DPI 413 Challenges of Democratization

Class website: www.pippanorris.com August 20, 2012 DPI 413 Challenges of Democratization Pippa Norris Fall 2012 Contact Details:... 2 Course Synopsis:... 2 Course Objectives:... 3 Class Schedule:... 4 s:... 4 Shared Datasets... 6 Assignments:... 7 Research paper (35%) Due by the start of class on 17 th Oct... 7 Briefing Memo (15%) Due by the start of class on 19 th Nov... 7 Consultancy Report (40%) Due by the start of class on 4 th Dec... 7 Topics, discussion questions, & required readings... 8 1

Contact Details: Class time: Mondays and Wednesdays 2.40 to 4.00pm Class place: Rubenstein Building, RG20 Shopping: Wednesday 5 th September 2012 First class: Monday 10 th Sept 2012 Last class: Wednesday 4 th Dec 2012 Professor: Pippa Norris, McGuire Lecturer in Comparative Politics at Harvard and ARC Laureate and Professor of Government and International Relations at the University of Sydney Office: Littauer 110, John F. Kennedy School of Government Office Hours: Tuesdays 2.40 4.00pm Signup first via: http://www.wejoinin.com/sheets/bobwp Tel: (617) 495 1475 Fax: (617) 496 2850 Email: Pippa_Norris@harvard.edu http//: www.pippanorris.com Class website: www.pippanorris.com under Teaching Course assistant: Tbc Faculty Assistant: Leah Knowles [leah_knowles@hks.harvard.edu] Littauer 376A Tel: 617.496.2737 Assessment: Course assignments Methods: Statistical analysis and illustrative case studies Course Synopsis: This course covers the basic principles, theories, conceptual tools, and comparative methods useful for understanding the challenges of democracy and democratization. Events during the Arab spring have highlighted transitions from autocracy in headline news, although this is far from a novel issue. Since the early 1970s, there have been successive waves of regime change. The international development community has focused increased attention on the challenges of facilitating the transition from autocracy and the consolidation of democratic states. Advocates argue that democratic governance is a universal human right. Moreover this type of regime is also believed to help people live wealthier, healthier, and more secure lives. The process of democratization is thought to elect leaders who are more accountable and responsive to the needs of ordinary citizens, including the poor. Moreover, democratic governance is also believed to promote international peace and cooperation, reducing the causes of conflict and violence between and within states. The international development community, multilateral organizations, and national stakeholders have used multiple strategies to promote democratic governance. Many resources have been devoted to strengthening the capacity of political institutions, notably through encouraging multiparty competitive elections, independent judiciaries, and effective legislatures designed to curb and counterbalance strong executives, as well as implementing decentralization strategies, anti corruption drives, and public sector reforms. Democratic assistance has flowed into attempts to foster and expand civic society by nurturing grassroots organizations, advocacy NGOs, human rights watch groups, and the independent news media. And aid has been invested in attempts to expand economic growth, peace building, and sustainable development, as an indirect route to democratic governance. Despite processes of regime change and democratization since the early 1970s, one party states, militarybacked dictatorships, autocratic regimes, elitist oligarchies, and absolute monarchies persist. Today there are also many electoral autocracies, in states as varied as Singapore, Burma, Russia and Pakistan, which hold multiparty elections but fail to institute the full panoply of human rights and political freedoms. Many states have also seen only partial or unstable steps towards democratic elections, and then reverses, for example in Thailand, Bangladesh, Kenya, Nigeria, and Venezuela. Major problems confront attempts at building stable nation states and effective governance in Arab States such as Libya and Egypt. 2

