Chapter One: Europe Part Two: Pages: 71-105 I Western Europe 1) Germany pp 71-75, Berlin Created 1871 from 39 different states following a war with France. Most populous, strongest advocate in the EU Post WWII West prospered, East declined Centrifugal Forces: Large immigrant population Reunification was a rescue mission at enormous cost to West West 62 million, East 17 million Heavy industry is important East remains poor, but Govt. is holding up and proving to be strong Stuttgart: one of the Four Motors of Europe 2) France pp 75-77, Paris Paris single dominant city (Roman Fort on an island with good surrounding farm land.) Largest in size, poor ports is greatest disadvantage Napoleon centralized govt. Today becoming more decentralized Strong economy and agriculture is important, high tech industries it is a diversified economy, but not as strong in manufacturing, and cultural heritage is VERY important. Lyon: one of the Four Motors of Europe: 3) Benelux, pp 77-79, lead the way in European unification after WWII A. Netherlands Amsterdam is capital but the gov.t is run in the Hague, excellent ports, rely on services, finance and trade 1
Polders land claimed from the sea, very important to their growth. Conurbation 2 or 3 cities merge to form a large metropolitan complex. B. Belgium Brussels, headquarters of EU, have very good ports Devolution threatens: Flemish and Walloons C. Luxembourg Most prosperous European state (Financial, service, tourism) A ministate. 4) Alpine States, page 79, Landlocked and mountainous A. Switzerla nd Bern, also Zurich & Geneva. Landlocked, used isolation to their benefit, stable, neutral, world banking GIANT B. Austria Vienna, more eastward leaning, close to Hungarian people, old anti-muslim wars. 5) British Isles, pp 79-83, London United Kingdom England, Wales, Scotland, N. Ireland Colonial powerhouse collapsed after WWII Always at odds with France and W. Europe A. Southern England London, metropolitan area, 1/3 of nations population, top 3 world Cities B. Northern England birthplace of Industrial Revolution, rust belt today C. Wales Cardiff, coal Devolution D. Scotland Edinburgh, coal, shipping, gas, oil Devolution seeking independence E. Northern Ireland Devolution is SERIOUS ** At this point read Jennifer Toal s account of life in Northern Ireland ** 2
6) Republic of Ireland p 83, Dublin Service based economy, benefited from the EU fast growing Well educated, poorly paid population drew technology industries II. Northern Europe Norden Isolated from the rest of Europe Similar languages Large & sparsely populated, centered in the South Lutheran Church Equality of Women 1) Sweden p. 84, Stockholm Largest Northern nation, size & population Most of population and industry in South, below 60 latitude Industry finished products vs. resources Energy poor nation nuclear 2) Norway p. 85, Oslo Fishing, North Sea oil & gas Tough terrain sparse development 1/3 richest in world Strongly independent, not in the EU 3) Denmark p. 86, Copenhagen Kingdom Great ports to Baltic Sea 3
Break of Bulk collecting, storing, and transshipping large quantities of goods. entrepot transfer facility for goods. 4) Finland p. 86, Helsinki Forests & wood products Closely related to Estonia Finno-Ugric Languages 5) Estonia p. 86, Tallinn 1/4 of population Russian colonizers Joined EU in 2004 6) Iceland p. 86, Reykjavik Urban population, live off water and fishing III. Mediterranean Europe Large population, 5 times that of Northern Europe Lower standards of living vs. Northern Europe Fewer raw materials and natural resources available in this region 1) Italy p. 88, Rome Most populous in this group Divided into 20 regions, North progressive; South stagnate (Mezzogiorno) Southern Europe s leading manufacturing complex Bulk of illegal immigrants in South Milan one of Four Motors 2) Iberian Peninsula, pp 89-92 A. Spain Madrid 4
Democracy, 17 autonomous regions Devolution Basques in North Barcelona (in Catalonia) is one of Four Motors Gibraltar conflict with England, 1715 ceded to England Ceuta & Melilla owned by Spain but in Morocco B. Portugal Lisbon Democratic government Poor nation, benefited from membership in the EU Population concentrated along the coast Rural population, poor food production 3) Greece & Cyprus A. Greece p. 93, Athens Cradle of Western Civilization Stuck between Muslims of Albania and Turkey, a volatile neighborhood USED TO BE: EU economic success story, agrarian society B. Cyprus p. 95, Nicosia ** WATCH VIDEO** Greek majority, Turks invaded Greek side is legitimate by world, GREAT potential conflict C. Malta p. 95, Valletta, EU member, tourism is strong. Ancient crossroads of commerce IV. Eastern Europe Region of fragmentation ethnic & cultural differences conflict! Cold War = Iron Curtain = poverty & struggle 5
Shatter Belt persistent splintering and fracturing Balkanization recurrent division, fragmentation Ethnic Cleansing forcible ouster of ethnic populations from their homelands - Roman Empire - Ottoman Empire - Austro-Hungarian Empire - Soviet Empire left behind pollution, poverty, outdated agriculture & industry 1) Countries facing the Baltic A. Poland p 98, Warsaw Moved from agrarian to industrial under Russia, severe pollution Very important to the EU large population & economy B. Latvia p 98, Riga, many Russians live there, in the EU today C. Lithuania p 99, Vilnius Bad relations with Russia, economy has been improving D. Belarus p 99, Minsk, White Russians, still like old Russia, very close to Moscow 2) Landlocked Nations A. Czech Republic p 99, Prague, more Western & progressive, technology and Engineering strengths. B. Slovakia p 99, Bratislava, poorest in this region, new in the EU, very corrupt government C. Hungary pp 99-101Budapest, Asian roots, many Hungarians live in neighboring countries Good economy and rural areas 6
3) Countries facing Black Sea A. Romania p 101, Bucharest Stagnate and authoritarian, very bad shape! B. Bulgaria p 101, Sofia Dim prospects, strongly anti-muslim, very close to Moscow Many citizens are emigrating throughout Europe C. Ukraine pp 101-102, Kiev Largest in Eastern Europe South and East is industry, coal & iron ore (strong connections to Russia) Great conflict of new vs old and EU vs. Russia D. Moldova p 102, Chisinau Romanians are majority, very poor! Poorest in Europe 7
4) Countries Facing the Adriatic Sea Former Yugoslavia through 1990 s, split into 5 countries 7 Major and 17 smaller ethnic and cultural groups Slovenes and Croats are Roman Catholic Serbs are Orthodox Church Soviets divided area into ethic regions continuing problems Devolutionary pressures are STRONG A. Slovenia p 103, Ljubljana Homogenous and a strong economy B. Croatia p 103, Zagreb C. Bosnia p 103, Sarajevo Conflict with Serbs, Croats and Muslims 8
D. Macedonia p 103, Skopje Poor and powerless E. Serbia p 103, Belgrade NATO intervention, Devolutionary pressures are greatest! Had many territorial losses Many minority groups Kosovo remains under UN administration nation remains in Limbo F. Montenegro p 104, Podgorica Much potential for tourism when political unrest is settled. F. Albania pp 104-105, Tirane Dominated by 70% Muslims, Very poor, heavy reliance on farming 9