C8S3: Latin Americans Wins Independence 1
IV. Life in Colonial America: 1492 1800 s A. Portugal colonized Brazil B. Spain colonized majority of the Americas C. Mercantilist Economy colonies existed to make European nations wealthy: no free trade 1. Plantation Agriculture 2. Slave labor a)1 st native Indians until wiped out by disease b)imported African slaves D. Colonial Society based on classes: 1. Peninsulares had most power/influence 2. Creoles largest landowners 3. Mestizos & Mulattoes mixed race people; had no power but some opportunities 4. Indians & Blacks least power & opportunities 2
3 E. European Women tiny percentage of population; could own property & manage businesses. F. Rebellions: 1. Inspired by American & French Revolutions 2. Toussaint- L Overture (1791) a) Freed slave in Hispaniola b) Led 1 st successful rebellion in New World c) Captured/imprisoned by French where he died d) Island renamed Haiti (only western half)
4 G. Mexico & Central America: 1. Spain conquered by Napoleon s colonists rebelled 2. 1st Attempts at Independence: 1810-1815 a)miguel Hidalgo (Father of Mexican Independence) & Jose Maria Morelos led Indians & Mestizos against Spanish colonists- both failed - did not have support from creoles & both executed 3. 1821 Mexican creoles declared independence from Spain a)led by General Agustin de Iturbide b)named Emperor- overthrown by liberals 4. 1823 - a)mexico declared a republic
5 5. 1823-1855: Santa Anna president/dictator of Mexico a)mexican-american War (1846-48)- lost most of the territory of the SW to the US
6 H. Spanish South America: 1. Jose de San Martin led Creole rebels & gained independence for Argentina & Paraguay in 1810 2. Simon Bolivar The Liberator from 1810 1821 gained independence for Gran Colombia (became Venezuela, Panama, Colombia & Ecuador) 3. Chile 1818 de San Martin crossed the Andes gained independence 4. Peru & Bolivia 1821: a)de San Martin captured Lima & Spanish gov t left b)1824 - Bolivar liberated remaining areas c)1825 Upper Peru splits to become Bolivia
Simon Bolivar Jose de san Martin Meeting in Peru I. Brazil only Portuguese colony in Latin Am. 1. ruled by Dom Joao while in exile during Napoleonic Wars 2. 1820 Dom Joao returned to Portugal to rule 3. 1824 Dom Pedro II declared independence & became emperor until 1831. 7
J. 1825 land dispute between Argentina & Brazil Uruguay declared itself independent. K. Only European colonies left 1. Spain - Cuba & Puerto Rico 2. GB Belize (British Honduras) Guiana, and Jamaica 3. France French Guiana 4. Netherlands Suriname V. Latin America After Independence: A. 1820 Spain attempted to regain control of its lost colonies B. 1823 US issued Monroe Doctrine stated the US would not interfere in European affairs & Europeans were not to interfere in Western Hemisphere C. Rejected by Europe (except by GB) but not challenged accept by France. 8
9 D. Slavery abolished in 1888 E. Geography prevented Latin Am. From unifying: 1. Andes & other mountains 2. Tropical Rain Forrest
10 E. Internal Problems: 1.Class conflicts: a)upper class Creoles conservatives that supported gov t control of the economy b)mestizos liberals that favored separation of church & states, democracy & capitalism c)gov ts often overthrown by militaryprovided stability while dictator lived, but not freedom
Section 1: The unification of Germany Chapter 10 11
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I. Unification of Germany: A. Obstacles to Unification: 1. Interference from other nations (particularly Austria). 2. Smaller states did not want to lose power. 3. Thirty Year s War created conflict between Protestants & Catholics. 4. Economic problems between the industrialized west & agricultural east 13
14 B. Factors encouraging unification: 1. German belief that they were destined to be a great nation. 2. Congress of Vienna created the German Confederation. 3. Zollverein created economic unity.
C. Chancellor Otto von Bismarck Realpolitik The Iron Chancellor Blood & Iron 15
1. Prussian Prime Minister to King William I 2. Junker- believed in absolutism. 3. 3 Part Plan to unify Germany: a)step 1: The Danish War (1864)- allied w/ Austria. Result= Prussia gained the Schleswig, Austria gained Holstein Prussia Austria 16
17 b) Step 2: Austro-Prussian War (1866) aka- The Seven Weeks War. Prussia declared war on Austria. Results: ~Austria no longer most powerful German state ~Italy (Prussia s ally) gained Venetia & ~Bismarck created the North German Confederation.