In many countries, therefore, the process of regime change and further democratization therefore remains deeply flawed, incomplete or uncertain. To understand these issues, Part I provides the foundational overview by establishing analytical concepts and indicators suitable for comparative policy research into democratic governance; Part II considers alternative explanations for the underlying drivers of democratization; Part III considers the constitutional designs most conducive to strengthening processes of democratization; Part IV focuses upon civic society, and the role of political culture, religion and social capital. Part VI looks at the consequences of democratic governance for prosperity, welfare and peace. Course Objectives: There are many stages in the cyclical process of policy advocacy, policy analysis, policy implementation, and policy evaluation. Although useful for each of these, the course is focused upon the first and second stages, policy advocacy and policy analysis. That is, you will sharpen your understanding of the challenges of democratic governance and also understand the range of practical policy recommendations which reformers could adopt to strengthen the process of democratic governance. The course will use a broadly comparative methodology incorporating evidence from a wide range of countries worldwide, including developed and developing societies. This class is evaluated through mixed types of assignments, including a standard academic essay, a briefing memo and a professional report. There are no prerequisites for taking the class. Some visiting speakers will be arranged and announced during the course of the semester. Class website The class website is available at www.pippanorris.com. This contains all the essential materials for the course, including the online syllabus, supplementary bibliography, online linked resources, course calendar, power point slides, announcements, and other materials. Bookmark this site! 3

Class Schedule: Class Date Topic Assignment due dates (i) Part I: Foundations 1 10 Sept Introduction: Roadmap of the course 2 12 Sept Theoretical frameworks and concepts: classifying regimes 3 17 Sept Concepts, benchmarks and indices: Liberal democracy 4 19 Sept Concepts, benchmarks and indices: Governance capacity Part II: Contextual Drivers of Democratization 5 24 Sept Explanatory frameworks of democratization 6 1 Oct Social determinants of democratization 7 3 Oct Economic determinants of democratization 8. 10 Oct International agencies & democracy promotion 9 15 Oct Civil society, protest politics, and revolution Part III: Constitution building 10 17 Oct The principles and practices of constitution building Research paper 11 22 Oct Elections: free and fair electoral and party laws 12 14 Oct Electoral management and electoral integrity 13 29 Oct Inclusive legislatures and minority representation 14 21 Oct Executive powers: presidential, mixed, or prime ministerial 15 5 Nov Decentralizing decision making to local and federal levels 16 7 Nov Independent media and social networks 17 14 Nov Case study: Building the Libyan and Egyptian constitutions Part IV: Strengthening Civic Society 18 19 Nov Culture and democratization Briefing memo 19 26 Nov Religion and democracy 20 28 Nov Social capital and democracy 21 3 Dec Civic society and democracy Part VI: Consequences of democratic governance 22 4 Dec Impacts on prosperity, poverty and peace Professional Report Note: Official Harvard University holidays are as follows: Labor Day: Sept 3; Columbus Day: Oct 8; Veteran's Day: Nov 12 (Observed); Thanksgiving: Nov 21 25. No class will be held on Wednesday 26 th, due to a prior travel engagement. Some guest speakers may also be arranged on several topics. (i) Assignments are due to be handed in at the start of the class on these dates. 4

s: Books can be ordered direct from the publishers, or from Amazon.com Wordsworth's books or Barnes and Noble. The total cost of the required books should be around $90. The required books are available on reserve at the Kennedy School library. Note the DOI listed in the syllabus for articles. This is a unique and static identifier for each journal article. To get access, I. Login to Harvard library s Citation Linker. http://sfx.hul.harvard.edu/citation/sfx_local/ II. III. IV. a. Type or paste the DOI into Citation Linker. Hit Find it. Choose an article source for downloading. You will need to sign in once using Harvard University s Pin id for access. Further resources are listed under each week s topic for downloading. There is no CMDO packet for this class. 1. Jan Teorell. 2010. Determinants of Democratization: Explaining regime change in the world, 1972 2006. New York: Cambridge University Press What are the determinants of democratization? Do the factors that move countries toward democracy also help them refrain from backsliding toward autocracy? This book attempts to answer these questions through a combination of a statistical analysis of social, economic, and international determinants of regime change in 165 countries around the world in 1972 2006, and case study work on nine episodes of democratization occurring in Argentina, Bolivia, Hungary, Nepal, Peru, the Philippines, South Africa, Turkey, and Uruguay. The findings suggest that democracy is promoted by long term structural forces such as economic prosperity, but also by peaceful popular uprisings and the institutional setup of authoritarian regimes. In the short run, however, elite actors may play a key role, particularly through the importance of intra regime splits. Jan Teorell argues that these results have important repercussions both for current theories of democratization and for the international community's effort in developing policies for democracy promotion. Cambridge University Press ISBN:9780521139687 $29.99 http://www.cambridge.org/gb/knowledge/isbn/item5655760/?site_locale=en_gb 5

