Democracy and Social Peace in Divided Societies

Democracy and Social Peace in Divided Societies

Also by Matthijs Bogaards DOMINANT PARTIES: Concepts, Measures, Cases and Comparisons ( with Françoise Boucek ) ETHNIC PARTY BANS IN AFRICA ( with Matthias Basedau and Christof Hartmann )

Democracy and Social Peace in Divided Societies Exploring Consociational Parties Matthijs Bogaards Professor of Political Science, Jacobs University Bremen, Germany

M a t t h ij s B o g a a r d s 2 014 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2014 978-1-4039-9823-1 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saffron House, 6 10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The author has asserted his right to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2014 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company numb er 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of St Martin s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave and Macmillan are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. ISBN 978-1-349-54682-4 ISBN 978-1-137-43317-6 (ebook) DOI 10.1057/9781137433176 This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.

Contents List of Tables Acknowledgments vi vii 1 The Consociational Party 1 2 The Alliance Model 20 3 The Congress Model 42 4 Non-democratic Consociational Parties 64 5 From Inter- to Intraparty Consociationalism in South Africa? 81 6 The Origins and Institutional Environment of Consociational Parties 98 7 Conclusion 122 Notes 141 Bibliography 144 Index 167 v

List of Tables 1.1 The consociational party: functions, features, and indicators 10 1.2 A typology of consociational parties 13 2.1 The Alliance/National Front in Malaysia as a consociational party 30 2.2 The Alliance Party in Fiji as a consociational party 36 3.1 The Congress Party in India as a consociational party 49 3.2 The Liberal Party in Canada as a consociational party 62 4.1 KANU in Kenya as a consociational party 70 4.2 The Yugoslav Communist party as a consociational party 78 5.1 The ANC in South Africa as a consociational party 95 6.1 The favourable factors for consociationalism 100 6.2 Electoral results of consociational parties 111 6.3 Consensus and majoritarian democracy 115 7.1 The consociational party: comparative overview of functions in all seven cases 124 vi

Acknowledgments Earlier versions of the chapter on South Africa were published in German as Power-Sharing in Südafrika: Ist der ANC eine Konkordanzpartei?, Afrika Spectrum 38(1) 2003, 47 68 and in English as Power-Sharing in South Africa: The ANC as a Consociational Party?, in S.J.R. Noel (ed.) From Power-Sharing to Democracy: Post-Conflict Institutions in Ethnically Divided Societies. Toronto: McGill-Queen s University Press, 2005, 164 183. A German summary of the argument found in the book has been published as Konkordanzparteien: Eine erste Untersuchung zur innerparteilichen Konkordanz, in Stefan Köppl and Uwe Kranenpohl (eds) (2012) Konkordanzdemokratie ein Demokratietyp der Vergangenheit? Baden-Baden: Nomos, pp.241 258. vii