The Power of Identity Manuel Castells BLACKWELL
List of Figures ListofTables List of Charts Acknowledgments ix xi xiii xiv Our World, our Lives 1 1 Communal Heavens: Identity and Meaning in the Network Society 5 The Construction of Identity 6 God's Heavens: Religious Fundamentalism and Cultural Identity 12 Umma versus Jahiliya: Islamic fundamentalism 13 God save me! American Christian fundamentalism 21 Nations and Nationalisms in the Age of Globalization: Imagined Communities or Communal Images? 27 Nations against the State: the breakup of the Soviet Union and the Commonwealth of Impossible States {Sojuz Nevozmoznykh Gosudarstv) 33 Nations without a State: Catalunya 42 Nations of the Information age 51 Ethnic Unbonding: Race, Class, and Identity in the Network Society 52 Territorial Identities: the Local Community 60 Conclusion: the Cultural Communes of the Information Age 65
The Other Face of the Earth: Social Movements against the New Global Order 68 Globalization, Informationalization, and Social Movements 68 Mexico's Zapatistas: the First Informational Guerrilla Movement 72 Who are the Zapatistas? 74 The value structure of the Zapatistas: identity, adversaries, and goals 76 The communication strategy of the Zapatistas: the Internet and the media 79 The contradictory relationship between social movement and political Institution 81 Up in Arms against the New World Order: the American Militia and the Patriot Movement in the 1990s 84 The militias and the Patriots: a multi-thematic information network 87 The Patriots' banners 92 Who are the Patriots? 95 The militia, the Patriots, and American society in the 1990s 96 The Lamas of Apocalypse: Japan 's Aum Shinrikyo 97 Asahara and the development of Aum Shinrikyo 98 Aum's beliefs and methodology 101 Aum and Japanese society 102 The Meaning of Insurgencies against the New Global Order 104 Conclusion: the Challenge to Globalization 108 The Greening of the Seif: the Environmental Movement 110 The Creative Cacophony of Environmentalism: a Typology 112 The Meaning of Greening: Social Issues and the Ecologists' Challenge 121 Environmentalism in Action: Reaching Minds, Taming Capital, Courting the State, Tap-dancing with the Media 128 Environmental Justice: Ecologists' New Frontier 131
VII The End of Patriarchalism: Social Movements, Family, and Sexuality in the Information Age 134 The Crisis of the Patriarchal Family 138 WomenatWork 156 Sisterhood is Powerful: the Feminist Movement 175 American feminism: a discontinuous continuity 176 Is feminism global? 184 Feminism: an inducive polyphony 194 The Power of Love: Lesbian and Gay Liberation Movements 202 Feminism, lesbianism, and sexual liberation movements in Taipei 206 Spaces of freedom: the gay Community in San Francisco 212 Summing up: sexual identity and the patriarchal family 220 Family, Sexuality, and Personality in the Crisis of Patriarchalism 221 The incredibly shrinking family 221 The reproduction of mothering under the non-reproduction of patriarchalism 228 Body identity: the (re)construction of sexuality 235 Flexible personalities in a post-patriarchal world 240 The End of Patriarchalism? 242 5 A Powerless State? 243 Globalization and the State 244 The transnational core of national economies 245 A Statistical appraisal of the new fiscal crisis of the State in the global economy 246 Globalization and the welfare State 252 Global communication networks, local audiences, uncertain regulators 254 A lawless world? 259 The Nation-state in the Age of Multilateralism 262 Global Governance and the Super Nation-state 266 Identities, Local Governments, and the Deconstruction of the Nation-state 269 The Identification of the State 274 Contemporary Crises of Nation-states: Mexico's PRI State and the US Federal Government in the 1990s 276
VIII Contents NAFTA, Chiapas, Tijuana, and the agony of the PRI State 277 The people versus the State: the fading legitimacy of US federal government 287 Structure and process in the crisis of the State 297 The State, Violence, and Surveillance: from Big Brother to Little Sisters 299 The Crisis of the Nation-state and the Theory of the State 303 Conclusion: the King of the Universe, Sun Tzu, and the Crisis of Democracy 307 6 Informational Politics and the Crisis of Democracy 309 Introduction: the Politics of Society 309 Media as the Space of Politics in the Information Age 313 Politics and the media: the Citizens' connection 313 Show politics and political marketing: the American model 317 Is European politics being "Americanized?" 324 Bolivia's electronic populism: compadre Palenque and the coming otjach 'a Uru 328 Informational Politics in Action: the Politics of Scandal 333 The Crisis of Democracy 342 Conclusion: Reconstructing Democracy? 349 Conclusion: Social Change in the Network Society 354 Methodological Appendix 363 Summary of Contents of Volumes I and IM 395 References 397 Index 435