2. Christian W. Haerpfer, Patrick Bernhagen, Ronald F. Inglehart and Christian Welzel. 2009. Democratization. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Democratization focuses on the "global wave of democratization" that has been occurring since around 1970. Bringing together leading authors from diverse international backgrounds, it introduces students to the theoretical and practical dimensions of the subject. The book takes into account the international factors that affect politics at the level of the nation state, showing students the direction in which the discipline is moving. It is accompanied by a companion website that provides numerous resources for students and instructors (Referred to afterwards as Haerpfer et al Democratization). Paperback $43.55 from Amazon. ISBN 10: 0199233020 / ISBN 13: 9780199233021 3. Pippa Norris. 2008. Driving Democracy: Do Power sharing Institutions Work? Cambridge University Press. As illustrated by contemporary constitutional debates in Iraq, Afghanistan, and Sudan, controversy continues to surround the pros and cons of powersharing institutions. This debate is vital for scholarly research seeking to understand the underlying drivers of democratization, development, and conflict. It is even more important for policymakers concerned with promoting sustainable governance, practical institutional reforms, and durable peace settlements. This book has two main aims. The first is to update and refine the theory of consociationalism, originally developed in the late 1960s, to take account of the flood of contemporary developments in power sharing which have occurred worldwide. This study compares the consequences for democracy of four dimensions of power sharing regimes: the basic type of electoral system, whether there is a parliamentary or presidential executive, the decentralization of power in unitary or federal states, and the structure and independence of the mass media. Building on this classification, the study tests the potential advantages and disadvantages of each of these institutions using a wider range of empirical evidence than previous studies. Cambridge University Press. 2008. 978 0521694803 $16.74 Paperback from Amazon ISBN 10: 0521694809/ ISBN 13: 978 0521694803. Shared Datasets As an optional addition, two shared class datasets are available from my website pippanorris.com for those who would like to use these for assignments. The cross national dataset contains more than 700 variables for 191 nations worldwide, with the most recent year of data available. There is also a crossnational time series dataset from 1972 2007 for all countries worldwide. The datasets are available in Spss and Stata formats. These resources will be discussed in more detail during class. Those familiar with statistics may want to use these datasets but they are not essential for the assignments. Selected qualitative cases can also be used to explore the questions, or mixed methods may be applied combining both approaches. 6

