Latin America Since 1750

Latin America Since 1750 Christ the Redeemer, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Global History & Geography J.F. Walters 1

Latin America by the 18th Century: Essential Questions What was the nature of European colonialism in Latin America? What was the encomienda system and how did it impact Latin America? What was the Columbian Exchange and how did it impact Latin America? 2

Latin America by the 18th Century Part of European colonial empires Spain: Central America, parts of N. America, most of S. America and part of the Caribbean Portugal: Brazil Others: France, Britain, & the Netherlands controlled small sections Political (government) Most ruled by Spain and Portugal Peninsulares (Latin Americans born in Europe) and creoles (Latin American descendants of Europeans) dominated Latin American politics 3

Latin America by the 18th Century 4

Latin America by the 18th Century Economics Gold and silver exported to Europe Encomienda System (plantation) - Owned by large-landowning Europeans or creoles - Grew valuable cash crops (coffee, cocoa, tobacco, sugar cane) - African slaves imported to satisfy labor shortages 5

Latin America by the 18th Century Slaves in Barbados, John Augustine Waller (c. 1820) 6

Latin America by the 18th Century Social: The Columbian Exchange Diffusion and influence of European culture - Language: Spanish and Portuguese languages (primarily) imported to Latin America - Religion: spread of Roman Catholicism via Catholic missionaries (ex., Jesuits) and European élites Multi-racial societies - Mestizos: offspring of European and indigenous (native) Americans (Amerindians) - Mulattoes: offspring of Europeans and Africans 7

Latin American Independence Movements: Essential Questions (Page 1 of 2) How did developments in Europe in the 18th and early 19th centuries contribute to the rise of nationalism in Latin America? Who was Toussaint L Overture and what was significant about his contribution to nationalism in Latin America? 8

Latin American Independence Movements: Essential Questions (Page 2 of 2) Who was Simón Bolívar and what was significant about his contribution to nationalism in Latin America? Who were José de San Martín, Miguel Hidalgo, Bernardo O Higgins, and Pedro I and what did they contribute to their respective independence movements in Latin America? 9

Independence Movements: Generalizations Influenced by ideas of the European Enlightenment & French Revolution liberty, equality, fraternity nationalism Inspired by the American Revolution: a colony could overthrow their colonial ruler Colonies used the French Revolution & Napoleonic Wars as an opportunity to revolt and gain independence Independence movements typically led by creoles (notable exceptions: Haiti & Brazil) After gaining independence, most Latin American countries became military dictatorships junta: government run by the military caudillo: dictator who leads a military dictatorship 10

Independence Leaders: Toussaint L Overture Background Slave in French colonial Hispaniola (Haiti) L Overture s goals: overthrow French rule and free slaves Actions Led a revolt against French rule Slavery was abolished in Haiti L Overture captured (1802) and sent to France where he died in prison Revolt continued after L Ouverture s death, but French troops unable to re-take Haiti Toussaint L Overture (1743-1803) Significance/Legacy L Overture s followers eventually drove out the French (1804) Successful slave revolt While attempting to crush the revolt, many French troops died of yellow fever and malaria in Haiti s hot, humid climate 11

Independence Leaders: Simón Bolívar Background Venezuelan creole known as The Liberator Goals: liberate Latin America from European rule and create federal country Gran Colombia Actions & Significance/Legacy Liberated Venezuela from Spanish rule Helped José de San Martín drive Spanish out of Peru By 1824 he had also liberated Colombia, Uruguay and Paraguay Goal of unified Gran Colombia failed for a variety of regional, political and economic reasons Simón Bolívar (1783-1830) 12

Independence Leaders: Simón Bolívar Discussion: In what way did Bolívar fail to achieve one of his dreams? How and why did the dream fail? Source: World History: The Modern Era, Elisabeth Gaynor Ellis & Anthony Esler (New Jersey: Pearson Education Inc., 2011), p. 292. 13

Close Read: Simón Bolívar s Address to the Congress of Venezuela (1819) Subject to the threefold yoke of ignorance, tyranny, and vice, the American people have been unable to acquire knowledge, power, or [civic] virtue. The lessons we received and the models we studied, as pupils of such pernicious teachers, were most destructive... If a people, perverted by their training, succeed in achieving their liberty, they will soon lose it, for it would be of no avail to endeavor to explain to them that happiness consists in the practice of virtue; that the rule of law is more powerful than the rule of tyrants, because, as the laws are more inflexible, everyone should submit to their beneficent austerity; that proper morals, and not force, are the bases of law; and that to practice justice is to practice liberty. Therefore, Legislators, your work is so much the more arduous, inasmuch as you have to reeducate men who have been corrupted by erroneous illusions and false incentives. Liberty, says Rousseau, is a succulent morsel, but one difficult to digest. Global History & Geography Africa Since 1750 J.F. Walters 14

