REMAPPING UKRAINE 15 th Century BCE to 21 st Century CE Osher Lifelong Learning Institute Vanderbilt University Winter Term 2015 Mary Pat Silveira
UKRAINIAN ETHNOGRAPHIC TERRITORY: 1922
THE INTERWAR YEARS Bolshevik policy of War Communism 1921: Lenin s New Economic Policy (NEP: temporary return to market economy USSR created as federation 1922; Union Treaty 1924
REPUBLICS OF THE SOVIET UNION 1922: Russia, Belarus, Ukraine, and Transcaucasia 1924: Transcaucasia split into Armenia, Azerbaijan & Georgia; Turkmenistan & Uzbekistan added. 1929: Tajikistan added. 1936: Kazakhstan & Kyrgyzstan added. 1940: Moldova, Estonia*, Latvia* & Lithuania* added (*disputed: occupied)
1924 UNION TREATY Exclusive Prerogative of Central Government: Military Foreign relations Foreign trade Transportation & communications Republics: Economic, social & cultural affairs
INDIGENIZATION 1923: Twelfth Party Congress adopt policy of indigenization Promote diversity Actively recruit Ukrainians to state & party Foster development Ukrainian culture Expand education and publishing in Ukrainian
RISE OF STALIN Lenin dies in 1924; Stalin consolidates power First Five Year Plan (1928-32) returns to socialism Large-scale industrialization Forced collectivization of agriculture Suppression of bourgeois culture Use of state coercion and control
INDUSTRIALIZATION Ukraine benefits from 27% of 1500 new Soviet industrial plants Includes largest hydroelectric dam in Europe Giant tractor factory and steel mill Most investments in Eastern Ukraine only, in Donbas & Lower Dnipro area
UKRAINE S INDUSTRIAL AREA
AGRICULTURE AND BLACK FAMINE Enforced collectivization & grain requisitioning Emphasis on grain exports for foreign capital Crusade against kulaks No food for consumption; Peasants resist Demand rises; supply falls; drought intervenes Black Famine of 1932 and 1933 b/w 7 and 8 million dead; 15-20 % Ukrainian pop
THE BLACK (GREAT) FAMINE: 1930s
The Great Terror/The Great Purge Stalin s Cultural Revolution 1933 retreats from Lenin s nationalities 1934-38: purges intellectuals; hundreds of thousands killed & millions sent to Gulag Poles and Germans deported to Soviet Asia Jewish section of Communist Party dissolved New Soviet elite the class of 38
UKRAINIANS IN POLAND Repression of Ukrainians 1925: Ukrainian National Democratic Alliance Ukrainian support for Soviet Ukrainians increases: create Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists 1929
UKRAINIAN LANDS IN POLAND 1930
UKRAINIANS IN ROMANIA & CZECHOSLOVAKIA Romania: Bessarabia and Bukovyna Czechoslovakia: Transcarpathia Given autonomy in 1938 Carpatho-Ukraine
UKRAINIAN LANDS IN ROMANIA & CZECHOSLOVAKIA
RISING THREAT OF WAR 1938: Appeasement at Munich: Germany invades Sudentenland 3/ 1939: Germany invades all Czechoslovakia 8/ 1939: German-Soviet nonaggression treaty (Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact)
SECRET CODICIL Secret codicil of Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact: Division of Eastern Europe Sept 1, 1939: Germany invades Poland from west Sept 17, 1939: Soviet troops invade Poland from east; annex Galicia, west Volhynia & Polisia to Ukrainian SSR(1939) northern Bukovyna and Bessarabia (1940); and 3 Baltic States (1940)
GERMANY ADVANCES Germany is given lands in Poland west of San and Buh Rivers 500,000 Ukrainians in this area Germany sets up Generalgouvernement Life at first appears better than in Soviet Ukraine Many Ukrainian activists emigrate here & make center of Ukrainian life Establish Ukrainian Central Committee in 1940 1941: Germany breaks Pact w/ USSR; invades and occupies Soviet Ukraine
UKRAINE WW II
RUSSIAN RETREAT Many Ukrainians reluctant to help USSR following years of starvation & purge Russians arrest nationalists, industrialists & civil servants; to avoid evacuating, kill most prisoners; deport others to Siberia, Arctic Circle & CA Russians in retreat: dismantle industry, destroy infrastructure & pursue scorched earth policy
REICHSKOMMISSARIAT Brief period allowed of Ukrainian national life Sense that Germans were liberators Third Reich cracks down Lebensraum & ethnic hatred apparent
HOLOCAUST IN UKRAINE Jews both shipped off in cattle cars to death camps or herded to outskirts of cities e.g., Babyn Yar (34,000 Jews shot) Nazis, with Ukrainian collaborators, responsible for killing In Ukraine: Over 900,000 Jews; second only to Poland Equaled approximately 20% of the Jewish population