Assignments: Students are expected to keep up with the required readings and to attend classes every Monday and Wednesday. The in class discussions will provide some ideas on these assignments and you may choose to work collaboratively with others in the class, but each student should submit his or her own paper for an individual grade. Late policy: Barring an extraordinary excuse, all late assignments will be marked down a third of a grade (such as from A to A ) for each day following the due date. Research paper (35%) Due by the start of class on 17 th Oct You can choose to answer one question out of any questions listed in the syllabus from classes 1 9. The paper should be about 2500 words in length. It should be designed primarily for the research community and structured with standard subheadings as follows. I. The selected question, the plan of your paper and synopsis of your argument II. Review of the core theoretical debate III. Summary of the empirical literature and existing evidence V. Conclusions and implications. VI. Endnotes: comprehensive list of literature and references used in the paper The first assignment requires you to develop a core theoretical argument in response to the question, to read widely and provide a thorough and balanced synthesis of the existing research published in journals and books on the topic, to consider what evidence is available from the research to support your claims, and then to summarize the key points and consider their implications in your conclusion. Your ideal template is a research article publishable in a peer reviewed scholarly journal. Briefing Memo (15%) Due by the start of class on 19 th Oct You are asked to write a briefing memo (2,000 words) designed for readership by members of the national legislature or the constitutional deliberative body in one country (select either Libya, Nepal, Egypt, or South Sudan). You need to summarize the institutional design you would recommend for a new constitution designed to strengthen democratic governance in this country. You need to make recommendations for ONE of either: (a) the framework of human rights; (b) the type of electoral system; (c) the type and powers of the executive; or (d) the type of federal or decentralized arrangements. Each set of recommendations should clearly outline the core goals, and the pros and cons of alternative choices in meeting these goals, giving regional examples, so that you provide cogent reasons and comparative evidence supporting your recommendations. Illustrations should be drawn from relevant cases. Although a memo, you must use endnotes from the research literature throughout to support your arguments and provide a list of endnote sources. This should be evidence based. Consultancy Report (40%) Due by the start of class on 4 th Dec You can choose to address one of the topics listed in the syllabus from classes 10 23 for a nominal multilateral client such as IDEA, IFES, OAS, AU, UNDP or World Bank. The report should be about 2500 words in length. Your report should be structured with subheadings as follows. I. The selected topic, nominal client, and the executive summary of your report II. Summary of why the topic you have selected matters (agenda setting) III. Identify the range of policy options with their pros and cons, supporting your claims by using evidence from the research literature and secondary sources V. Summary of key recommendations and the next steps VI. Endnotes: comprehensive list of literature and references used in the report. Your ideal template is a consultancy report commissioned by an international or regional agency and disseminated for a practitioner readership. Class Participation (10%) Finally the quality of your contributions to the discussions and the short exercises in class will also contribute towards your final grade. 7

Topics, discussion questions, & required readings Part I: Foundations 1 Introduction: Road Map of the Course No reading required 2 Theoretical frameworks and concepts: classifying regimes What is the best way to classify contemporary regimes governing today in East Asia? Which regimes are the most difficult to categorize and why? What is meant by the concept of competitive authoritarianism? Discuss the main features of this type of regime using three illustrative cases from one region. Are Russia, Singapore or Nigeria democratic states? Richard Rose. 2009. Democratic and undemocratic states Ch 2 in Christian W. Haerpfer et al. Democratization. NY: OUP. Steven Levitsky and Lucan A. Way. 2002. The Rise of Competitive Authoritarianism. Journal of Democracy 13(2): 51 65. DOI: 10.1353/jod.2002.0026 Doh Chull Shin and Rollin Tusalem East Asia in Christian W. Haerpfer et al. Democratization. NY: OUP. Online resources For background information on specific countries, consult the CIA World Fact book, https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the world factbook/, Human Rights Watch, www.hrw.org/, and Freedom House, http: www.freedomhouse.org 3 Concepts, benchmarks and indices: Liberal democracy Compare one world region to evaluate how far the Freedom House Index of political rights and civil liberties is reliable, comprehensive, and accurate. What are the advantages and disadvantages of the Economist Intelligence Unit composite annual index of democracy? How would you improve the EIU Index? What are the pros and cons of the Polity IV scale of autocracy democracy? What are the advantages and disadvantages of IDEA s qualitative democratic audit? Patrick Bernhagen. 2009. Measuring democracy and democratization Ch 3 in Haerpfer et al. Democratization. NY: OUP Pippa Norris. 2007. Driving Democracy. Chapter 3. Available at www.pippanorris.com under books Munck, Geraldo L. and Jay Verkuilen. 2002. Conceptualizing and measuring democracy Evaluating alternative indices. Comparative Political Studies. 35 (1): 5 34. DOI: 10.1177/001041400203500101 Michael Coppedge et al. 2011. Conceptualizing and Measuring Democracy: A New Approach. 9: 247 267. DOI: 10.1017/S1537592711000880 Online resources Economic Intelligent Unit download report: Democracy Index 2011 http://www.eiu.com//public/topical_report.aspx?campaignid=democracyindex2011 Freedom House 'Freedom in the World (latest year) Read especially Essay and Tables and Freedom in the World, Methodology. http:// www.freedomhouse.org 8

