold Medalist), Ph.D. Principal Markanda National (Post-graduate) College (Kurukshetra University) Shahabad-Markanda, Haryana, India ANMOL PUBLICATIONS PVT. LTD. NEW DELHI-110 002 (INDIA)
Contents Preface to the Fourth Edition Preface to the Third Edition Preface to the Second Edition Preface to the First Edition xiii xv xvii xix 1. Origin and Growth of International Relations 1 Development as an Academic Discipline: Setting-up of University Chairs, Research Bodies, Role of League, After the Second World War; Stages of Development; Post- Cold War Theories. 2. Nature, Scope and Purpose of International Relations 13 Meaning and Nature; Traditional View International Politics; Current View International Relations; International Politics and International Relations; Scope and Subject-Matter; Purpose and Importance. 3. The Nature and Functioning of the Sovereign State System 27 Nature of the Sovereign State System: State and Nation, State as Monopoly, State as Functional Unit, State as Free Agent, State as Controller of Its International Role; State as Determinant of World Politics, State as Divergent Entities, Participation, Scope, Power, Domestic Structure; Origin and Development of the Modern State System; Further Growth of and Change in the State System; Features of the Functioning o f the State-System: Territoriality, Sovereignty, Equal Status of States, Nationalism, Power Politics, Limitations on the State System; Future of the State System: Decay, Survival. 4. Concept of Power 42 Meaning and Nature of Power, Power, Force, Influence and Authority, Capability; National Power; Kinds of Power; Methods of Exercising Power; Dimensions of Power; Role and Use of Power: Changing Status Quo; Use in Diplomacy; Enhancing Prestige; Serving National Interests. 5. Elements of National Power 51 Natural Elements; Scientific and Technological Elements; Political Elements; Social and Ideological Elements; External Elements; Measurement of National Power: Relativity of Power, Changing Nature of Power, Single Factor Determinism; The Estimate and Reality of Power, Actual and Potential Power, Specificity of Power; Limitations on National Power: International Morality, World Public Opinion, International Law, The Balance of Power, International Organisations, Disarmament. 6. National Interest 69 Meaning and Nature: Values and Ends as National Interest, Survival as National
(viii) Interest, Function and Purpose of National Interest, Determinants of National Interest; Criteria of Determining National Interest; Types of National Interest; Instruments and Method for the Promotion of National Interest. 7. Balance of Power 78 Meaning and Nature; Definitions; Pre-requisites; Assumptions; Characteristics; Types of the Balance of Power: Simple Balance, Multiple Balance, Local, Regional and Global, Flexible and Rigid; Devices and Methods; Balance of Power in the Past; Blance of Power Today Is it Relevant: Obsolete and Irrelevant, Valid and Relevant; Critical Evaluation: Purpose, Utility and Merits; Defects, Criticism and Demerits; Power Vacuum. 8. Theories and Approaches of International Politics 94 The Importance of Theory; Meaning of Theory and Approach; Definitions of Theory of International Relations; Categories of Approaches and Theories: The Traditional School, The Scientific or Behavioural School, Post-Behavioural School, Post-Cold War School; Idealist Theory: Basic Assumptions, Suggestions for Reform, Critical Evaluation; Realist Theory: Meaning and Explanation, Tenets and Assumptions, Six Principles of Morgenthau's Realism, Critical Evaluation; Systems Theory: Assumptions, Kaplan's Six Models, Post-Cold War International System, Critical Evaluation; Decision-making Theory: Meaning and Explanation, Assumptions, Critical Evaluation; Marxian Theory: Basic Assumptions and Tenets, Four Seminal Theories, Four Model Strategies, Critical Evaluation. 9. Game and Bargaining Theories 118 Game Theory: Exponents, Assumptions, Explanation, Zero-sum Games, Variablesum Games, Critical Evaluation; Bargaining Theory: Exponents, Assumptions, Explanation, Critical Evaluation. 10. The Dependency Theory 128 The Sources; Dependencia; 'Centre-Periphery' Analysis; World-System Analysis; Critical Evaluation. 11. Deterrence Theory 137 Exponents; Assumptions; Explanation; Critical Evaluation. 12. Functionalism and Regionalism 143 Functionalism: Exponents, Assumptions, Explanation, Criticism; Neofunctionalism; Regionalism: Trend Toward Regionalism; Criticism. 13. Determinants of Foreign Policy 156 Definitions and Nature of Foreign Policy; Components of Foreign Policy; Objectives of Foreign Policy; Pre-requisites of Foreign Policy; Instruments of Foreign Policy; Determinants of Foreign Policy: General and Objective Determinants; Specific, Subjective or Internal Determinants; External Factors. 14. Foreign Policy: Choices and Types 166 Policy of Imperialism; Policy of Neo-Colonialisrh; Policy of Balance of Power; Policy of Alliances; Policy of Allegiance; Policy of Non-alignment; Policy of Isolation;
