Guided Reading Activity 25-1 DIRECTIONS: Filling in the Blanks Use your textbook to fill in the blanks using the words in the box. Use another sheet of paper if necessary. Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC) October 24 Farm October 29 stock exchange one-third foreign Great Depression 16 million shares on margin railroad borrowed money October 21 automobile 25 percent Bonus Army public works The Stock Market A (1) is an organized system for buying and selling shares in corporations. Many investors lacked the money to continue purchasing stock, so they bought (2). Stock prices began to fall in September 1929 and declined steadily until (3). Panicked sellers sold almost 13 million shares on Black Thursday, (4). On Tuesday, (5), the crisis worsened. By the end of the day, more than (6) had changed hands, and stock prices had plummeted. The Great Depression During the next two years the United States slid into a severe economic crisis called the (7). The stock market crash was not the only cause. (8) SECTION 25-1 income shrank throughout the decade. The textile, lumber, mining, and (9) industries also declined. The (10) and construction industries suffered from lagging orders. As a result, employers cut wages and laid off workers. In 1929 less than 1 percent of the population owned nearly (11) of the country s wealth. (12) fueled much of the economy in the 1920s. Many small banks suffered when farmers defaulted on their loans. American economic weakness also weakened (13) economies. By 1932, (14) of American workers were out of work. Hoover and the Crisis In 1931 President Herbert Hoover authorized additional federal spending on (15). In 1932, Congress created the (16) to lend money to businesses. When the (17) marched on Washington in the summer of 1932 to demand the money promised to them, Hoover responded by calling in the army. 61
Enrichment Activity 25-1 The Economy In the 1920s confidence in the American economy was at an all-time high. During the Roaring Twenties, people invested in the stock market at a dizzying speed, sometimes investing their whole life savings. Then, in October 1929, the United States s golden era of prosperity came to a disastrous halt when the stock market crashed. Investors lost billions as the value of stocks plummeted. For the next two years, the economic decline continued as the country slid into the era known as the Great Depression. DIRECTIONS: Interpreting Line Graphs Use the line graphs to answer the following questions. 1. How many people were not employed in 1931? In 1937? 2. By about how much did farm foreclosures drop between 1933 and 1935? 3. In the same year that about 8 million people were unemployed, what was the number of farm foreclosures and defaults? 4. How many more people were unemployed in 1937 than in 1929? 5. Based on the graphs, what was the worst year of the Great Depression? 6. Which years showed the sharpest rise in unemployment? In farm foreclosures and defaults? DIRECTIONS: Making a Graph Choose one area of the economy from a recent 10-year time period. Draw a line graph to show the changes that occurred during this period. Then create two or three questions to accompany your graph and exchange graphs and questions with a partner. Number of People (in millions) 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 Unemployment, 1929 1937 0 1929 1931 1933 1935 1937 Year SOURCE: Historical Statistics of the United States. Number of Farms (in thousands) 60 50 40 30 20 10 Farm Foreclosures and Defaults, 1929 1937 0 1929 1931 1933 1935 1937 Year SOURCE: Agricultural Statistics, 1941. U.S. Department of Agriculture. SECTION 25-1 69
Guided Reading Activity 25-2 DIRECTIONS: Recalling the Facts Use the information in your textbook to answer the questions. Use another sheet of paper if necessary. 1. When did Franklin D. Roosevelt s political career begin? 2. As governor of New York, whose advice did FDR draw on to develop relief programs for the state? 3. What condition was the nation s banking system in when Roosevelt became president in 1933? 4. When did Roosevelt say that the only thing we have to fear is fear itself? 5. What did Roosevelt do two days after his inauguration? 6. What were Roosevelt s informal radio talks to the nation called? SECTION 25-2 7. What came to be called the Hundred Days? 8. What areas did the New Deal laws affect? 9. How many people did the Civilian Conservation Corps employ over 10 years? 10. Whom did Roosevelt appoint to head the Federal Emergency Relief Administration? 11. What were the goals of the AAA? 12. What program aimed to control flooding by building dams along the Tennessee River? 13. What programs did the NIRA create? 14. What did Congress establish to insure bank deposits? 15. What did Congress set up to enforce the law regulating the sale of stocks and bonds? 62
Reteaching Activity 25-2 DIRECTIONS: Completing a Chart Use the chart below to review the programs established during Franklin Roosevelt s New Deal. For each item abbreviation listed in the chart, write the full name of the program and its purpose. The New Deal Program Initials Full Name Aims/Purposes CCC FERA AAA SECTION 25-2 TVA NIRA NRA PWA FDIC SEC DIRECTIONS: Essay On a separate sheet of paper, answer the questions below. What did the TVA accomplish? Why was it criticized? 66