Close Read: Simón Bolívar s Address to the Congress of Venezuela (1819) Legislators, mediate well before you choose. Forget not that you are to lay the political foundation for a newly born nation which can rise to the heights of greatness that Nature has marked out for it if you but proportion this foundation in keeping with the high plane that it aspires to attain. Unless your choice is based upon the peculiar...experience of the Venezuelan people a factor that should guide you in determining the nature and form of government you are about to adopt for the well-being of the people...the result of our reforms will again be slavery... Address to the Congress of Venezuela by Simón Bolívar as quoted in World History: The Modern Era, Elisabeth Gaynor Ellis & Anthony Esler (New Jersey: Pearson Education Inc., 2011), p. 289 Global History & Geography Africa Since 1750 J.F. Walters 15

Close Read: Simón Bolívar s Address to the Congress of Venezuela (1819) Define and/or explain the following vocabulary in the reading excerpt from Nelson Mandela s Glory and Hope speech: 1. pernicious: 2. arduous: 3. erroneous: 4. incentive: 5. succulent: Global History & Geography Africa Since 1750 J.F. Walters 16

Close Read: Simón Bolívar s Address to the Congress of Venezuela (1819) Having initially read the excerpt and defined and/or explained its vocabulary, summarize the main idea(s) of the passage from Bolívar s speech: Global History & Geography Africa Since 1750 J.F. Walters 17

Close Read: Simón Bolívar s Address to the Congress of Venezuela (1819) After reading the excerpt from Bolívar s speech, answer the following questions: 1. How did Bolívar feel the people of Latin America were prepared for new government? 2. Do you think Bolívar was practical or idealistic? Use examples from the excerpt to defend your opinion? Global History & Geography Africa Since 1750 J.F. Walters 18

Video Spotlight: Simón Bolívar 0:45 19

Video Spotlight: Simón Bolívar Notes Reflections Links to Course Illustrative Examples 20

Independence Leaders: José de San Martín José de San Martín (1778-1850) Background Argentinean creole Goal: liberate Argentina and all of Latin American from European rule Actions & Significance/ Legacy Liberated Argentina from Spanish rule With Bolívar s help, drove Spanish from Peru 21

Independence Leaders: Miguel Hidalgo Miguel Hidalgo (1753-1811) Background Mexican creole and priest Goal: liberate Mexico from Spanish rule Actions & Significance/Legacy Led mob that attacked Spanish colonial rulers after his famous Cry of Dolores speech Revolt was crushed and Hidalgo was executed (1811) Independence movement initially failed but later succeeded (1821) 22

Video Spotlight: Mexican Independence 1:33 23

Video Spotlight: Mexican Independence Notes Reflections Links to Course Illustrative Examples 24

Independence Leaders: Bernardo O Higgins Bernardo O Higgins (1778-1842) Background Chilean creole educated in Britain Goal: liberate Chile from Spanish rule Actions & Significance/Legacy Influential independence leader in Chile Gained Chile s independence (1818) Became Chile s first independent leader: caudillo (military dictator) until he was deposed by another military dictator 25

Independence Leaders: Pedro I Background Son of Portuguese king, John VI After defeat of Napoleon, Portugal wanted to make Brazil a colony once again Many Brazilians desired independence Actions & Significance/Legacy Brazilian creoles persuaded Pedro to be independent ruler of Brazil Brazil remained a monarchy until 1889, when it became a republic Pedro I (1798-1834) 26

Latin American Independence Movements Discussion: How were the goals of the South American revolutions different from their results? Source: World History: The Modern Era, Elisabeth Gaynor Ellis & Anthony Esler (New Jersey: Pearson Education Inc., 2011), p. 288. 27

The U.S. in Latin America U.S.: economic and military interests in Latin America U.S. Government Policies Monroe Doctrine (1823) Annexation of Texas (1845) and the Mexican War (1846-48) Spanish-American War (1898) Teddy Roosevelt s Big Stick policy Panama Canal (c. 1900): strategic waterway that connects the Atlantic and Pacific oceans Panama Canal Schematic 28

