Progressivism Mr. White s US History I, Fall 202
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0//202 Section The Origins of Progressivism Political, economic, and social change in late 9 th century America leads to broad progressive reforms. The Origins of Progressivism Four Goals of Progressivism Concerns of Progressives Early 900s, middle-class reformers address problems of 890s Different reform efforts collectively called progressive movement Reformers aim to restore economic opportunity, correct injustice by: - protecting social welfare, promoting moral improvement - creating economic reform, fostering efficiency Continued... continued Four Goals of Progressivism Protecting Social Welfare Social Gospel, settlement houses inspire other reform groups Florence Kelley, political activist, advocate for women, children - helps pass law prohibiting child labor, limiting women s hours Promoting Moral Improvement Some feel poor should uplift selves by improving own behavior Prohibition banning of alcoholic drinks Woman s Christian Temperance Union spearheads prohibition crusade Image Continued...
0//202 continued Four Goals of Progressivism Creating Economic Reform 893 panic prompts doubts about capitalism; many become socialists Muckrakers journalists who expose corruption in politics, business Fostering Efficiency Many use experts, science to make society, workplace more efficient Louis D. Brandeis uses social scientists data in trial Scientific management time and motion studies applied to workplace Assembly lines speed up production, make people work like machines - cause high worker turnover Cleaning Up Local Government Reforming Local Government Reformers try to make government efficient, responsive to voters Some cities adopt government by commission of experts Many use council-manager: people elect council that appoints manager Reform Mayors Hazen Pingree of Detroit tackles taxes, transit fares, corruption Socialist Tom Johnson of Cleveland fights corrupt utility companies Reform at the State Level Reform Governors Governors push states to pass laws to regulate large businesses Robert M. La Follette is 3-term governor, then senator of Wisconsin - attacks big business Protecting Working Children Child workers get lower wages, small hands handle small parts better - families need children s wages National Child Labor Committee gathers evidence of harsh conditions Labor unions argue children s wages lower all wages Chart Groups press government to ban child labor, cut hours Continued... 2
0//202 continued Reform at the State Level Efforts to Limit Working Hours Muller v. Oregon Court upholds limiting women to 0-hour workday Bunting v. Oregon upholds 0-hour workday for men Reformers win workers compensation for families of injured, killed Continued... continued Reform at the State Level Reforming Elections Oregon adopts secret ballot, initiative, referendum, recall Initiative bill proposed by people, not lawmakers, put on ballots Referendum voters, not legislature, decide if initiative becomes law Recall voters remove elected official through early election Primaries allow voters, not party machines, to choose candidates Direct Election of Senators Seventeenth Amendment permits popular election of senators Image 3
0/2/202 Question # The Origins of Progressivism SMART Assessment Mr. White s US History Which of these was NOT a goal of the Progressive movement? A. Moral improvement B. Social welfare C. Manifest destiny D. Economic reform Question #2 Which of these organizations main goal was to end the consumption of alchohol? A. Women s Christian Temperance Union B. United States Sanitary Commission C. Young Men s Christian Association D. Salvation Army Question #3 Which of these describes when voters can originate laws themselves? A. Election primary B. Recall C. Referendum D. Initiative Question #4 Which of these describes when voters can choose, by popular vote, to remove a person from public office? A. Election primary B. Recall C. Referendum D. Initiative
