The Industrial Revolution Europe 1780-1840s
Another Ism Effects Europe: Industrialism Spurs of Industrial Revolution Why Did Industrialization Begin in England First? Industrial Revolution was largely confined to Britain from 1760 to 1830 That Nation of Shopkeepers!-- Napoleon England 1780s
Enclosure movement & Corn Laws Agricultural Revolution 1. New Techniques 2. New Necessities 3. Enclosure Movement Inventors Charles Townsend Jethro Tull Three Field System Give manufactures more outlets for their products. Expand employment. Lower the price of bread. Make British agriculture more efficient and productive. Expose trade and agriculture to foreign competition. Promote international peace through trade contact.
Results of Industrialization Reallocation of labor 1813 2400 looms 150,000 workers 1833 85,000 looms 200,000 workers 1850 224,000 looms >1 million workers Textile Factory Workers in England Decrease in power of aristocracy
Urban Growth The only successful farmers were those with large landholdings who could afford agricultural innovations. Most peasants: Didn t have enough land to support themselves Were devastated by poor harvests (e.g., the Irish Potato Famine of 1845-47) Were forced to move to the cities to find work in the factories. 1850: Population Living in Cities 100 75 50 25 0 50 25 % Population England & Wales France & Germany Eastern Europe
The Plight of the Cities The sheer number of human beings put pressure on city resources: Housing, water, food supplies, and lighting were completely inadequate. Toilet facilities shared, open sewers. Slums grew and disease, especially cholera, ravaged the population. Crime increased and became a way of life for those who could make a living in no other way.
The Condition of Labor All working people, however, faced possible unemployment, with little or no provision for security. In addition, they were subject to various kinds of discipline: Rigid schedule. The closing of factory gates to late workers Fines for tardiness Dismissal for drunkenness Public censure for poor quality workmanship Beatings for non-submissiveness 12-14 hour day. Dangerous conditions. Mind-numbing monotony. The "Haves": Bourgeois Life Thrived on the Luxuries of the Industrial Revolution
Thomas Malthus Population growth will outpace the food supply. War, disease, or famine could control population. The poor should have less children. Food supply will then keep up with population.
The Socialists: Karl Marx Utopians & Marxists proletariat People as a society would operate and own the means of production, not individuals. Their goal was a society that benefited everyone, not just a rich, well-connected few. Tried to build perfect communities [utopias].
The Utilitarians: Jeremy Bentham & John Stuart Mill The goal of society is the greatest good for the greatest number. There is a role to play for government intervention to provide some social safety net. Private Charities: Soup Kitchens
Adam Smith & David Ricardo Beginnings of Economics New Thoughts and Ideas Laissez-faire Invisible Hand (supply & demand) Iron Law of Wages. When wages are high, workers have more children. More children create a large labor surplus that depresses wages.
Development of the Industrial Revolution
Metals, Woolens, & Canals Britain s Earliest Transportation Infrastructure
The Role of the Railroads The railroads, built during the 1830s and 1840s: Enabled people to leave the place of their birth and migrate easily to the cities. Allowed cheaper and more rapid transport of raw materials and finished products. Created an increased demand for iron and steel and a skilled labor force.
Government Response Abolition of slavery in the colonies in 1832 [to raise wages in Britain]. Sadler Commission to look into working conditions * Factory Act [1833] child labor. New Poor Law [1834] indoor relief. * Poor houses. Reform Bill [1832] broadens the vote for the cities. The Peoples Charter Votes for all men. 1. Equal electoral districts. 2. Abolition of the requirement that Members of Parliament be property owners. 3. Payment for Members of Parliament. 4. Annual general elections. 5. The secret ballot. Second Reform Bill: 1872 Secret Ballot Third Reform Bill: 1884 all males over 25 1870 Education Act Workman's Compensation Act, 1897 Old Age Pensions, unemployment relief Joseph Chamberlain
Total British National Income
Industrialization on the Continent