The U.S. in Latin America 29

Video Spotlight: Mexico & the U.S. 2:10 30

Video Spotlight: Mexico & the U.S. Notes Reflections Links to Course Illustrative Examples 31

Latin American and Foreign Investment Discussion: Why might developing nations encourage foreign investment? Do you think foreign investors should have the right to interfere in other nations affairs to protect their investments? Explain. Source: World History: The Modern Era, Elisabeth Gaynor Ellis & Anthony Esler (New Jersey: Pearson Education Inc., 2011), p. 445. 32

Mexico in the early 20th Century: Essential Questions What were the causes of the Mexican Revolution? What were the results of the Mexican Revolution? Who was Frida Kahlo and why is she significant to Mexican culture and history? 33

Mexican Revolution (1910-17) Pancho Villa Revolutionary Leader Background/Causes Government: dictatorship (Porfiro Díaz, 1876-1911) Peasants sought land reform (most farmers did not own land) Foreign economic investment benefited Mexican élite Mexican nationalism against foreign influences Middle class Mexicans wanted democratic government 34

Mexican Revolution (1910-17) Events poor farmers attacked wealthy landowners Revolutionary leaders: Pancho Villa (northern Mexico) & Zapata (southern Mexico) Democratic constitution established (1917) - Huge plantations and mines divided among poor - Plan for free education was established Significance Democracy weak due to sharp economic differences between rich and poor One political party (Institutional Revolutionary Party or PRI) dominated Mexican politics until the end of the 20th century 35

Profile: Frida Kahlo (1907-54) Background Mexican Surrealist artist and communist political activist Suffered many life-long injuries resulting from childhood polio and, later, a bus/tram accident that she was involved in when she was 18 Married to Diego Rivera, a painter famous for his frescoes & communism Self-portrait with Necklace of Thorns Frida Kahlo (1940) Famous Works Roots Portrait of Cristina, My Sister Self-Portrait with Cropped Hair 36

Profile: Frida Kahlo (1907-54) Henry Ford Hospital Frida Kahlo (1932) 37

Video Spotlight: Frida Kahlo (1907-54) 6:07 38

Video Spotlight: Frida Kahlo (1907-54) Notes Reflections Links to Course Illustrative Examples 39

Cuban Revolution & Post-1991 Cuba: Essential Questions What were the causes of the Cuban Revolution? Who was Fidel Castro and how did he impact the Cuban Revolution? What were the results of the Cuban Revolution, including its impact on relations with the United States? How did the 1991 collapse of the Soviet Union affect Cuba? 40

Cuban Revolution (1959) Background/Causes Events Government of Fulgenicio Batista - political dictatorship - corrupt government Peasants wanted land reform (most farmers did not own land) Foreign economic investment benefited Cuban élite Revolutionary leadership of Fidel Castro Civil war between Castro s Fidelistas and Batista government Castro took control of Cuban government (1959) 41

Cuban Revolution (1959) Significance/Legacy Castro established a communist government in Cuba - communism appealed to lower classes because it promised social and economic equality - Castro: served as dictator/president of Cuba (1959-2008) - Religion: Cuba officially became an atheist state Castro s relations with the Soviet Union strained Cuban-U.S. relations - Bay of Pigs Invasion (1961) - Cuban Missile Crisis (1962) - Cold War brought to America s doorstep - U.S. s economic embargo of Cuba - Soviet s Union s economic aid to Cuba 42

Video Spotlight: Castro & the Cuban Revolution 4:21 43

Video Spotlight: Castro & the Cuban Revolution Notes Reflections Links to Course Illustrative Examples 44

Cuba Since 1991 Collapse of Soviet Union affected Fidel Castro s Cuba loss of economic, technological, and military assistance Pope John Paul II s visit to Cuba (1998) symbolic of Cuba s willingness to open new diplomatic doors Transfer of power to Raúl Castro (2006-2008) led to problems for Cuban economy, growing poverty, and increased isolation signaled F. Castro s evolving relationship with Roman Catholic Church Raúl Castro: Fidel Castro s younger brother Held temporary power when F. Castro was ill (2006) Raúl Castro elected President of Cuba (2008) 45

Cuba Since 1991 Michael Bevivino New Hartford Class of 1998 46

Video Spotlight: Cuba after the Soviets 1:29 47

Video Spotlight: Cuba after the Soviets Notes Reflections Links to Course Illustrative Examples 48

