WWI & ITS AFTERMATH
IDENTIFY 4 FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO THE START OF WWI. -MILITARISM -ALLIANCES -IMPERIALISM -NATIONALISM
MILITARISM MILITARISM: The aggressive build-up of armed forces to intimidate and threaten other nations. Germany builds a strong, modern navy This intimidates Great Britain who relied on navy strength to protect its island country. Great Britain aligns with France & Russia
ALLIANCES Alliances forced countries to get involved if and when they were ever attacked. Germany (afraid of French retaliation) formed alliances with Italy Austria-Hungary Russia (wanting to protect their fellow Slavs in SE Europe from German invasion) sought an alliance with France. Franco-Russian Alliance
IMPERIALISM IMPERIALISM: Idea that a country can increase its power through domination of smaller, weaker countries. Emphasis on promoting your culture above those of other countries Helped to strengthen tension amongst European powers.
NATIONALISM NATIONALISM: Feeling of intense pride in one s homeland Emphasis on promoting your culture above those of other countries Helped to strengthen tension amongst European powers.
ALLIANCES ARE TRIGGERED FRANZ FERDINAND: Archduke of Austria- Hungary was assassinated (along with his wife) by a Serbian who hoped to ignite a war in 1914.
ALLIANCES ARE TRIGGERED AUSTRIA-HUNGARY DECLARES WAR ON SERBIA AUSTRIA-HUNGARY TURNS TO GERMANY FOR HELP SERBIA TURNS TO RUSSIA TRIPLE ENTENTE TRIPLE ALLIANCE -FRANCE -RUSSIA -GREAT BRITAIN -GERMANY -AUSTRIA-HUNGARY -ITALY
U.S. PREPARES FOR WAR WAR INDUSTRIES BOARD: Established to coordinate the production of war materials and allocate raw materials. FOOD ADMINISTRATION: Agency responsible for increasing food production while reducing civilian consumption. Encouraged civilians to grow their own food in VICTORY GARDENS. Food Will Win the War Don t Waste It
U.S. PREPARES FOR WAR NATIONAL WAR LABOR BOARD: Established to prevent strikes from disrupting the war effort. Encouraged 8hr workday Helped to improve wages Allow unions to collectively bargain.
PAYING FOR THE WAR Taxes could not cover the cost of war, so the government issued bonds. Nearly $20 Billion was borrowed by the government through the sale of Victory Bonds and Liberty Bonds.
SHAPING PUBLIC OPINION COMMITTEE ON PUBLIC INFORMATION: Government agency created to sell the war to the American people. Recruited advertising specialists, songwriters, entertainers, and movie companies to support the war effort.
SHAPING PUBLIC OPINION ESPIONAGE: Spying to acquire government information. Espionage Act of 1917 and Sedition Act of 1918 made it illegal to speak out against the government, aid the enemy, give false reports, or interfere with the war effort. Led to over 1,000 convictions.
BUILDING AN ARMY SELECTIVE SERVICE: Required all men between 21 and 30 to register for the draft. A lottery randomly determined the order in which they were called to service. 2.8 million were drafted for WWI. Approximately 2 million volunteered to fight.
WOMEN IN WWI WWI was the first war in which women officially served in the armed forces. Only women to serve in the Army overseas were in the Army Nursing Corps 11,000 women served in the Navy performing mostly clerical duties.
PROMOTING THE WAR PROPAGANDA: Information designed to influence opinion. As we review the following propaganda posters, identify the following: 1. Intent (what are they trying to accomplish) 2. Intended audience 3. How are colors used to evoke an emotional response?
Something to watch for evidence of.. Why was the Treaty of Versailles a flawed peace?
THE WAR ENDS March 1917, Russia leaves the war after the Bolshevik Party overthrows the government and established a Communist government. July 4, 1917. United States enters the war. October 1918, several states in the Austria- Hungarian Empire declare independence Austria-Hungary and Ottoman Empire surrender by November.
THE WAR ENDS November 1918. Angry with the war, German workers and soldiers seize power in several cities. German Emperor steps down Republic of Germany created, November 9 1918. Republic of Germany signs an ARMISTICE to stop the fighting at the 11 th hour on the 11 th day in the 11 th month, 1918.
THE WAR ENDS TREATY OF VERSAILLES: Treaty signed between the U.S., France, Great Britain and Germany officially ending the war. Delegates met at the Versailles Palace near Paris Lasted 5 months Russia not invited because the U.S. did not recognize the Communist government.