Policy of Peaceful Coexistence; Policy of Neutrality; The Policy of the Status Quo; The Policy of Revisionism; Policy of Nationalistic Universalism. Cold War 183 Meaningand Nature; Origin of Cold War; Causes of the Cold War: Orthodox View The USSR Responsible; Revisionist View The USA Responsible; Objective View Both are Responsible; The Evolution of the Cold War: Cautious Friendship and Breaking Alliance, 1945-46; Mutual Hostility and Intense Conflict, 1946-1953; Apparent Conflict, Actual Adjustment, 1953-62; Thaw in the Cold War, 1963-68; Detente, 1969-1978; New Cold War, 1979-1987; End of Cold War and Revival of Detente, 1987 onwards; Impact of the Cold War. New Cold War 199 Causes and Evolution of New Cold War; Features of New Cold War; Difference between. New and Old Cold War; Impact of New Cold War. De'tente 205 Meaning of Detente; Features and Elements of Detente; Causes of De'tente; Evolution and Phases of Detente; Impact of Detente. De-Colonisation and Asian-African Resurgence 221 Colonialism; De-colonisation; Causes of Rapid De-colonisation; Expansion of International Community; Impacts of De-colonisation and Afro-Asian Resurgence. Non-alignment 232 Meaning of Non-Alignment; Characteristics of Non-Alignment; Bases and Causes of Non-Alignment; Growth and Role of NAM; Critical Evaluation of Non-Alignment; Relevance of Non-Alignment. Third World in International Relations 249 Nature, Goals and Role of the Third World; Worldwide Inequality of Wealth and Income; Rejection of a World Divided into Capitalism and Communism; North- South Conflict; Goals of the Third World; Role and Impact of Third World in International Relations; Rise of the Fourth World. North-South Dialogue in the UN and Outside 254 Issues of North-South Conflict; South's Hopes UN's Limitations; Phases of Dialogue in and Outside the UN. New International Economic Order 269 Present International Economic Order; Characteristics of the Present Economic Order; Shortcomings of the Present Economic System; Demand for New International Economic Order; Programme of Action for NIEO; Issues and Means of NIEO; The World Trade Organisation; Political Conditions of NIEO; NIEO-Still a Mirage. The Impact of Nuclear Weapons 282 Caused Cold War; Problem of Proliferation; Arms Race; Arms Trade; Impact on Third World; Socio-economic Impacts of the Arms Race; Destructive Effects of Nuclear Weapons; Threat to the World Peace and Peace Movements; Nuclear Deterrence; Nuclear Categorisation of the States; Impact on Military Science; Impact
(x) on Alliances; Impact on the Concept of National Power; Nuclear Diplomacy and Disarmament. 24. Disarmament and Arms Control 296 Definitions and Nature; Objectives of Arms Control; Types of Disarmament; Need and Reason for Disarmament; Difficulties and Obstacles in the Way of Disarmament; Steps Towards Disarmaments: Multilateral Agreements, Bilateral Agreements, Tacit Understanding, Unilateral Reductions; The Partial Test Ban Treaty; Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty; Biological Weapons Convention; SALT-I; SALT -II; INF Treaty; Missile Technology Control Regime; Treaty on the Reduction of Conventional Forces in Europe (CFE); Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START-I); Treaty on Open Skies; Bush-Yeltsin Agreement on Arms Reduction; Chemical Weapons Convention; Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty; Fissile Material Production Cut off Treaty; The Global Elimination of APL; Critical Evaluation; Future of Arms Control. 25. Diplomacy 328 Foreign Policy and Diplomacy; Meaning and Definition; Nature and Characteristics of Diplomacy; Classification of Diplomats; Functions of Diplomacy; Instruments and Techniques of Diplomacy; Good Diplomacy and Ideal Diplomat; Types of Diplomacy: Old Diplomacy, New Diplomacy, The Distinction Between Old and New Diplomacy, Secret Diplomacy, Open Diplomacy, Personal and Summit Diplomacy, Multilateral and Institutional Diplomacy, Bilateral Diplomacy, Economic Diplomacy, Hi-tech Diplomacy. 