The Origins of Cold War Chapter 26 Section 1
Warm-Up 4/23/2018 What was the Cold War?
I. Former Allies Now Opponents: A. U.S. 1. Political system: Republic - Government by the people a. Vote for leaders b. Constitution that guards American citizens freedoms and rights - including private property 2. Economic system: capitalism a. Products made by the people for the people b. Services provided by the people for the people
B. Soviet Union: 1. Political system: communism (Karl Marx) Totalitarian Government by one man a. Supported by members of the communist party b. Government owns all property c. Government controls all aspects of peoples lives d. Demands all loyalty to the government - secret police spies on own people & sends opponents to labor camps (brutal gulags ) or killed
e. Goal: to encourage communism in other countries worldwide revolution struggle between workers and wealthy 1. Gov. makes military weapons 2. Gov. promotes spies in other countries esp. U.S. 2. Economic system: communism a. Government owns all property b. Government trains workers c. Government places workers in jobs where all workers paid approximately same wage. Workers can never make their own money, so lose incentive to work.
All democratic, capitalistic governments enemies of communism and will eventually fall to communism.
II. Leaders: A. USSR: Joseph Stalin: USSR (Used terror!) 1929-1953 1. Russia s economy backward a. No industry b. Poor peasants farmed by hand 2. Five-year plans: Goal: produce a certain amount of food a. Forced peasants off land b. Encouraged city workers to help gov. force peasants to give up their land (Many peasants objected - killed, exported to GULAGS, or died of starvation) c. Transformed Soviet Union from backwards country to industrial power d. Killed 20-25 million people
B. U.S.A.: Harry Truman: 1945 1952: 1. Became president when FDR died 2. Elected in 1948 a. Honest b. Straight-talker c. Took responsibility for actions: The buck stops here. III. Post W.W. II Events: A. United Nations formed: 1945 1. 50 nations 2. Met in San Francisco 3. Formed to solve world problems through peaceful talks 4. U.S. joined did not ignore as did League of Nations post W.W. I
IV. Truman s Foreign Policy: A. Containment: Prevent extension of communist rule to other countries 1. Reason: a. Stalin had prevented free elections in Poland and other satellite countries as had promised at Yalta b. Told U.S. he deserved control of these satellite countries because of the Soviet Union s war efforts. c. Forced countries to be communist
2. Winston Churchill s speech: a. An iron curtain has been drawn across Europe separating communist and free Europe.
B. Policy of containment led to the Cold War: 1. a conflict between the United States and the Soviet Union a. Neither nation directly confronted each other on the battlefield b. Supported other countries with similar political systems c. U.S. foreign policy from 1945 until Ronald Reagan in the 1980 s.
C. How did Truman enforce policy of containment? 1947 1. Truman Doctrine: a. Policy of U.S. to support free peoples who are resisting attempted conquest by armed minorities or outside pressures. b. Using doctrine, Congress OK d $400 million in aid to Turkey & Greece to fight communist takeover in those countries. 2. Marshall Plan: a. U.S. sent aid to post-war Europe that was in chaos: no factories, people in refugee camps, bitter winter b. Between 1947 and 1951 1. U.S. sent $13 billion in aid to 16 Western European countries 2. By 1952, W. Europe flourishing. Communism had lost appeal.
Class Question: Why do you think the United States wanted Europe to be prosperous?
E. Struggle over Germany: 1. At Yalta, powers divided Germany into zones a. West Germany: 3 zones 1. America 2. Great Britain 3. France b. East Germany: Soviet Union 1. Berlin: divided inside East Germany a. East: Soviet Union b. West: Three zones
2. Berlin Air Lift Background: a. Stalin wanted to take over West Berlin b. Closed all highway and rail routes into East Berlin c. No fuel, food or medicine could reach that part of the city d. 2.1 million people were stranded with enough food to last for five weeks e. Stalin would open again if U.S., France, and GB would leave W. Berlin
f. Berlin Airlift 1948: 1. U.S. and British aircraft 2. Flew 327 days round the clock 3. 277,000 flights 4. Brought 2.3 million tons of supplies food, fuel, medicine and Christmas presents that crews bought with their own money