WILSONS PEACE PLAN FOURTEEN POINTS: Woodrow Wilsons plan presented at the Versailles Conference that he believed, if implemented, would establish the conditions for lasting peace in Europe. Addressed the right of NATIONAL SELF- DETERMINATION: idea that the borders of countries should be loosely based on ethnicity and national identity.
WILSONS PEACE PLAN LEAGUE OF NATIONS: The 14 th point called for a general association of nations that would help preserve peace by pledging to respect and protect each others territory. Wilson s plan received an enthusiastic reception in Paris and throughout Europe.
SEEDS FOR FUTURE WAR? The Treaty of Versailles included the following: Armed forced reduced in size and NO troops allowed west of Rhine River Blamed Germany solely for the war Forced the payment of REPARATIONS: monetary compensation for all the war damage it had caused ($33 Billion). The U.S. Constitution requires 2/3 vote to ratify (approve) of any treaty. IT FAILS TO PASS!
LASTING EFFECTS OF WWI Four empires dismantled Russian Empire Ottoman Empire German Empire Austria-Hungary Empire 9 new nations created in Europe Austria, Czechoslovakia, Estonia, Finland, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, and Yugoslavia
LASTING EFFECTS OF WWI 6 new nations created in Middle East Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, Iraq, Palestine, Transjordan. Germany left in ruins both spiritually and economically. Loans to help Germany and pay reparations sets us up for the Great Depression
THE GREAT DEPRESSION
WHAT FACTORS CONTRIBUTED TO THE GREAT DEPRESSION?
The Roaring Twenties The economic collapse that began in 1929 seemed unimaginable only a year earlier. In the 1928 election, both candidates tried to paint a rosy picture of the future. Republican Herbert Hoover declared: We are nearer to the final triumph over poverty than ever before in the history of any land.
CAUSES OF THE GREAT DEPRESSION A long period of rising stock prices (BULL MARKET), convinced many people to invest in stocks. 1. BUYING ON MARGIN small cash down payment and the rest of the money is loaned from the stockbroker.
CAUSES OF THE GREAT DEPRESSION 1. BUYING ON MARGIN: -Stockbrokers would earn both a commission on the sale of stock and from loan interest. -To protect themselves, stockbrokers could issue a MARGIN CALL, which demands that investors repay the loan at once.
CAUSES OF THE GREAT DEPRESSION Before the 1920s, the price investors paid for stocks had generally reflected the stocks true value. 2. SPECULATION: -Buyers hoping for a quick windfall, engaged in SPECULATION which is when investors bid up prices without considering a companies earnings and profits in hopes of selling to make money quickly.
CAUSES OF THE GREAT DEPRESSION 3. STOCK MARKET CRASH -The market had run out of new customers, professional investors sensed danger and began to sell off their holdings. Others sold shares to pay off interest on their brokerage loans. -BLACK TUESDAY: October 29, 1929, 16 million shares of stock were sold (loss of $10-15 Billion in one day)
CAUSES OF THE GREAT DEPRESSION 4. BANKS BEGIN TO CLOSE: Banks invest peoples deposits of money into the stock market. The market crash severely weakened the banks in two ways: Banks stopped loaning out money creates recession Some banks closed, - causes run on the banks when people demand their money. People lost their savings when banks collapsed.
CAUSES OF THE GREAT DEPRESSION 5. UNEVEN DISTRIBUTION OF WEALTH *In 1929, the top 5% of all American households earned 30% of nation s income. *2/3 of families earned less than $2,500 a year.
CAUSES OF THE GREAT DEPRESSION 6. OVERPRODUCTION *After WWI, increased production capacity of both factories and farms, leaves a surplus of goods driving down prices
CAUSES OF THE GREAT DEPRESSION 7. LOSS OF EXPORT SALES *WWI left Europe in a recession. In order to protect American businesses, conservatives passed the HAWLEY- SMOOT TARIFF, which raised the average tariff rate to the highest in history. *Countries responded by raising their own tariffs *Fewer American products sold overseas *Exports one-fifth of previous year
CAUSES OF THE GREAT DEPRESSION 8. MISTAKES BY FEDERAL RESERVE The Federal Reserve kept interest rates very low throughout the 1920s. 1. Encouraged banks to make risky loans (also fueled speculation). 2. Low interest rates led business leaders to think the economy was still expanding.