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0//202 Section 2 Women in Public Life As a result of social and economic change, many women enter public life as workers and reformers. 2 Women in Public Life Women in the Work Force Changing Patterns of Living Only middle-, upper-class women can devote selves to home, family Poor women usually have to work for wages outside home Farm Women On Southern, Midwestern farms, women s roles same as before Perform household tasks, raise livestock, help with crops Image Continued... 2 continued Women in the Work Force Women in Industry After 900, in 5 women hold jobs; 25% in manufacturing 50% industrial workers in garment trade; earn half of men s wages Jobs in offices, stores, classrooms require high school education Business schools train bookkeepers, stenographers, typists Domestic Workers In 870, 70% of employed women do domestic work Many African-American, immigrant women do domestic labor - married immigrants take in piecework, boarders
0//202 2 Women Lead Reform Women Get Involved Many female industrial workers seek to reform working conditions Women form cultural clubs, sometimes become reform groups Women in Higher Education Many women active in public life have attended new women s colleges 50% college-educated women never marry; many work on social reforms Image Continued... 2 continued Women Lead Reform Women and Reform Women reformers target workplace, housing, education, food, drugs National Association of Colored Women (NACW) child care, education Susan B. Anthony of National American Woman Suffrage Assoc. (NAWSA) - works for woman suffrage, or right to vote A Three-Part Strategy for Suffrage Convince state legislatures to give women right to vote Test 4 th Amendment states lose representation if deny men vote Push for constitutional amendment to give women the vote Map 2
0/2/202 Question # Women in Public Life SMART Assessment Mr. White s US History Class Which of these groups of women would be most likely to work in a factory or industrial job to provide income for their families in this time? A. Upper-class (wealthy) B. Middle-class C. Lower-class (poor) D. Farm Question #2 Women who worked in industrial jobs were most likely to fill jobs in which of these trades? A. Manufacturing B. Management C. Finance D. Legal services Question #3 Susan B. Anthony is most famous for: A. Discovering a new comet B. Leading the woman s suffrage movement C. Being the first American woman to earn a professional degree D. Being the first American woman elected to national political office Question #4 NACW stands for: A. National Alliance of College Women B. National Association for Colored Women C. National Association of Clubs for Women D. National Association of Childcare Workers
0//202 OBJECTIVE TEDDY ROOSEVELT S SQUARE DEAL After this lesson, we should be able to: Relate the creation of African American advocacy organizations to United States Supreme Court decisions and state and local governmental policies. AND Compare and contrast issues involved in the struggle between the unregulated development of natural resources and efforts to conserve and protect natural resources during the period of industrial expansion.
0//202 Section 3 Teddy Roosevelt s Square Deal As president, Theodore Roosevelt works to give citizens a Square Deal through progressive reforms. 3 Teddy Roosevelt s Square Deal A Rough-Riding President Roosevelt s Rise Theodore Roosevelt has sickly childhood, drives self in athletics Is ambitious, rises through New York politics to become governor NY political bosses cannot control him, urge run for vice-president The Modern Presidency President McKinley shot; Roosevelt becomes president at 42 His leadership, publicity campaigns help create modern presidency Supports federal government role when states do not solve problems - Square Deal Roosevelt s progressive reforms Image 3 Using Federal Power Trustbusting By 900, trusts control about 4/5 of U.S. industries Roosevelt wants to curb trusts that hurt public interest - breaks up some trusts under Sherman Antitrust Act 902 Coal Strike Coal reserves low; forces miners, operators to accept arbitration Sets principle of federal intervention when strike threatens public Continued...