18 c)step 3: Franco-Prussian War (1870-71) - Purpose> to unit Southern German states with N. German Confederation ~Ems Dispatch- telegram signed by king & edited by Bismarck Insulting Napoleon III. It was printed in the newspaper. ~Result= Napoleon III declared war, the Southern states joined Bismarck (they disliked the French more than the Prussians). By 1871, France surrendered.
19 The German Confederation
20 D. Jan 1871 William I becomes the 1st Kaiser of Germany with Bismarck named Chancellor (chief minister).
German Imperial Flag 21 German for Empire.
Otto von Bismarck.... The less people know about how sausages and laws are made, the better they ll sleep at night. Never believe in anything until it has been officially denied. 22 The great questions of the day will not be settled by speeches and majority decisions that was the mistake of 1848-1849 but by blood and iron.
Otto von Bismarck.... I am bored. The great things are done. The German Reich is made. A generation that has taken a beating is always followed by a generation that deals one. Some damned foolish thing in the Balkans will provoke the next war. 23
Chapter 10 Section 2: Problems After Unification 24
Section 2: Germany After Unification Chapter 10 25
I. Structure of the German Gov t: A. Kaiser: William I; 1 st emperor with broad power B. Chancellor 1. Bismarck 2. responsible to Kaiser not the people C. Legislature: bi-cameral (2 houses) 1. Bundesrat upper house; members appointed by Kaiser 2. Reichstag lower house; elected with little power 26
II. Bismarck s Leadership (1871-1890) A. Industrialized Germany B. Glorified the military; began the draft C. Imperialism created colonies in Africa & Asia for raw materials & markets D. Bismarck s Kulturkampf: Anti-Catholic Program 1. Bismarck passed unpopular laws restricting Catholics 27
28 2. Result: Catholics organized the Centre Party gained seats in Reichstag 3. Bismarck gave up E. Bismarck s War Against the Socialists: 1. Feared Socialism = Revolution 2. passed laws granting pensions, health & accident insurance
29 F. Bismarck blamed Jewish people for failure of Kulturkampf & began a program of Germinization of all non-germans. G. William II (1888): wanted to rule alone; clashed with Bismarck: 1.Bismarck threatened to resign- William II accepted & Bismarck forced out.
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Section 3: The unification of Italy Chapter 10 31
. 1. 1848: Nationals led failed revolts in several Italian states including Lombardy & Venetia. 2. 1849: Revolutionaries seize Rome, temporarily; only Sardinia remained independent. Victor Emmanuel II became king & Cavour his advisor. 3. 1856: Sardinia participated in Crimean War as ally of GB, France & Ottoman Empire. Took part in peace conference 32
3. Italian Nationalist Leaders Disagree Count Cavour [The Brain ] Const. Monarchy 33 Giuseppi Garibaldi [The Sword ] Parl. Dem Giuseppi Mazzini [The Heart ] Parl. Dem. King Victor Emmanuel II Const. Monarchy
4. 1858: Cavour & Napoleon III met secretly. Agreed that France would send troops to help Sardinia if Austria attacked in exchange for Nice & Savoy 5. 1859: Austria declared war on Sardinia. France & Sardinia drove Austrians out of Lombardy & marched into Venetia. Other revolts broke out & the duchies of Tuscany, Modena & Parma voted to be annexed (joined) with Sardinia. Napoleon III negotiated peace with Austria, but still demanded Nice & Savoy. Sardinia gained Lombardy, but not Venetia. 34
35 6. Spring 1860: Garibaldi & Red Shirts invaded /conquered Sicily & capture Naples. Moved toward Rome. Fearing his popularity, Cavour sends troops to stop him. 7. Fall, 1860: Garibaldi & Victor Emmanuel II met in Naples. Garibaldi gave support to Sardinia. 8. Turin,1861: Victor Emmanuel II was crowned King of Italy.
9. 1866: Sardinia allied with Prussia in Seven Weeks War against Austria. Italy gained Venetia. 10. 1870: Franco Prussian War; French soldiers left Rome, Cavour claimed it & the citizens vote for unification with Italy. 11. 1871: Rome became capital of Italy. Unification complete A contemporary British cartoon, entitled "Right Leg in the Boot at Last," shows Garibaldi helping Victor Emmanuel put on the Italian boot. 36
III. Identify 2 Problems Faced AFTER Unification: 1. South is poor & agricultural while north has industrialized.- although Italy does not have enough natural resources to full industrialization 2. Cultural differences 3. Lack of democratic experience 4. Catholic Church does not support Italian government. Claims to be held prisoners of the Vatican. Italian government gave the Catholic Church authority over Vatican City. 37
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