THE ROLE OF WOMEN ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN SMALL SCALE INDUSTRIES: A CASE STUDY OF GUNTUR DISTRICT IN ANDHARA PRADESH Ms. Asha Begum Research Scholar Department Of Economics, Acharya Nagarjuna University Rashpal singh Research Scholar Department Of Economics, Acharya Nagarjuna University Abstract That woman half the world s population, performs nearly two thirds of work hours, receives on tenth of the world s income and own less than hundredth percent of world income and own population too are women. Women have always been discriminated and have suffered discrimination in silence. Self-sacrifice and self-denial add to their nobility and fortitude and yet they have been subjected to all inequalities, indignities and discrimination. Women Entrepreneurship among women is of recent origin. Socio Economic back ground is an important factor that influences the women to start their business. Money is not the sole objective among women entrepreneurs to enter to the business. The studies relating to women entrepreneurs in rural areas for their reveal that training and awareness regarding different agencies have proved beneficial for women entrepreneurship in building confidence. The developing of entrepreneurship among women is a major steep to increase women participation in the process of economic development. It will speed up Economic growth, and provide employment opportunities for women resulted in improving the economic independence. Provision of economic opportunities for women can also improve the social, education and health states of women and their families. The women entrepreneurs may be defined as the women of group of women. The government of India has defined women entrepreneur process whereby women take the lead and organization the business or Industry and provides employment to others. India a very few women entrepreneur are in big enterprises. Key Words: Women entrepreneurship, Women Development, Women employment, Opportunities. 1
INTRODUCTION Entrepreneurship is Important not only for initiating industrial activity but also for continuously making necessary adaptation and diversified patterns to suit the changes in technology as well as social demands and needs. This means the role of an entrepreneur is of crucial importance at all stages of economic development, today, It is required in all walks of life, and not just for Industrial and economic development. Entrepreneurship can be described as process of action an entrepreneur undertakes t establish his enterprise. Entrepreneurship is a creative activity. It is the ability to create and build something from practically nothing. According to Schumpeter, entrepreneurship is essentially a creative activity, and it consists of doing such things that are generally done in the ordinary course of business. It is essentially a phenomenon that comes under the wider aspect of leadership. The developing Economics, the small Medium and cottage industries are able to create livelihood to the poor and needy of the society. The small scanning s of rural areas are contributing more in establishing the small and micro entrepreneurs in India. In the light of demise of rural artisanship, entrepreneurship has been given much important as well as empowerment too. The women empowerment has been important role of Governments and other. Nongovernment organization. The women entrepreneurship is inherent and also a natural process. Entrepreneurship is considered as one of the most important factors contributing to the economic development of the society. Review of Literature Most of the studies on entrepreneurship are micro-level research based on limited number of samples. These studies have carried out at different points of time during the last five decades and dealt with diverse situation. There is considerable literature on women s studies in the development countries. However, the socio-economic condition prevailing the infrastructural facilities available and the development of industries, trades and commerce in the west are very different from the condition available in India. According to GOULD and perzen (1990) classified women into better-off and low-income women. According to them, better-off women face the challenges like of socialization to entrepreneurship in the home, and society, exclusion from traditional business network, lack of access to capital, discriminatory attitude of leader, gender stereotype and exception, such as the attitude that women entrepreneurs are dabblers or hobbyists, socialized ambivalence about competition and profit. 2
Small Industries Extension Training (SIET) (2002) in its study observed that the growth in the number of its and the expansion of capital intensity alone may not create the necessary impetus to the growth unless considerable productivity changes have also been effected through further capacity utilization. Most of the units utilizing full capacity have been cither big export oriented industries or local need based activities. Nanu Lunavath (2011) analyzed that the women entrepreneurship development is an essential part of human resource development, The development of women entrepreneurship in India is increased with the time but still it is very low in rural areas, This is because of the lack of awareness, The women in the rural areas are not aware about the various schemes and programmers lunched by the Government. Entrepreneurship among women has been a recent concern. Women have become aware