0//202 3 continued Using Federal Power Railroad Regulation Roosevelt pushes for federal regulation to control abuses - Elkins Act stops rebates, sudden rate changes - Hepburn Act limits passes, ICC to set maximum rates 3 Health and the Environment Regulating Foods and Drugs Upton Sinclair s The Jungle unsanitary conditions in meatpacking Roosevelt commission investigates, backs up Sinclair s account Roosevelt pushes for Meat Inspection Act: - dictates sanitary requirements - creates federal meat inspection program Pure Food and Drug Act Food, drug advertisements make false claims; medicines often unsafe Pure Food and Drug Act halts sale of contaminated food, medicine - requires truth in labeling Continued... 3 continued Health and the Environment Conservation and Natural Resources 887, U.S. Forest Bureau established, manages 45 million acres Private interests exploit natural environment Conservation Measures Roosevelt sets aside forest reserves, sanctuaries, national parks Believes conservation part preservation, part development for public Map 2
0//202 3 Roosevelt and Civil Rights Civil Rights at the Turn of the 20 th Century Roosevelt does not support civil rights for African Americans Supports individual African Americans in civil service - invites Booker T. Washington to White House NAACP National Association for the Advancement of Colored People - goal is full equality among races Founded 909 by W. E. B. Du Bois and black, white reformers Image 3
0/2/202 Teddy Roosevelt s Square Deal SMART Assessment Mr. White s US History Question # Which of these best describes how Teddy Roosevelt affected the role of the President in the United States? A. He strengthened it. B. He weakened it. C. He kept it generally the same. D. None of the above. Question #2 What did Teddy Roosevelt do to help the 902 Coal Miner Strike? A. He didn t do anything; he didn t think the President should step in. B. He called out the army to put down the strike. C. He threatened to have the government take over the coal mines; the strikers and owners then sat down and worked out an agreement. D. He fired the owners of the mine and made the mine government property. Question #3 Which of these was NOT something that Teddy Roosevelt did to help the country s health? A. Set up a commission to investigate the meat-packing industry. B. Supported the Meat Inspection Act to have meat inspected for safety. C. Supported the Pure Food and Drug Act to make medicines and foods safe. D. Pushed for universal health care for everyone in the country. Question #4 Which of these was NOT something that Teddy Roosevelt did to protect the country s environment? A. Set aside 48 million acres of land as federally protected. B. Pushed Congress to pass a law requiring more fuel-efficient cars. C. Established 50 wildlife sanctuaries and national parks. D. None of the above.
0/2/202 Question # In what state was Teddy Roosevelt a member of the legislature? A. Delaware B. Pennsylvania C. New Jersey D. New York Question #2 Which event(s) spurred Teddy Roosevelt to go west? A. His failure to be elected to the state assembly B. The death of his mother and wife C. His victory at the battle of San Juan Hill D. His decision to run for president Question #3 Question #4 What was Teddy Roosevelt s first job in the federal government? A. Assistant Secretary of the Navy B. Secretary of State C. Vice President D. President How did Roosevelt encourage the creation of the Panama Canal? A. He encouraged a Panamanian revolution against the Colombian government B. He raised taxes on Americans to fund the creation of the canal C. He used the United States Army to invade Panama D. He encouraged Americans to vote for a constitutional amendment to create the canal Question #5 A. Which of these was NOT a goal of the Bull-Moose or Progressive party under Teddy Roosevelt? A. Limiting working hours B. Abolishing child labor C. Women s suffrage D. Expansion of national defense spending
OBJECTIVE PROGRESSIVISM UNDER TAFT AND WILSON S NEW FREEDOM After this lesson, we should be able to: Evaluate the effectiveness of Progressive reforms in preventing unfair business practices and political corruption and in promoting social justice.
0//202 Section 4 Progressivism Under Taft Taft s ambivalent approach to progressive reform leads to a split in the Republican Party and the loss of the presidency to the Democrats. 4 Progressivism under Taft Taft Becomes President Taft Stumbles 908, Republican William Howard Taft wins with Roosevelt s support Has cautiously progressive agenda; gets little credit for successes Does not use presidential bully pulpit to arouse public opinion Continued... 4 continued Taft Becomes President The Payne-Aldrich Tariff Taft signs Payne-Aldrich Tariff compromise bill, moderate tariffs Progressives angry, think he abandoned low tariffs, progressivism Disputing Public Lands Conservationists angry Richard A. Ballinger named interior secretary - Ballinger puts reserved lands in public domain Interior official protests action, is fired, writes magazine exposé Gifford Pinchot head of U.S. Forest Service - testifies against Ballinger - is fired by Taft