26. India's Foreign Policy 344 Basic Principles and Objectives; Foreign Policy of Nehru; Foreign Policy after Nehru; Foreign Policy during Indira Gandhi's Regime; Foreign Policy of the Janata Government; Second Phase of Indira Era; Foreign Policy of Rajiv Gandhi; Foreign * Policy of National Front Government; Foreign Policy of Narasimha Rao; Foreign Policy of the UF Govt; Foreign Policy of the BJP Led Coalition Government, Foreign Policy of Congress led UPA Government. 27. Crisis Management 383 Definition; Kinds of Crisis; Crisis Management; Kinds of Crisis Management; Instrument and Techniques; Signal and Communication; Basic Moves; Crisis Diplomacy and Negotiations; By Mediation; By Adjudication and Arbitration; By International and Regional Organisations; Crisis Management by Superpowers. 28. Changed World Scenario and New Pattern of International Relations 390 New World Order; World Order Models: Unipolar World or Interdependent World, Liberal Democracy or Pax Democratica, Constitutionalism, International Society; Soviet Disintegration; Impact on the Third World; Positive Developments: US and Russia as Allies, Unifications, Integration of Europe, Globalisation, Resolving of Outstanding Issues, New Role for the UN, Arms Control; Negative Developments: Religious Fundamentalism, Dismal Economic Front, East Asian Crisis, Arms Race, Separatism in Yugoslavia and Elsewhere, Marginalisation of the UN, Other Problems. 29. Universalism and World Order International Organisations 406 Definition and Nature of International Organisation; International Organisation in Terms of Purposes; In Terms of Institutions; In Terms of Processes; Role, Functions
(xi) and Significance of International Organisations; Origin and Development of International Organisation. 30. The United Nations 417 The UN Charter; Purposes; Basic Principles; Organs of the United Nations; General Assembly; Security Council; The Economic and Social Council; The Trusteeship Council; The International Court of Justice (ICJ); The Secretariat. 31. The UN Maintenance of Peace and Security: Peaceful Settlement 428 and Collective Security Peaceful Settlement of Disputes, Pacific Settlement in Practice, Critical Evaluation; Collective Security: The Theory of Collective Security; Collective Security under UN-Charter Provisions; The Collective Security in Practice; Peace-Keeping Innovations and Operations; Preventive Diplomacy; Critical Evaluation of Collective Security under UN. 32. Post-Cold War Perspective and Revision of the Charter 442 Post-Cold War Era and Perspective; Defects: Need for Restructuring; Revision of the UN Charter; Restructuring and Reforming of the UN; Latest Reform Efforts in the UN; Building a Reform Consensus; Implementing Reform; General Assembly Supports Reform; Fundamental Reforms Still Pending; UN's 21st Century Action Plan. 33. Environment and International Relations 455 Impact of Globalisation on the Politics of Environment; Environment and International Relations Theory; Environment and International Relations Practice; Conclusion. 34. Globalisation and International Relations 463 Definition and Nature; Features of Globalisation; Factors Responsible for Globalisation; Positive Impacts; Negative Impacts: Neo-Colonalism and Dependency; Globalisation and International Relations Theory; Conclusion. 35. International Terrorism 476 Definition of Terrorism; Definition of International Terrorism; Aims and Tactics; International Terrorist Groups; Types of Terrorism; Causes of Terrorism; Impact of International Terrorism; Counter Terrorism Measures; Outside the UN; Inside the UN; Suggestions. 36. Human Rights and International Relations 506 Introduction; Impact of Human Rights on International Relations: New Agenda and Subject-matter of International Relations, Growing Importance of Non-State Actors, UN Charter, Universal Declaration and Covenants, International and Regional Human Rights Organizations, Human Rights and their International Enforcement, Social International Movements and Normative Regimes, Human Rights and Bilateral and Multilateral Relations between States, Human Rights and Fragmentation of the States, Human Rights and Weak States, Human Rights and Information Technology, Human Security Reinforces Human Rights, Globalization and Human Rights, Terrorism and Human Rights; Human Rights and India; Conclusion.