Nationalism and Nation Building Unification in Italy and Germany 19th Century Nation Building You are the leader of either France, Sardinia-Piedmont, or Prussia. France How do you plan to strengthen your empire and avoid the problems of another revolutionary outbreak? Sardinia-Piedmont & Prussia There s strength in Unification on nationalistic lines. What are your reasons for wanting to unify, or what can you expect to gain (besides unification itself)? How, specifically, do you plan to unify your nation? What obstacles will stand in your way, and how do you plan to deal with those? France Under Napoleon III Election of 1848 Universal male suffrage Napoleonic legend Fear of urban socialism Napoleon s program for France Napoleonic Ideas The Elimination of Poverty National Assembly conservative leaning - Dec 2, 1851
SWITZERLAND TYROL 1919 Lake Como Trent Gorizia Magenta LOMBARDY 1859 VENETIA Peschiera 1866 Verona Turin Milan Trieste Solferino Villafranca Venice Alessandria Mantua Legnago Fiume 1924 Parma PIEDMONT Ferrara PARMA ISTRIA Modena 1919 Genoa MODENA Bologna Rimini LUCCA Lucca SAN MARINO Pisa Florence Urbino TUSCANY Perugia Ancona Siena Ajaccio TUNISIA CORSICA (French) SARDINIA Po R. Adda R. ELBA CAPRERA Arno R. Civitavecchia Bolzano Rome PAPAL STATES 1870 Palermo PANTELLERIA PELAGIE I. Gaeta Annexed 1860 AUSTRIA Naples Zara 1920 KINGDOM OF THE TWO SICILIES SICILY Messina Catania Syracuse MALTA (British) LISSA Kingdom of Sardinia at 1859 Areas annexed in 1859 Areas annexed in 1860 Areas annexed in 1866 Area annexed in 1870 Areas annexed from 1919 to 1924 Italian boundary at 1924 Fortress LACOSTA 1920 YUGOSLAVIA Taranto Bari SASENO 0 50 100 Miles ALBANIA CORFU GREECE Napoleon III s Second Empire Investment banks & Credit Unions Massive railroad construction Workers Right to Strike Public works projects Urban Planning & Rebuilding of Paris ( ) Italian Unification Background Battleground for great powers Congress of Vienna reorganization - 1815 3 Basic Approaches to Unification: Centralized republic based on universal male suffrage Federation under presidency of progressive Pope Liberal Const. (1848) = progressive, but not radical Papal Opposition Pius IX - (1864) Italian Unification PM Camillo Cavour s National Goals: Seeking diplomatic recognition SAVOY (To France 1860) FRANCE NICE (To France 1860) Ticino R. ROMAGNA UMBRIA Tiber R. Volturno R. ADRIATIC SEA Alliance with Napoleon III TYRRHENIAN SEA Radical nationalist Nat l liberation, Mazzini republicanism May 1860 - Red Shirts & the Expedition of the Thousand Sept. 1860, Garibaldi gives way to union Popular nationalism turns conservative Franco-Prussian War unites the rest in 1871 MEDITERRANEAN SEA MEDITERRANEAN SEA
Germany Before Bismarck Political stalemate Frederick William IV Failed reforms of 1848 - German customs union idealistic support of unification Growing tension with Austria Reforms of expanded army, militarism Parliament wealthy MC Block militaristic budget Otto von Bismarck Diplomatic career - One must always have two irons in the fire. might makes right The great questions of the day will not be decided by speeches and resolutions... but by blood and iron. Build Prussian strength Parliamentary opposition Wars of German Unification Schleswig-Holstein, 1864 Austro-Prussian War, 1866 railroads, quick mobilization weapons Prussian General Staff - Helmuth von Moltke Peace terms: German Confederation dissolved, Austria removed from German affairs Taming Parliament Victory brings goal of Federal Const. for Northern German Confederation Chancellor responsible only to President Federal Govt. controls army/diplomacy Legislature elected by universal male suffrage
Wars of German Unification Franco-Prussian War, 1870-71 Perceived French advantages: Best rifles Machine gun Superior navy Austria-Italy pledge Reality: Frontal Prussian artillery Machine guns kept in back Land war Austria remains neutral Kennedy - Course of the war (1870-71) Napoleon III captured at Sedan, Sept 1, 1870 Surrender, Jan 1871 Harsh peace treaty William I = Emperor of United German Empire Reparations = 5 billion francs Results French revanche Surge of patriotism in Germany 1862-5th strongest power in Europe 1872 - strongest major power of all five Modernization of Russia: The Great Reforms Reform efforts of Peter the Great (1672-1725) By 1850s: Backward industry & agricultural techniques basic social institution (1853-56) Fallen behind in modernization Abolition of serfdom (1861) - Collective responsibility Zemstvo Railroad boom 1860-1,250 miles of railroad 1880-15,500 miles of railroad Industrial development as result Class of modern factory workers = - minister of finance (1892-1903) Railroads as economic weapon Doubled RR s to 35,000 miles Westernization 19th century Coffeehouse Debates Is liberalism or socialism the better choice for the majority of people? Does liberalism s emphasis on free trade promise a better time for workers able to buy food cheaply, or does it harm local peasants and farmers? Is socialism a practical option, or would it prove unworkable? Which socialist reformer had the most practical plan for changing and bettering society? Even though liberals supported limited enfranchisement (limited voting rights for propertied white males), does liberalism inevitably lead to greater representation of the majority of people in politics?
19th century Coffeehouse Debates What is Charles Darwin s thesis, and what basis does Darwin have for his conclusions? What will be the impact of Darwinian evolutionary theory on European intellectual and cultural life? How might Darwinian theory be applied to society, and will this have a positive or negative impact? Is Darwinism a revolutionary force encouraging secularism and realism, or does it primarily reinforce previously pre-existing European hierarchies of gender and race?