International IDEA. State of Democracy Project. http://www.idea.int/democracy/ 4 Concepts, benchmarks and indices: state governance Online resources What are advantages and limitations of using the Kaufmann Kraay World Bank Institute indicators of good governance? How would you explain the challenges to state governance in Sub Saharan Africa, as documented by the Kaufmann Kraay indicators? Explain and assess the conditionality requirements for good governance contained in the Millennium Challenge Account? What is the relationship between governance and democracy? Merilee S. Grindle. 2007. Good enough governance revisited. Development Policy Review 25 (5): 553 574. Carmen. R Apaza. 2009. Measuring governance and corruption through the worldwide governance indicators: Critiques, responses, and ongoing scholarly discussion. PS Political Science & Politics 42(1): 139 143. DOI: 10.1017/S1049096509090106 Pippa Norris. 2012. Making Democratic Governance Work: How regimes shape prosperity, welfare and peace. NY: CUP (forthcoming) available under books at pippanorris.com. See ch3. World Bank Governance Indicators http://info.worldbank.org/governance/wgi/index.asp Quality of Governance Institute, Sweden. http://www.qog.pol.gu.se/ 5 Explanatory frameworks of democratization What explains divergent trajectories of democratization? Select two countries which are culturally and socially similar yet with divergent political developments and examine the reasons for this difference, using the frameworks provided from your reading. Compare and evaluate the underlying theoretical assumptions, methodological approaches, evidence, and findings in two of the theories of democratization discussed by either Welzel or by Teorell. There is, then, an economic basis for the absence of democracy in the Arab world. But it is structural. It has to do with the ways in which oil distorts the state, the market, the class structure, and the entire incentive structure. Diamond (2010) p98. Do you agree? Christian Welzel. Theories of democratization. Ch 6 in Christian W. Haerpfer et al. Democratization. NY: OUP pp74 88 Jan Teorell. Explaining democratization Introduction and Ch 1 Determinants of Democratization. NY: CUP pp.1 28. Larry Diamond. 2010. Why are there no Arab democracies? Journal of Democracy 21( 1): 93 104 DOI: 10.1353/jod.0.0150 http://muse.jhu.edu.ezpprod1.hul.harvard.edu/journals/journal_of_democracy/v021/21.1.diamond.html 6 Social determinants of democratization What have been the most important social drivers of democratization since the early 1970s? What are the policy implications for the international community, multinational organizations, and national stakeholders seeking to strengthen democratic governance? 9

Select any two states in Latin America and compare them to assess the relative importance of the internal drivers of democratization identified by Teorell. Is the growth of the middle class (the Lipset thesis) a necessary or sufficient condition for enduring processes of democratization? Discuss illustrating your argument by using three case studies. Jan Teorell. 2010. Determinants of Democratization. New York: CUP. Chapter 2 pp 39 52. Seymour Martin Lipset. 1994. The social requisites of democracy revisited. American Sociological Review 59: 1 22. Barbara Geddes. 1999. What do we know about democratization after twenty years? Annual Review of Political Science 2: 115 144 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.polisci.2.1.115 7 Economic determinants of democratization What are the advantages and disadvantages of the Przeworski et al. dichotomous measure of regime types for comparing the process of democratization? Does economic modernization drive democratization? How far is the process of democratization determined by economic development, compared with the impact of political institutions and political culture? Pippa Norris. 2007. Driving Democracy. Chapter 4. Available at www.pippanorris.com under books Jan Teorell. 2010. Determinants of Democratization. New York: CUP. Chapter 3 pp 54 76. Carles Boix and Susan C. Stokes. 2003. Endogenous democratization. World Politics 55(4): 517. DOI: 10.1353/wp.2003.0019 8 International agencies and democracy promotion What are most effective external drivers in the spread of democratic governance since the early 1970s? What are the implications for the international development community? Select two states in sub Saharan Africa, such as Liberia, Mali, South Africa and Ghana, and compare them to assess the relative importance of the external drivers of democratization identified by Teorell. Compare and assess the policy priorities and strategies of UNDP and the World Bank when seeking to strengthen democratic governance. Jan Teorell. 2010. Determinants of Democratization. New York: CUP. Chapter 4 pp 77 99. Hakan Yilmaz The international context in Christian W. Haerpfer et al. Democratization. NY: OUP pp74 88. 9 Civil society, protest politics, and revolution What is the relative impact of elite divisions from above versus mobilization from below on regime transitions and democratic consolidation? Discuss using trends in democratization in Central and Eastern Europe or in Latin America during the third wave era to illustrate your arguments. 10