Name Date CHAPTER 15 Section 5 OUTLINE MAP Anatomy of the Tennessee Valley Authority A. Review the map of the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) on textbook pages 520 521. Then, on the accompanying map, locate the same 11 states found on the textbook map and add the following bodies of water, cities, and dams. Bodies of Water Cities Dams Cumberland R. Chattanooga Chickamauga Dam Kentucky Lake Knoxville Fort Loudoun Dam Mississippi R. Memphis Guntersville Dam Ohio R. Nashville Kentucky Dam Tennessee R. Paducah Nickajack Dam B. After completing the map, use it to answer the following questions. 1. Use the scale bar to estimate both the east west and north south distances of the area served by the TVA. 2. Which states does the TVA serve? 3. The Tennessee River begins at Knoxville. Which is the first dam on the river? the last dam? the southernmost? 4. Which is the first dam encountered after Chattanooga? 5. How many dams does the Tennessee River have? 6. Describe the journey that a molecule of water at the Tennessee River s source takes to reach Memphis. McDougal Littell Inc. All rights reserved. 74 Unit 4, Chapter 15
Name Anatomy of the Tennessee Valley Authority continued McDougal Littell Inc. All rights reserved. Anatomy of the Tennessee Valley Authority N 0 0 100 Kilometers 100 Miles Tennessee River watershed Region served by the TVA Dam City The New Deal 75
Guided Reading Activity 25-3 DIRECTIONS: Outlining Locate the heading in your textbook. Then use the information under the heading to help you write each answer. Use another sheet of paper if necessary. I. Hard Times in America A. Introduction How many men abandoned their homes? B. Women Go to Work Who was Frances Perkins? II. The Dust Bowl A. What Caused the Dust Bowl? What happened after farmers in the southern Great Plains cleared millions of acres of sod for wheat farming? B. Leaving Home How many farmers migrated to California to become migrant workers? III. The Plight of Minorities A. African Americans How were African Americans in the South affected by the Depression? B. Native Americans Who was John Collier? C. Hispanics Why did 500,000 Mexican immigrants leave the United States SECTION 25-3 during the early years of the Great Depression? IV. Radical Political Movements A. How did socialists and Communists view the Great Depression? B. What political philosophy that advocates government by dictatorship caught the attention of Americans during the Great Depression? V. Entertainment and the Arts A. Escaping Troubled Times What types of radio programs were popular during the Great Depression? B. Images of Despair Who wrote Native Son? 63
Document Based Assessments Name The Dust Bowl 1. Which states suffered the worst drought? 2. What states were included in the Dust Bowl? 3. Why would overgrazing by cattle and sheep along with over cultivation and drought make the Great Plains vulnerable to dust storms? 4. The dust bowl exodus was the largest migration in American history. By the end of the 1930s, 2.5 million people had moved out of the plains states. If you had lived in the plains during that time, where would you have migrated to and why? #3935 Exploring History The Great Depression 64 Teacher Created Materials, Inc.
Guided Reading Activity 25-4 DIRECTIONS: Recalling the Facts Use the information in your textbook to answer the questions. Use another sheet of paper if necessary. 1. What three critics of Franklin D. Roosevelt gained popularity with schemes to help the average American? 2. How did the Revenue Act of 1935 bring in more government funds? 3. When did Roosevelt launch the Second New Deal? 4. What percentage of the workforce was unemployed in 1935? 5. What did Congress create in April 1935? 6. Whom did the Social Security Act help? SECTION 25-4 7. Where was the sit-down strike first used? 8. Who was the most influential labor leader during the 1930s? What new union did he form in 1934? 9. What act guaranteed workers the right to form unions to bargain collectively with employers? 10. What two things did the Fair Labor Standards Act do? 11. Why did the Supreme Court strike down the National Industrial Recovery Act and the Agricultural Adjustment Act? 12. Who were FDR s main supporters in the 1936 election? 13. How did FDR attempt to prevent the Supreme Court from undoing the New Deal? 14. Why did FDR cut spending on relief and job programs in 1937? 15. What was the economic downturn of 1937 and 1938 called? How did FDR reverse it? 64
Enrichment Activity 25-4 Paychecks SECTION 25-4 DIRECTIONS: Interpreting a Table Use the information on the table to fill in the blanks and answer the questions. 1. Average hourly wage in 1936: Change in average hourly wage between 1933 and 1940: 2. Average hours worked by men in 1931: Lowest average hourly wage for men between 1929 and 1941: Wages and Hours for Production Workers, 1929 1941 All Production Workers Male Workers Female Workers Year Av. wage Av. hrs. Av. wage Av. hrs. Av. wage Av. hrs. per hr. per wk. per hr. per wk. per hr. per wk. 1929 $.59 48.3 $.63 49.1 $.40 44.2 1930.59 43.9.62 44.5.40 40.5 1931.56 40.4.60 40.4.37 39.8 1932.50 34.8.53 34.4.33 36.3 1933.49 36.4.52 36.3.34 36.6 1934.58 34.7.61 34.8.43 34.0 1935.60 37.2.63 37.5.44 35.2 1936.62 39.5.65 40.1.43 36.2 1937.70 38.7.74 39.3.47 36.1 1938.72 34.3.76 34.6.48 32.6 1939.72 37.6.77 38.0.48 35.8 1940.74 38.6.78 39.2.49 35.5 1941.81 41.2.87 41.8.53 38.0 SOURCE: Historical Statistics of the United States. 3. Highest average hours worked by women between 1929 and 1941: Highest average hourly wage for women between 1929 and 1941: 4. If a man worked an average week at average pay, how much more would he earn in 1929 than a woman who worked an average week at average pay? DIRECTIONS: Using the Media Center Are there still differences in wages for men and women in the United States? What has been the trend over the past 20 years? Find data in the media center for the 1970s and the 1990s. Use the data to draw a double line graph showing the difference in wages for men and women for each decade. 72