Latin America Miscellaneous: Essential Questions (Page 1 of 3) What was the nature of government and life in Argentina under Juan Perón? What was the nature of government and life in Chile under Augusto Pinochet? Who was Ernesto Che Guevara and what did he do that was noteworthy? What are examples of where there has been political and/or economic cooperation in Latin America? 49

Latin America Miscellaneous: Essential Questions (Page 2 of 3) What issues have been faced by Haiti since 1986? How have cash crops impacted economic development in Latin America? What role has the Roman Catholic Church played in Latin America? What were the accomplishments of Rigoberta Menchú? 50

Latin America Miscellaneous: Essential Questions (Page 3 of 3) What were the policies and accomplishments of Michelle Bachelet in Chile? What are the recent developments that have been going on in Mexico? What are some examples of pollution in Latin America? What are examples of solutions to issues of pollution? What is deforestation and how has it impacted Latin America? 51

Notable Military Dictatorships: Perón Argentina of Juan Perón (1946-55, 1973-74) former general led an authoritarian government sought to make Argentina economically self-sufficient nationalized railway system expanded education system Juan s wife Eva Peron (Evita) was popular for her social contributions, especially among the poor and laboring classes Used repression to maintain control Juan Perón (1895-1974) 52

Notable Military Dictatorships: Pinochet Chile of Augusto Pinochet (1974-90) established a military dictatorship (junta) brutally repressed dissent - crushed labor strikes - banned opposition parties - Caravan of Death: Pinochet s death squad that eliminated perceived threats to his power economic reforms - privatized many state-owned businesses - stabilized inflation In the late 1980s, Pinochet allowed the democratization of Chile - Augusto Pinochet (1915-2006) 53

Background Profile: Ernesto Che Guevara Born in Argentina (1928) Studied medicine and read philosophy Traveled South America with a friend (Alberto Granado), 1951-52 - Travels made him aware of the socio-economic differences that existed in Latin America, especially the poverty of the indigenous Amerindians - Volunteered at San Pablo leper colony in Peru - Travels led to him adopting Marxism: sought to end oppression of capitalism and unify South America - Later published a memoir based on this travels called The Motorcycle Diaries Became a Marxist revolutionary leader Che Guevara (1928-67) 54

Profile: Ernesto Che Guevara Accomplishments Fought alongside Fidel Castro in the Cuban Revolution (1959) Visited Hiroshima (1959), the city that had been destroyed by a U.S. atomic bomb in 1945 Criticized the U.S. for its treatment of black Americans Criticized the apartheid system in South Africa Supported North Vietnam in the Vietnam War Trained guerrilla leaders in Congo (Africa) Supported communist revolutionaries in Bolivia Capture & Execution: captured and executed by the CIAsupported Bolivian army (1967) Che s legacy: global icon of the counterculture movement 55

Video Spotlight: Ernesto Che Guevara 5:10 56

Video Spotlight: Ernesto Che Guevara Notes Reflections Links to Course Illustrative Examples 57

Political Cooperation: The OAS Organization of American States (OAS) Background - founded after World II and influenced by the Cold War - headquarters in Washington, D.C., United States - original membership was 21 (now stands at over 50 states) Goals of OAS - promotes cooperation to solve hemispheric and regional issues - promote democracy - eradicate poverty OAS since 1991 End of the Cold War has forced the OAS to redefine itself Current issues in the OAS: globalization, international drug trade, war on terror 58

Economic Cooperation in Latin America Economic Systems of Latin America (SELA), 1975 27 member states, including countries from Caribbean promotes social development and economic cooperation in Latin America North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), 1994 Member states: Mexico, the United States and Canada goal: promote free trade and economic cooperation between member states - regulates tariffs among member states - controversial in many areas, including agriculture, manufacturing, trucking, etc. NAFTA agreement set to expire in 2009 Many Latin American countries are members of the World Trade Association (WTO) and General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 59

Haiti Since 1986 Background Haiti: country plagued by poverty and corruption 1957-1986: Haiti ruled by the dictatorship of the Duvalier family (most notably François Papa Doc Duvalier) Jean-Bertrand Aristide & the Struggle for Democracy 1990: Former priest Jean-Bertrand Aristide elected president 1991: Aristide overthrown in a military coup d état 1994: U.S. government helped return Aristide to power 1995: Aristide resigned from power 2000: Aristide elected president a second time 1990-91: Bertrand s government struggled in the transition to democracy 2004: Coup d état (backed by the U.S. & France) overthrew Aristide s government Recent issues: extreme poverty, rebuilding after 2012 earthquake, spread of diseases such as AIDS and cholera, economic development, political instability 60