0//202 4 The Republican Party Splits Problems within the Party Republicans split over Taft s support of House Speaker Joseph Cannon Cannon weakens progressive agenda; progressives ally with Democrats 90 midterm elections, Democrats get control of House Continued... 4 continued The Republican Party Splits The Bull Moose Party 92 convention, Taft people outmaneuver Roosevelt s for nomination Progressives form Bull Moose Party; nominate Roosevelt, call for: - more voter participation in government - woman suffrage - labor legislation, business controls Runs against Democrat Woodrow Wilson, reform governor of NJ 4 Democrats Win in 92 The Election Wilson endorses progressive platform called the New Freedom - wants stronger antitrust laws, banking reform, lower tariffs - calls all monopolies evil Roosevelt wants oversight of big business; not all monopolies bad Socialist Party candidate Eugene V. Debs wants to end capitalism Wilson wins great electoral victory; gets majority in Congress Chart 2
0//202 Section 5 Wilson s New Freedom Woodrow Wilson establishes a strong reform agenda as a progressive leader. 5 Wilson s New Freedom Wilson Wins Financial Reforms Wilson s Background Wilson was lawyer, professor, president of Princeton, NJ governor As president, focuses on trusts, tariffs, high finance Two Key Antitrust Measures Clayton Antitrust Act stops companies buying stock to form monopoly Ends injunctions against strikers unless threaten irreparable damage Federal Trade Commission (FTC) new watchdog agency - investigates regulatory violations - ends unfair business practices Continued... Image 5 continued Wilson Wins Financial Reforms A New Tax System Wilson pushes for Underwood Act to substantially reduce tariffs Sets precedent of giving State of the Union message in person His use of bully pulpit leads to passage Federal Income Tax Sixteenth Amendment legalizes graduated federal income tax Federal Reserve System Federal Reserve System private banking system under federal control Nation divided into 2 districts; central bank in each district 3
0//202 5 Women Win Suffrage Local Suffrage Battles College-educated women spread suffrage message to working-class Go door-to-door, take trolley tours, give speeches at stops - some adopt bold tactics of British suffragists Catt and the National Movement Carrie Chapman Catt, head of NAWSA, stresses organization, lobbying National Woman s Party aggressively pressures for suffrage amendment Work of patriotic women in war effort influences politicians 920 Nineteenth Amendment grants women right to vote Image 5 The Limits of Progressivism Wilson and Civil Rights As candidate, wins support of NAACP for favoring civil rights As president, opposes antilynching legislation Appoints fellow white Southerners to cabinet who extend segregation NAACP feels betrayed; Wilson self-defense widens rift The Twilight of Progressivism Outbreak of World War I distracts Americans; reform efforts stall This is the end of the chapter presentation of lecture notes. Click the HOME or EXIT button. 4
0/2/202 Mr. White s US History Question # Taft mainly chose to run for President because he was supported by: A. Franklin Roosevelt B. Woodrow Wilson C. Teddy Roosevelt D. Grover Cleveland Question #2 Which of these best describes Taft s leadership style? A. Aggressive he used the power of the Presidency to accomplish his goals B. Abusive he went too far many times in using his power as president C. Limited power he stayed within what he believed were the limits on the president s power D. Micro-managing he oversaw every detail of his presidency Question #3 Which of these was the main reason that Teddy Roosevelt chose to run against Taft in the election of 92? A. He believed that Taft was allowing many progressive reforms to fail or go away B. He believed that Taft was abusing his presidential power C. He disagreed with Taft s support for Cuban rebels in the Spanish-American war D. He disagreed with Taft s proposal for a League of Nations to solve international disputes
0/2/202 Question #4 Which of these best describes Woodrow Wilson s approach toward tariffs? A. He supported strong protective tariffs for American industry B. He supported tariffs in order to raise money for the government C. He opposed tariffs and supported free international trade D. He was indifferent, and didn t pay much attention to tariffs during his Presidency Question #5 This was put in place by Woodrow Wilson as a way of helping to regulate business: A. Income tax B. Federal Trade Commission C. Stock Market Commission D. Federal Trade Regulators Question #6 The 6 th amendment to the United States Constitution provided for: A. The direct election of senators B. The right to vote for women C. The prohibition of alcoholic beverages D. The federal income tax Question #7 The 9 th Amendment to the United States Constitution provided for: A. The direct election of senators B. The right to vote for women C. The prohibition of alcoholic beverages D. The federal income tax 2