Welcome to History 43 The Mexican-American in the History of the United States I Prof. Valadez 1
Topics War of U.S. Independence 1776-1783 War of Mexican Independence 1810-1821 What are the similarities and differences? 2
European Settlements and Indians, 1754 3
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Map 4.4 Eastern North America after the Peace of Paris, 1763 5
Problems Debt Taxation 6
Stamp Act 1765 Internal tax on all legal documents. Argument over virtual representation versus direct representation 7
Boston Massacre Boston Massacre 1770 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wrrczt 3pGgI 13 mins 8 Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
Tea Act 1773 A tax to save the British East Indian Company Stop smuggling Boston Tea Party 1773 Group dumped tea 9
Thomas Paine s Common Sense anti-british propaganda Calls for independence Links independence with a sense of religious mission 10
July 4, 1776 Declaration of Independence http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/declaration_transcript.html List of grievances against the King of England We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.
Lord Dunmore s Proclamation 1775 12
Bernardo de Galvez 1746-1786
British surrender at Yorktown (Virginia) in October 1781. Copyright (c) Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved. 15
Treaty of Paris 1783 ends the war: U.S. boundary Mississippi River East & West Florida goes to Spain 16
Philadelphia Convention Summer of 1787 Constitution is finished on September 17, 1787, written mostly by James Madison Electoral College: a group of people chosen by states 17
U.S. Constitution 1787 Argentina Constitution 1853, 1860, 1866, 1898, 1949, 1957 Australia 1900 Brazil, seven constitutions, 1988 Canada 1982 China, 1954, 1975, 1978, 1982 France 1791, 1958 Germany 1949 Japan,1947 Mexico 1824, 1835, 1917 Spain 1978
We the People National Identity Indians Other persons, People, who were the only ones entitled to American freedom 19
Naturalization Act of 1790 Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America, in Congress assembled, That any Alien being a free white person, who shall have resided within the limits and under the jurisdiction of the United States for the term of two years, may be admitted to become a citizen thereof on application to any common law Court of record in any one of the States wherein he shall have resided for the term of one year at least,
War of Independence in New Spain Influence Ideas of Enlightenment social contract (Rousseau) The state that the king rules by the "consent of the governed" American Revolution 1776-1783 French Revolution 1787-1799 Haitian Revolution 1790-1804 21
External Factors 1808 Spain invaded by French troops Napoleon s sets his brother Joseph on Spanish throne Spanish King is in Cadiz
Goya s May 3, 1808 23
Internal Factors Criollo discontent & independent wealth A drought in 1807-1808 that causes a famine Mobile population due to mines 24
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Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla 1753-1811 El Zorro Criollo Guanajuato Educated in Jesuit college Liberal priest 26
1803 Hidalgo sent of Dolores, Guanajuato 1810 September 16 El Grito de Dolores 27
Padre Hidalgo Banner of Guadalupe Generalissimo (caudillo) 28
Insurgents Spanish loyalist La virgen de los remedios 29
1810 September 28 Alhóndiga de Granaditas (public granary) El Pípila 30
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Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla 1753-1811 Social Revolution End of caste system Almost no criollo support Oct. 30 retreats from Mexico City July 31, 1811 executed in Chihuahua, Chihuahua 32
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1833 Cholera Epidemic 34
Jose Maria Morelos y Pavon 1765-1815 Mestizo priest More successful on the battlefield than Hidalgo 35
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1813 Chilpancingo Congress Congress of Anáhuac political vision for Mexico 37
Article for discussion Who wrote the article? When? What do we know about the author? What is the author s feelings about Hidalgo and his followers? What are the goals of the document? Does Morelos want to create a society where all Mexicans are equal?
1813 Sentimientos de la Nación ("Feelings of the Nation ) America is free and independent of Spain and all other nations, governments, or monarchies. The Catholic faith is the sole religion, and no others will be tolerated. Division of powers into appropriate executive, legislative, and judicial branches. Jobs to be reserved for Americans only. An end to slavery and discrimination based on castes. December 12 to be dedicated to the Virgin of Guadalupe, and celebrated. 39
December 22, 1815 Tezmalaca, Pue. 40
El Angel de la Independencia http://aristeguinoticias.com/1401/mexico/hu esos-de-ninos-mujeres-y-animales-entrelos-restos-de-los-heroes-patrios/ 41
California Hippolyte Bouchard 1818 attacks Monterrey & San Juan Capistrano California remains loyal to Spain
1815-1821 War of Independence 43
1815-1821 War of Independence Felix Fernandez Oaxaca Vicente Guerrero Acapulco Agustin de Iturbide 44
Plan de Iguala 1821 1. The Mexican nation is independent of the Spanish nation, and of every other, even on its own Continent. 2. Its religion shall be the Catholic, which all its inhabitants profess. 3. They shall be all united, without any distinction between Americans and Europeans. 8. His Majesty Ferdinand VII shall be invited to the throne of the empire, and in case of his refusal, the Infantes Don Carlos and Don Francisco de Paula. 9. Should His Majesty Ferdinand VII and his august brothers decline the invitation, the nation is at liberty to invite to the imperial throne any member of reigning families whom it may select. Attract conservative criollos 3 guarantees Religion Independence Equality White = religion Green = independence Red = union 45
Abrazo de Acatempa Feb.10 1821 46
Treaty of Córdoba August 24, 1821 Agustín de Iturbide the last royal viceroy Juan de O Donojú 47
Mexican Empire 8 months from July 21, 1822 to March 19, 1823
1 st Emperor Agustín de Iturbide Generalísimo de Tierra y Mar (120,000 pesos) Becomes emperor July 21, 1822 U.S. minister Joel Poinsett Caudillo Dissolves legislative branch
Vicente Filisola 50
Mexican Politics during the 19 th Century Overall instability Military dominated politics: 1821-1860 (50 presidents) 1821 Iturbide Empire: Constitutional Monarchy 1824-1835-1846 Federalist & Centralist Republic 1846-1863 Federalist Republic 1863-1867 2 nd Empire 1867-1876 Republic Foreign Invasions 51