Jan Teorell. 2010. Determinants of Democratization. New York: CUP. Chapter 5 pp 77 99. Federico Rossi and Donatella della Porta. Social movements, trade unions and advocacy networks. Ch 12 in Christian W. Haerpfer et al. Democratization. NY: OUP pp74 88. 10 Key principles of constitution building Part III: Constitutional design of state institutions What is the theory of consociationalism? Is the theory still relevant? Explain the key advantages and disadvantages of consensus or majoritarian democracies by comparing and contrasting the constitutional features of two countries exemplifying each type. In the most deeply divided societies, like Northern Ireland, majority rule spells majority dictatorship and civil strife rather than democracy. What such societies need is a democratic regime that emphasizes consensus instead of opposition, that includes rather than excludes, and that tries to maximize the size of the ruling majority instead of being satisfied with a bare majority. (Lijphart). Is this a robust and well substantiated claim? What contexts make power sharing constitutional settlements most likely to fail? What contexts make them most likely to succeed? Discuss and illustrate with two recent cases. Pippa Norris. 2007. Driving Democracy. Chapter 1. Available at www.pippanorris.com under books Winluck Wahiu. 2011. A Practical Guide to Constitution Building. International IDEA. http://www.idea.int/publications/pgcb/index.cfm Introduction. Ginsburg, Tom, Zachary Elkins, and Justin Blount. 2009. Does the Process of Constitution Making Matter? Annual Review of Law and Social Science 5: 201 223 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.lawsocsci.4.110707.172247 Online resource ConstitutionNet http://www.constitutionnet.org/ This includes a training program, handbook, news, and issue papers. 11 12 Democratic Institutions: Electoral integrity What are the most important challenges of electoral integrity? Discuss in the light of recent elections in either (a) Russia; (b) Mexico; (c) Egypt or (d) the USA. What are the major distinctions between plurality first past the post, the alternative vote, the single transferable vote, combined, and party list electoral systems? Discuss with illustrations of recent elections held under each type of rules. Are mixed member (combined) electoral systems the best of all possible worlds? Do we know enough about the impact of political institutions to engage in successful constitutional engineering? Compare the outcome of electoral reforms in Italy, New Zealand and Israel to consider these issues. Compare two countries and discuss the primary advantages and disadvantages of proportional or majoritarian/plurality electoral systems for each state. Do proportional electoral systems generate fragmented or extreme multiparty systems? What is electoral integrity? Define and explain this concept. Norris, Pippa. 2007. Driving Democracy. Chapter 5. Available at www.pippanorris.com under books 11