Haiti Since 1990 61

Cash Crops in Latin America Background cash crop: a crop that is grown for profit (as opposed to subsistence) major cash crops in Latin America: coffee, tobacco, sugar cane, cocoa, coca Implications of cash crops economic roller coaster ride (boom & bust): cash crops can be extremely profitable when times and conditions are right but the economy can suffer when there are problems with demand, weather, and/or crop disease. Need for economic diversification: countries need to diversify their economies to be less dependent on a single cash crop 62

Role of the Roman Catholic Church Background Roman Catholicism brought to Latin America with the conquering Spanish and Portuguese (15th & 16th centuries) Roman Catholicism remains the dominant religion in the region Role of the Roman Catholic Church religious and spiritual guidance provider of social services - poverty relief - medical assistance - education Pope Francis (2013- ), pictured, the first pope from Latin America. 63

Rights of Indigenous People: Rigoberta Menchú Background Amerindian from Guatemala (Mayan ancestry) Subject of biography I, Rigoberta Menchú (1983) Accomplishments Spokesperson for the rights of indigenous people in Latin America, most notably in Guatemala Won the Nobel Peace Prize (1992) Co-founder of The Nobel Women s Initiative: group promotes peace, justice and equality Controversy: some claim Menchú fabricated and exaggerated information about her life in order to further her political and social goals Rigoberta Menchú (1959- ) 64

Chile of Michelle Bachelet Background As the daughter of a general accused of treason, Michelle was imprisoned when she was in her twenties; later she was exiled to Australia and then to East Germany pediatrician by trade first woman to be elected president of Chile (2006) Policies & Accomplishments supported expansion of free market while increasing social benefits to reduce poverty in Chile allowed for free distribution of morning-after pill to all woman age 14 and up (no parental support required) signed a free-trade agreement with China, the first between a Latin American country and China Michelle Bachelet President 2006-10 65

Recent Developments in Mexico Background Oil boom in the 1970s followed by oil bust in the 1980s led to the International Monetary Fund (IMF) helping Mexico with its international debt problem Despite a democratic constitution (1917), Mexico was not democratic in practice: 1 political party (PRI) dominated Mexican politics for almost the entire 20th century Democratization: Mexico has slowly become more democratic with the first non-pri president taking office in 2000 (Vicente Fox of PAN) Economic liberalization: Mexico joined NAFTA (1994) and has made reforms to lessen the influence of the government in the economy Mexicans in the U.S.: Mexicans living & working in the U.S. are a major economic force in Mexico earned money sent back home to Mexico Rights of indigenous people: Amerindians in some parts of Mexico (ex., Chiapas) demand greater autonomy Current issues: drug-related violence, corruption, oil revenue 66

Pollution in Latin America Notable forms of pollution in Latin America Air pollution: caused by urbanization, industrialization, poor fuel quality, and inefficient cars and buses - Santiago, Chile: pollution from buses and cars - Mexico City, Mexico: U.N. once said its air was the most polluted in the world (1992) Water pollution: caused by urbanization, industrialization, neglect - Along Mexico-U.S. Border: the 2000 Mile Love Canal - Brazil: chemical and industrial pollutants, especially from mining industries Possible solutions U.N. action (education, diplomatic pressure, sanctions) International cooperation by affected countries Urban planning and technological innovation Education 67

Video Spotlight: Pollution in Santiago, Chile 3:02 68

Video Spotlight: Pollution in Santiago, Chile Notes Reflections Links to Course Illustrative Examples 69

Deforestation in Latin America Deforestation: logging and/or burning of trees in a forested area (Wikipedia) Major causes of Deforestation sale of wood or charcoal from cleared trees Transformation of deforested lands into farms, pastures or resort areas Latin American Regions with Major Deforestation Issues Brazil s Amazon Rainforest Costa Rica The Amazon Rainforest Source: Wikipedia 70

Deforestation in Latin America Results of Deforestation Loss of habitat for animals and plants Loss of oxygen-producing trees Loss of potential cures for diseases via the destruction of plants and animals Increased destruction of land by its vulnerability to erosion and desertification Possible Solutions Development of sustainable land management policies U.N. action (education, diplomatic pressure, sanctions) Reforestation of land Education The Scarlet Macaw Source: Wikipedia 71