of their existence, their right and their work situation. The progress is more visible among upper class families in urban cities. This paper focused on women entrepreneurship. Vargheese Antony Jesurajan, S, and S. Varghees Prabhu (2011) analyzed that the historically, an entrepreneur has been a male dominated pursuit, but many of today s most memorable and inspirational entrepreneurs are working hard to prove that when it comes to starting and sustaining a business they are second to none. It is all about breaking tradition and overcoming mindsets. Despite all the social hurdles, many women have been successful in their works. As the real drivers of global economy they need both psychological and practical support for starting up their business. ---------------------------------------------- 1. Gould, S. And Parzen, J. (1990), Enterprising Women, Paris: organization (Ed.), 1990. 2. Small Industries Extension Training (SIET) (2002).A Study of National Small Industries Corporation in Hire-Purchase Scheme. SIET Institute, Hyderabad. Need for the study It is imperative to note the participation of women in economic activities as self-employed individuals. Many of the traditional occupations open to women were mainly based on caste, creed and the nature of self-employment based on the standard of living. Presently, women 3
are generating employment for themselves in an unorganized sector and other category of women who provide employment for others. Objective of the my paper 1. To demonstrate how, when organized in collective forms of enterprise forms of enterprise, women can engage with global markets in a way that brings transformational, both economically and politically. 2. To examine the socio-economic condition of sample women entrepreneurs. 3. To analyze factor influencing women entrepreneurs. Methodology The paper is based on primary and secondary data. The data is sourced from Directorate of Economics and Statistics Publication to arrive at the trends in area production and productivity of women s entrepreneurship focus on economic and productive sector in Guntur District. Result and Discussions Table-1 Mechanical equipment use by Women s entrepreneurship focus on economic and Productive sector in Guntur District Major Mandals in My study Area Mechanical Equipment use by Empowerment 2010-011(%) Pedakakani 09% Mangalagiri 14% Sathenapalli 12% Duggirala 08% Kolakaluru 03% Revendrapadu 04% Tenali 04% Vemuru 06% Ponnuru 08% prathipadu 03% 4
Tadikonda 02% Amravati 03% Source: Primary Data Above Table Technology can enhance Women s empowerment focus on economic and productive sector in decision-making power and their entrepreneurial opportunities. Technologies such as fuel-efficient stoves or motorized scooters and other time-saving products are particularly important. Improving women s access to innovations and extension services would increase agricultural productivity. Yet, across countries and contexts. Women have less access than men to agricultural assets, inputs and services, Gender gaps exits for a wide range of agricultural technologies, including machines and tools, improved plant varieties and animal breeds, fertilizers, pest control measures and management techniques. Whilst the women struggle with cultivation and harvesting using handheld tools Women s entrepreneurship focus on economic and productive sector in Guntur District. Table-2 Caste-Religion of the Entrepreneurs Caste/Religion Number of Entrepreneurs Percentage of the total Brahmins 07 12.9 S.C 23 42.6 Other Backward Caste(OBC 15 27.8 Minorities 9 16.7 Total 54 100 Sources: Primary Data Table-2 Shows the social back ground of the entrepreneurs in terms of their caste and religion. Entrepreneurship has emerged largely from socially dominant section of the society because of their access to resources. Education and contacts sc are the predominant group (43%). These are generally business oriented families. The significant presence of OBCs (other backward castes) among the entrepreneurs indicates social mobility and their ability to make use of business opportunities, Religious minorities like Muslims and Christians also have established enterprises. 5
Table-3 Age of the respondents at commencement of enterprise Age Group(years) Number of Entrepreneurs Percentage of the total 26-30 years 09 16.7 31-35 years 27 50.0 36-40 years 12 22.2 41 years and above 6 11.1 Total 54 100 Sources: Primary Data Table-3 shows the distribution of the age of the entrepreneurs at the time of inception of the units. The model age of group of the entrepreneur s responds at which they are entering the industry is 31-35 years.this could be because many prefer to start their own enterprises after some work experience (4-10years). 11% aged 14 years and above indicate that the respondents preferred to start their visions using their service experience. Table-4 Education Level of the Entrepreneurs Education Level Number of Entrepreneurs Percentage of the total Non Matriculates 2 3.7 Non-graduates then 13 24.0 matriculates Graduates and post graduates 21 38.9 General Graduates and Diploma 18 33.4 Holders- Technical Total 54 100 Above table-4 the education background of the sample entrepreneurs under study in shows in table.graducates &poor graduates (general) are the predominant group of respondent entrepreneurs. (39%) followed by technical and diploma holders (33%). 6