Online resources Matthijs Bogaards. 2009. Electoral systems Ch 15 in Christian W. Haerpfer et al. Democratization. NY: OUP pp219 231. International IDEA. 2008. Electoral System Design. The new IDEA International Handbook. Ed. Andrew Reynolds, Ben Reilly and Andrew Ellis. http://www.idea.int/publications/esd/upload/esd_handb_low.pdf pp1 29. Electoral Integrity Project www.electoralintegrityproject.com ACE Electoral Knowledge Network http://aceproject.org/ International Foundation for Electoral Systems http://www.ifes.org/ 13 Elections: Inclusive legislatures and minority representation Online resource Why have gender quotas for elected office spread so rapidly worldwide? What reforms have proved most effective in contributing towards achieving gender equality and women s empowerment in elected office? Ronald Inglehart and Pippa Norris. 2003. Rising Tide. New York: Cambridge University Press. Available at: www.pippanorris.com under http://www.pippanorris.com books Chapter 1 3 Lane, Kenworthy and Melissa Malami. 1999. Gender Inequality in Political Representation: A Worldwide Comparative Analysis. Social Forces 78(1): 235 269. Pamela Paxton. Gender and democratization Ch 10 in Christian W. Haerpfer et al. Democratization. NY: OUP. Pp145 155. Krook, Mona Lena. 2007. Candidate gender quotas: A framework for analysis. European Journal of Political Research 46(3): 367 394. DOI: 10.1111/j.1475 6765.2007.00704.x Reynolds, Andrew. 1999. Women in the Legislatures and Executives of the World: Knocking at the Highest Glass Ceiling. World Politics 51(4): 547 572. Quota Project http://www.quotaproject.org/ 14 Democratic Institutions: Executive powers: presidential, mixed and prime ministerial Explain and assess Linz s claim that presidential government leads to democratic instability by comparing examples of presidential and parliamentary government in either Latin America or in Central and Eastern Europe. Norris, Pippa. 2007. Driving Democracy. Chapter 6. Available at www.pippanorris.com under books Siaroff, Alan. 2003. Comparative presidencies: The inadequacy of the presidential, semipresidential and parliamentary distinction. European Journal of Political Research 42: 287. DOI: 10.1111/1475 6765.00084 Van Cranenburgh, Oda. 2008. 'Big Men' Rule: Presidential Power, Regime Type and Democracy in 30 African Countries. Democratization 15(5): 952 973. DOI: 10.1080/13510340802362539. 15 Decentralizing decision making to local and federal levels Does decentralizing decision making to local government help or hinder democratic 12

governance? Does federalism encourage or deter succession? Norris, Pippa. 2007. Driving Democracy. Chapter 7. Available at www.pippanorris.com under books Devas, Nick, and Simon Delay. 2006. Local democracy and the challenges of decentralising the state: An international perspective Local Government Studies 32 (5): 677 695. DOI: 10.1080/03003930600896293 Christina W. Andrews and Michiel S. de Vries. 2007. High expectations, varying outcomes: decentralization and participation in Brazil, Japan, Russia and Sweden. International Review of Administrative Sciences 2007 73: 424 DOI: 10.1177/0020852307081151 16 Independent media and social networks What are the ideal roles of the news media as agenda setters, watchdogs and in the public sphere in the democratization process? What are the primary barriers to achieving these roles? Is there good evidence of the so called Twitter revolution in the use of social media in processes of regime transition, or is this an exaggeration? Norris, Pippa. 2007. Driving Democracy. Chapter 8. Available at www.pippanorris.com under books Katrin Voltmer. 2011. The Media in Haerpfer et al Democratization Ch 16 pp234 248 Philip N. Howard and Muzammil M. Hussain. 2011. The Role of Digital Media Journal of Democracy 22(3) 17 Case study: Building the Libyan and Egyptian constitutions What would you recommend for the design of the Libyan and Egyptian constitutions and why? What are the lessons for constitution building from the process in Iraq and Afghanistan? Francesco Cavatorta. 2009. The Middle East and North Africa. Ch 21 in Christian W. Haerpfer et al. Democratization. NY: OUP. Lucan Way. 2011. Comparing the Arab Revolts: The lessons of 1989 Journal of Democracy 22(4): Tarek Masoud. 2011. The road to (and from) liberation square. Journal of Democracy 22(3): 20 34. http://www.journalofdemocracy.org/articles/gratis/masoud 22 3.pdf Full briefing details will be made available online nearer the date of this class: see the class website at www.pippanorris.com 18 Culture and democratization Part IV: Strengthening civic society Is there good evidence supporting Inglehart s claims of a substantial cultural shift in orientations towards democratic values in affluent societies? 13

