th edition The Challenge of Third World Development HOWARD HANDELMAN University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee PEARSON Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Contents Preface xiii chapter 1 Understanding Underdevelopment 1 Third World Commonalities: The Nature of Underdevelopment 2 Economic Underdevelopment 3 Social Underdevelopment 5 Political Underdevelopment 8 Some Relationships among the Components of Development 10 The Causes of Underdevelopment 11 Modernization Theory and the Importance of Cultural Values 12 Dependency Theory 15 Modernization and Dependency Theory Compared 16 Contemporary Perspectives 18 Discussion Questions 19 Notes 19 chapter 2 Democratic Change and the Change to Democracy 22 Democracy Defined 24 Democratic Transition and Consolidation 25 Authoritarian Beginnings 26 Justifying Authoritarian Rule 27 The Third Wave and Its Effect on the Third World 28 International Causes and Consequences of the Third Wave 30 The Prerequisites of Democracy in Individual Countries 31 Social and Economic Modernization 32 Class Structure 33 Political Culture 34 How Do Democracies Perform? Public Policy Compared 38 Conclusion: Democratic Consolidation 40 VII
viii Contents Discussion Questions 41 Notes 42 chapter 3 Religion and Politics 45 The Meeting of Church and State 46 Great Religions of the Third World 47 Religion, Modernity, and Secularization 48 Structural and Theological Bases of Church-State Relations 50 Islam 51 Catholicism 52 Hinduism and Buddhism 53 Religious Fundamentalism: Islam and Hinduism 54 Defining and Explaining Fundamentalism 55 Fundamentalists: Radical and Conservative 55 "Sacred Rage and the Iranian Revolution": Radical Fundamentalism as a Reaction to Western-Style Modernization 56 Al Qaeda and Militant Islamic Fundamentalism 59 Radical Hindu Fundamentalism 63 The Progressive Catholic Church 65 Religion and Politics in the Developing World: Looking to the Future 68 Conclusion: Religion arid Democracy 70 Discussion Questions 71 Notes 71 chapter 4 The Politics of Cultural Pluralism and Ethnic Conflict 76 Defining Ethnicity 78 Ethnic and State Boundaries 80 Types of Ethnic-Cultural Divisions 81 Nationality 81 Tribe 83 Race 85 Religion 88 ' Independence, Modernization, and Ethnic Conflict 91 Levels of Interethnic Conflict 92 Relative Harmony 92 Uneasy Balance 93
Contents ix Enforced Hierarchy (Ethnic Dominance) 94 Systematic Violence 96 Outcomes and Resolutions 96 Pow^r Sharing: Federalism and Consociationalism 97 Secession 99 Outside Intervention 100 Outside Intervention in Iraq: The Effect of the U.S. Occupation on Ethnic Relations 103 Settlement through Exhaustion 105 Toward a Peaceful Resolution of Conflict 105 Conclusion: Ethnic Pluralism and Democracy 106 Discussion Questions 108 Notes 109 chapter 5 Women and Development 114 The Political and Socioeconomic Status of Third World Women 115 Westernization, Modernization, and the Economic Status of Women 118 Women in the Countryside 120 Urbanization and the Status of Women 121 Women and Politics 123 Women's Political Activism at the Grass Roots 125 Women as National Political Leaders 128 Reserved Seats and Quotas: Female Representation in Parliament and the Cabinet 131 Women and Revolutionary Change 137 The Status of Women: The Roles of Modernization, Globalization, and Regime Type 139 Conclusion: Democracy and the Role of Women in Society 141 Discussion Questions 142 Notes 143 chapter 6 Agrarian Reform and the Politics of Rural Change 148 Rural Class Structures 149 Peasant Politics 150
X Contents The Politics of Agrarian Reform 153 Patterns of Land Concentration 154 The Case for Agrarian Reform 154 Types of Agrarian Reform 157 Externally Imposed Reform 157 Revolutionary Transformation 158 Moderate Reformism 161 The Limits of Agrarian Reform 162 Other Approaches and Issues 164 Crop Pricing 164 Conclusion: Democracy and Rural Reform 165 Discussion Questions 166 Notes 166 chapter 7 Rapid Urbanization and the Politics of the Urban Poor 170 The Political Consequences of Urban Growth 173 The Struggle for Employment 173 The Struggle for Housing among the Urban Poor 177 Public Housing and the Role of the State 178 Spontaneous Housing 180 Sites-and-Services Programs 181 The Struggle Against Urban Crime 182 The Politics of the Urban Poor: Conflicting Images 183 Forms of Political Expression among the Urban Poor 187 Individual Political Behavior 187 Collective Goals: Housing and Urban Services 188 Radical Political Behavior 191 Conclusion: Future Urban Growth and Democratic Politics 192 Discussion Questions 193 Notes 193 chapter 8 Revolutionary Change 198 1 Defining Revolution 199 Underlying Causes of Revolution 201 Inexorable Historical Forces 201 Regime Decay 202
Contents xi Challenge from Below 204 Causes of Revolution: A Summary 207 Levels of Popular Support 208 Peasants as Revolutionaries 210 Why Peasants Rebel 211 Which Peasants Rebel 211 Revolutionary Leadership 212 Revolutionaries in Power 214 Conclusion: Revolutionary Change and Democracy 217 Discussion Questions 219 Notes 219 chapter 9 Soldiers and Politics 223 The Causes of Military Intervention 225 The Nature of the Armed Forces 225 The Nature of Civil Society 226 Progressive Soldiers and Military Conservatives 229 The Goals of Military Regimes 231 Personalistic Regimes 231 Institutional Military Regimes 233 The Accomplishments and Failures of Military Regimes 237 Combating Corruption 237 Defending Corporate Interests 238 Patterns in Military Spending 239 Establishing Stability 242 Economic Development 243 Military Withdrawal from Politics 245 New Roles for the Armed Forces 247 Conclusion: Democracy and the Military 247 Discussion Questions 249 Notes 249 chapter 10 The Political Economy of Third World Development 253 The Role of the State 254 The Command Economy 255 Latin American Statism 257
Xii Contents East Asia's Developmental State 261 The Neoclassical Ideal 263 Finding a Proper Role for the State 265 Industrialization Strategies 265 Import-Substituting Industrialization (ISI) 266 Export-Oriented Industrialization (EO1) 268 East and Southeast Asia's Economic Crisis 269 The Onset of the Crisis 269 Causes of the Asian Crisis 270 Consequences of the 1997 Crash 271 Implications for East Asia's Growth Model 271 East Asia's Recovery 272 Growth with Equity 273 Economic Development and the Environment 277 The Costs of Growth 277 Environmental Decay as a Third World Problem 278 Environmental Decay in the LDCs as a Global Problem 279 The Search for Sustainable Development 279 Some Signs of Progress 281 Finding the Right Mix 282 Conclusion: Democracy and Economic Development 283 Discussion Questions 283 Notes 284 Glossary 288 Index 295