END OF WWII Red Army expels Germans by fall 1944 Altogether, Ukraine lost an estimated: 4.1m civilians and 1.4m military 3.9m evacuated eastward by Soviets; 2.2m deported to Germany as forced laborers Total loss (Est): 11.6 million Population in 1939: 40 million
YALTA 1945 Major territorial change. Ukraine adds: Eastern Galicia, Volhynia and Polissia Northern Bukovina and lower Bessarabia Transcarpathia For first time in modern history, all Ukrainian ethnic lands united in a single state structure: the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic
UKRAINE 1945
POST WWII SOVIET UKRAINE Faced two challenges: integrate country & (re)build centralized command economy 28,000 villages and 714 towns and cities in ruin Center of Kyiv 85% demolished Kharkiv, second largest city, 70% in ruins More than 19 million homeless
INDUSTRIAL BASE SHATTERED Soviets had dismantled 544 industrial enterprises Germans destroyed another 16,150 enterprises 833 coal mines were blown up Electric power stations, dams, RR lines, bridges & roads were destroyed 872 state farms, 1300 machine tractor stations, and 27,910 collective farms destroyed
MAJOR DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGE Ukraine lost most of its Jewish population Poles in Western Ukraine either emigrate or are expelled Large German settlements that had existed before the war gone Tartars in Crimea sent to Central Asia
FOURTH FIVE-YEAR PLAN: 1949-50 Emphasis on industry By end of plan: Industrial production 2.2 x 1940 Highest p/c production pig iron & sugar in Europe Second highest in steel smelting & iron ore mining Third highest in coal mining
AGRICULTURE IN FOURTH PLAN Agriculture remains collectivized Collective farms increase from 28,000 to 33,000 Heavy emphasis on industrial crops & low productivity Drought again in 1946: Famine Deaths estimated anywhere from 100,000 to 1 m Total harvests far below prewar level Problem recurs next five years as well
NEW CAMPAIGNS BEGIN 1951: Kremlin begins comprehensive campaign against nationalist deviations in West Ukraine Russian language only in schools Uniate and Catholic churches banned in West Anti-Jews ( rootless cosmopolians and killer doctors ) Relocate large number of Russians to Western areas
HISTORICAL IDEOLOGY All forced to accept Soviet version history, elaborated in 1954: 1. Russian, Ukrainian & Belarusian peoples trace origin to single root the Russian people who had founded Kievan Rus 2. Throughout history, Ukrainian and Belarusian people had desired unification w/ Russian people
HISTORICAL IDEOLOGY 3. Reunifcation is a progressive act 4. Throughout history, Russian people were the senior brother in family of East Slavic peoples 5. Russia s main virtue constituted in its giving rise to a strong working class, which in turn produced its vanguard, the Communist Party
NATIONAL EXPRESSION Individual national expression only permitted if it recognized Marxist-Leninist theory, as interpreted by Stalin and Only if it took place within mind-set that accepted superiority of Russian culture & language as a model & means of expression
STALIN TO KHRUSHCHEV Death of Stalin 1953; Khrushchev begins new approach toward Ukraine Celebrates 300 th anniversary Agreement of Pereiaslav ( reunification Russia & Ukraine ) Cedes Crimea to Ukraine in 1954
UKRAINE: 1922-1954
KHRUSCHEV 20 th Party Congress: The Personality Cult & its Consequences blames Stalin for his crimes: Execution, torture & imprisonment of loyal party members on false charges Foreign policy errors Failings of Soviet agriculture Ordering mass terror Mistakes that led to appalling loss of life in WWII and German occupation
DE-STALINIZATION De-Stalinization reawakes Ukrainian nationalism Writers, directors, composers & artists: the Sixties Group Reject socialist realism Reaffirm that literature an individual expression Renew traditional Ukrainian cultural values and language Rehabilitate banned Ukrainian authors
END OF KHRUSCHEV ERA Economy begins to level off Agriculture still in crisis Khruschev removed Oct 1964; followed by Brezhnev & Kosygin
BREZHNEV-KOSYGIN ERA New restrictions on nationalist culture Repression of writing; first wave of arrests of dissident intellectuals 1965-66; next wave, 1971-72, broader 1979 all union conference calls for mandatory of teaching Russian in every kindergarten and pre-kindergarten
BREZHNEV TO GORBACHEV Brezhnev dies 1982 Andropov dies after 15 months in office Chernenko dies after only 13 months in office Gorbachev becomes general secretary of Communist Party in 1985