Does the consolidation of democracy require a democratic culture? Christian Welzel and Ronald Inglehart. 2009. Political culture, mass beliefs and value change. Ch 9 in Christian W. Haerpfer et al. Democratization. NY: OUP. Pp126 143. Ronald Inglehart. 2003. How solid is mass support for democracy and how do we measure it? PS: Political Science and Politics. 19 Religion and democracy If secularization has occurred in most post industrial societies, why not in the case of the United States? Ronald Inglehart and Pippa Norris. 2003. Muslims and the West: A Clash of Civilizations? Foreign Policy. March/April: 63 70. Available here: http://ksghome.harvard.edu/~.pnorris.shorenstein.ksg/acrobat/clash.pdf Pippa Norris and Ronald Inglehart. 2004. Sacred and Secular: Religion and politics worldwide. Chapter 1 and 3. Available online at www.pippanorris.com under books. 20 Social Capital and Democracy Do you agree that social capital, including dense social networks and rich reservoirs of social trust, help to explain why some democratic governments succeed while others fail? Explain and assess Putnam s theory. Does social trust matter? Explain why and why not. Do the central claims in Putnam s theory of social capital hold in cross cultural perspective? Putnam Robert D. 2007. E pluribus unum: Diversity and community in the twenty first century the 2006 Johan Skytte Prize Lecture. Scandinavian Political Studies 30(2): 137 174 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467 9477.2007.00176.x Natalia Letki. 2009. Social capital and civil society ch 11 in Christian W. Haerpfer et al. Democratization. NY: OUP 21 Civic society and citizen participation How far has the United States experienced a long term erosion of civic engagement and, if so, explain and assess social capital theories about the causes of this phenomenon. Is the mass membership basis of political parties in terminal decline? Putnam, Robert D. 1995. The Strange Disappearance of Civic America. The American Prospect 7(24). http://www.prospect.org/print/v7/24/putnam r.html Putnam, Robert D. 1995. Tuning in, tuning out the strange disappearance of social capital in America. PS Political Science & Politics 28(4): 664 683 DOI: 10.2307/420517 Ian McAllister and Stephen White Conventional citizen participation ch 13 in Christian W. Haerpfer et al. Democratization. NY: OUP. Pp186 197. 22 Democratic governance and economic growth 14

Do governance institutions generate economic growth? Rodrik, Dani, Arvind Subramanian, and Francesco Trebbi. 2004. Institutions rule: The primacy of institutions over geography and integration in economic development. Journal of Economic Growth 9 (2): 131 165. DOI: 10.1023/B:JOEG.0000031425.72248.85 Siegle, Joseph T., Michael Weinstein and Morton Halperin. 2004. Why democracies excel. Foreign Affairs 83(5):57 72. http://www.jstor.org/stable/20034067 23 Democratic governance and human development Under what conditions, if any, does democratic governance deliver human development outcomes? Ross, Michael. 2006. Is democracy good for the poor? American Journal of Political Science 50(4): 860 874. http://www.jstor.org/stable/4122920 DOI: 10.1111/j.1540 5907.2006.00220.x Pippa Norris. 2012. Making Democratic Governance Work: How regimes shape prosperity, welfare and peace. NY: CUP (forthcoming) available under books at pippanorris.com. See ch6. 24 Democratic governance and peace/conflict 25 Conclusions Does democratic governance bring a peace dividend or increase risks of instability? Is there a sequential order in the process of state building and holding transitional elections? Mansfield, Edward D. and Jack Snyder. 1995. Democratization and the Danger of War International Security 20 (1): 5 38 http://links.jstor.org.ezpprod1.hul.harvard.edu/stable/pdfplus/2539213.pdf Fukuyama, Francis. 2007. Liberalism versus state building. Journal of Democracy 18 (3):10 13. DOI:10.1353/jod.2007.0046 Carothers, Thomas, 2007. The "sequencing" fallacy. Journal of Democracy 18(1): 12 27. DOI:10.1353/jod.2007.0002 Pippa Norris. 2012. Making Democratic Governance Work: How regimes shape prosperity, welfare and peace. NY: CUP (forthcoming) available under books at pippanorris.com. See ch7. Final wrap up For further research resources: In general for the Class Website see www.pippanorris.com For relevant literature always check the online Social Science Citation Index via Hollis or the Harvard Kennedy School Library s website, www.hks.harvard.edu/library, under key resources for hks 15