Table-5 Family back ground of the entrepreneurs Occupational Background Number of Entrepreneurs Percentage of the total Government Services 02 3.7 Private Service 08 14.8 Business 17 31.5 Agriculture 22 40.5 Total 54 100 Sources: Primary Data Agriculture is the predominant occupation for 14% of the respondents. The study supports the hypothesis that business background exerts a strong impact on entrepreneurial orientation (32%). Factor Influencing Women Entrepreneurs Achievem ent of excellence Greater freedom and mobility Building confidenc e Factors influencin g Women entrepren eurs Equals status in society Developin g risk taking ability Economic independe nce Establishin g their own creative idea Setting up an enterprise is not an easy job for women entreprenurs and at the same time running the entreprise is a greater task. Achallenge is always there for these women entreprenuises to run their enterprise successfully earning profit and ensuring the growth of 7
the entreprise which will severly test their entrepreneurial skill and servival of the unit. Despite various odds againest them, several women are off to run their own etreprises. Even thogh there has been a considerable incresed in the number of women entering in entrepreneurial activity, they are being introduction to many constrainst and difficulties with regard to control and decision making, social status and enthusiasm in the product or serviced in which they are dealing. Conclusion The position of women and their status in any society is an index of its civilization. Women are to be considered as equal partners in the process development. But, because of countries of exploitation and subjugation, Indian women have remained still at the receiving end. Women in India have been neglected a lot. They have not been actively involved in the mainstream of development even though they present equal proportion of the population and labor force. Primarily women are means of survival of their families, but are generally unrecognized and undervalued, being placed at the bottom rung of the ladder. Women Entrepreneurs may be defined as the women or a group of women who initiate, organize and operate a business eenterprise. The Government of India has defined women entrepreneurs as an enterprise owned and controlled by women having a minimum financial interest of 51 percent of the capital and giving at least 51 per cent of the employment generated in the enterprise to women. Entrepreneurship is considered as one of the most important factors contributing to the economic development of the society. Entrepreneurship has been considered as an instrumental in initiating and sustains socio-economic development. There are evidence to believe that counties which have developed much faster as compared to countries, which have lesser percentage of them in the society. They discover new sources of supply of materials and markets and establish new and more effective form of organization. Entrepreurship perceive new opportunities and seize them with super normal will power and energy, essential to overcome the resistance that social environment offers. Development of entrepreneurship among women is a major step to increase women participation in the process of economic development. It will speed up economic growth and provide employment opportunities for women resulted in improving the economic independence. Provision of economic opportunities for women improves the social. Education and health status of women and their families. In spite of the measures taken by the Government to 8
encourage women entrepreneur the development of their entrepreneurship in our country is discouraging particularly in the small-scale sector where a majority of units are in a moribund state, because of conspicuous lack of managerial and innovative skills. This situation naturally discourages prospective entrepreneurs particularly women. Women constitute 50 per cent of the total population of India. In spite of it, women are still lagging behind men in several aspects. Over the years, the literacy rate of women and employment opportunities are being increased by leaps and bounds. Moreover, of late they are actively engaging in several activities apart from employment. Women are involving and entering into business and establishing different types of industries. The Government of India and Andhra Pradesh have been encouraging women to take up industrial establishment several financial corporations are funding for establishment of industries. References 1. Balbir Singh and Arvind Kumar (2012). Entrepreneurship Development Activities for Women in India. Asian Journal of Business and Economics, Vole 2. (2.2) pg. 1-9. 2. Chalapathi B.V, Raghavulu B. V, and Hari Prasad P. Gender Equality and Empowerment of women Southern Economist, pp.27-30. July 2008. 3. Deepti Pachaui (2012). Enhancing Women Entrepreurship in Different Small Scale Industries Sector of Agra, ACADEMICIA- an International Multidisciplinary Research Journal, Vol.2 930, pg. 110-117. 4. Narendra Kumar Jha (2012). Development of Women Entrepreurship Challenges and Opportunities. A Case Study of Bihar, Ninth AIMS International Conference on Management. January 1-4, 2012. 5. Renu Chaudhary (2013), problems Faced by Women Entrepreurship in India, International Journal of Management and Science, Vol.3 (10, pp.128-139 6. Saravana Kumar and S. Mumata 920120, Women Entrepreneurs in India Global Journal OF management Science and Technology, 2012 7. World Bank (2008). World Development Report 2009: Reshaping Economic Geography. World Bank, Washington DC. 9