HOW DID PEOPLE COPE WITH LIFES STRUGGLES DURING THE GREAT DEPRESSION?
STRUGGLING TO GET BY People without jobs often went hungry. When possible, they stood in bread lines---sometimes blocks long for free food.
STRUGGLING TO GET BY Families could not pay rent and were evicted by BAILIFFS (court officers).
STRUGGLING TO GET BY Throughout the country, newly homeless people put up shacks on unused or public lands. Blaming President Hoover for their plight, they nicknamed these shantytowns Hoovervilles.
STRUGGLING TO GET BY Many homeless and unemployed Americans began to wander around the country walking, hitchhiking, or riding the rails. These wanderers were known as HOBOS.
THE DUST BOWL A terrible drought and uncultivated fields turned the Great Plains to dust. From the Dakotas to Texas, America s wheat fields became a vast DUST BOWL.
By the spring of 1935, people began to do die of what was called dust pneumonia and in 1938 Woody Guthrie wrote a song called Dust Pneumonia Blues. Dust Pneumonia Blues
During the dust storms, the static electricity was so bad it would short out cars leaving people stranded in the middle of the storms.
ART & ENTERTAINMENT Movies and radio shows were very popular during the 1930 s in part to help Americans escape their worries. The superhero genre was born with Superman in 1938 and Batman in 1939.
ART & ENTERTAINMENT During the 1930s more than 60 million Americans went to the movies each week. WALT DISNEY: Brought Mickey Mouse to life in 1920 and produced the first featurelength animated film, Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, in 1937.
ART & ENTERTAINMENT Daytime radio dramas carried over their story lines from day to day. The shows were often sponsored by makers of laundry soaps and they gained the nickname of SOAP OPERAS.
ART & ENTERTAINMENT Painters in the 1930s emphasized traditional American values. GRANT WOOD: most famous work American Gothic pays tribute to no-nonsense Midwesterners while gently making fun of their severity.
Economic depression cannot be cured by legislative action or executive pronouncement. Economic wounds must be healed by the action of the cells of the economic body - the producers and consumers themselves. -Herbert Hoover
PROMOTING RECOVERY President Hoover believed that the American system of rugged individualism would keep the economy moving. He felt that the government should not step in to help individuals with relief and that they were responsible for taking care of themselves. Hoover hoped to fix the economy through loans and public works projects
RESCUING THE BANKS To get the economy moving again, Hoover focused on expanding the money supply. Established National Credit Corporation, that created a pool of money that allowed banks to continue lending. Failed to meet the needs. RECONSTRUCTION FINANCE CORPORATION: Congressional agency created to give loans to businesses. Failed to sufficiently meet the need.
DIRECT HELP Hoover was strongly against government intervention in RELIEF: money given directly to impoverished families. Reluctantly, with little other success and rising political support for relief, Hoover signed Emergency Relief and Construction Act: Called for $1.5 Billion for public works and $300 million in emergency loans to states for direct relief. ** **FOR THE FIRST TIME IN U.S. HISTORY THE GOVERNMENT WAS SUPPLYING DIRECT RELIEF FUNDS.
TOO LITTLE TOO LATE?! Farmers, veterans, and others who were suffering grew frustrated and demanded the government do something to help. Hunger Marches were organized by the American Communist Party in cities around the country.
TOO LITTLE TOO LATE?! Due to high yields, farmers were forced to sell below cost leading creditors to FORECLOSE (bank reclaiming property from loan) on their farms. Desperate to raise prices, farmers would burn crops to reduce supply.
TOO LITTLE TOO LATE?! WWI Veterans had been promised a $1,000 bonus to be paid in 1945. The veterans marched on Washington to lobby for an early payment. A bill in Congress would allow early payment was defeated in 1931. After the bill was defeated, Angry veterans marched across the country and set up a camp in Washington D.C. to protest. Some occupied vacant buildings. The press termed the marchers the BONUS ARMY
TOO LITTLE TOO LATE?! Hoover ordered vacant buildings cleared, General MacArthur also cleared the camps with infantry, tanks, and cavalry.
HOOVERS LEGACY Hoover had failed to resolve the economic crisis, but he did more than any prior president to expand the federal governments economic role. The resulting outcry over how the Bonus Army was handled and the lingering Depression tarnished Hoover s public image.