7th Grade Civics End of Course Exam. Study Guide

7th Grade Civics End of Course Exam Study Guide 1

The date of my Civics End of Course will be: 2

Table of Contents Origins and Purposes of Law and Government 5 SS.7.C.1.1 - Recognize how Enlightenment ideas including Montesquieu s view of separation of power and John Locke s theories related to natural law and how Locke s social contract influenced the Founding Fathers. 5 SS.7.C.1.2 - Trace the impact that the Magna Carta, English Bill of Rights, Mayflower Compact, and Thomas Paine's "Common Sense" had on colonists' views of government. 7 SS.7.C.1.3 - Describe how English policies and responses to colonial concerns led to the writing of the Declaration of Independence. 9 SS.7.C.1.4 - Analyze the ideas (natural rights, role of the government) and complaints set forth in the Declaration of Independence. 10 SS.7.C.1.5 - Identify how the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation led to the writing of the Constitution. 12 SS.7.C.1.6 - Interpret the intentions of the Preamble of the Constitution. 14 SS.7.C.1.7 - Describe how the Constitution limits the powers of government through separation of powers and checks and balances. 16 SS.7.C.1.8 - Explain the viewpoints of the Federalists and the Anti-Federalists regarding the ratification of the Constitution and inclusion of a bill of rights. 17 SS.7.C.1.9 - Define the rule of law and recognize its influence on the development of the American legal, political, and governmental systems. 19 SS.7.C.3.10 - Identify sources and types (civil, criminal, constitutional, military) of law. 20 Roles, Rights and Responsibilities of Citizens 22 SS.7.C.2.1 - Define the term "citizen," and identify legal means of becoming a United States citizen. 22 SS.7.C.2.2 - Evaluate the obligations citizens have to obey laws, pay taxes, defend the nation, and serve on juries. 24 SS.7.C.2.4 - Evaluate rights contained in the Bill of Rights and other amendments to the Constitution. 26 SS.7.C.2.5 - Distinguish how the Constitution safeguards and limits individual rights. 29 SS.7.C.3.6 - Evaluate constitutional rights and their impact on individuals and society. 31 SS.7.C.3.7 - Analyze the impact of the 13th, 14th, 15th, 19th, 24th, and 26th amendments on participation of minority groups in the American political process. 33 SS.7.C.3.12 - Analyze the significance and outcomes of landmark Supreme Court cases including, but not limited to, Marbury v. Madison, Plessy v. Ferguson, Brown v. Board of Education, Gideon v. Wainwright, Miranda v. Arizona, in re Gault, Tinker v. Des Moines, Hazelwood v. Kuhlmier, United States v. Nixon, and Bush v. Gore. 35 Government Policies and Political Processes 39 SS.7.C.2.8 - Identify America's current political parties, and illustrate their ideas about government. 39 3

SS.7.C.2.9 - Evaluate candidates for political office by analyzing their qualifications, experience, issue-based platforms, debates, and political ads. 40 SS.7.C.2.10 - Examine the impact of media, individuals, and interest groups on monitoring and influencing government. 42 SS.7.C.2.11 - Analyze media and political communications (bias, symbolism, propaganda). 43 SS.7.C.2.13 - Examine multiple perspectives on public and current issues. 46 SS.7.C.4.1 - Differentiate concepts related to United States domestic and foreign policy. 47 SS.7.C.4.2 - Recognize government and citizen participation in international organizations. 49 SS.7.C.4.3 - Describe examples of how the United States has dealt with international conflicts. 51 Organization and Function of Government 53 SS.7.C.3.1 - Compare different forms of government (direct democracy, representative democracy, socialism, communism, monarchy, oligarchy, autocracy). 53 SS.7.C.3.2 - Compare parliamentary, federal, confederal, and unitary systems of government. 55 SS.7.C.3.3 - Illustrate the structure and function (three branches of government established in Articles I, II, and III with corresponding powers) of government in the United States as established in the Constitution. 57 SS.7.C.3.4 - Identify the relationship and division of powers between the federal government and state governments. 59 SS.7.C.3.5 - Explain the Constitutional amendment process. 61 SS.7.C.3.8 - Analyze the structure, functions, and processes of the legislative, executive, and judicial branches. 63 SS.7.C.3.11 - Diagram the levels, functions, and powers of courts at the state and federal levels. 67 SS.7.C.3.13 - Compare the constitutions of the United States and Florida. 69 SS.7.C.3.14 - Differentiate between local, state, and federal governments' obligations and services. 70 4

Origins and Purposes of Law and Government SS.7.C.1.1 - Recognize how Enlightenment ideas including Montesquieu s view of separation of power and John Locke s theories related to natural law and how Locke s social contract influenced the Founding Fathers. Vocabulary John Locke Natural Law, Natural Rights (Life, Liberty, Property), Social Contract government and people form a contract Limited Government Montesquieu The principle that a ruler or a government is not all-powerful Separation of Powers (legislative, executive, judicial) Natural Right A freedom people possess relating to life, liberty, and property Separation of Powers The split of authority among legislative, executive, and judicial branches The image below concerns government. 1. Which Enlightenment idea is represented by the image? A. Separation of powers B. Checks and balances C. Social contract D. Natural law 5

The statements below are from the 1776 Virginia Declaration of Rights 2. Which statement reflects the Enlightenment ideas of government as expressed by Montesquieu? A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4 3. How are the Enlightenment ideas that influenced the Founding Fathers reflected in modern institutions? A. Colonies have been re-established to preserve popular sovereignty. B. Oligarchies have increased to safeguard natural rights. C. The United Nations promotes universal human rights. D. The European Union encourages economic stability. Application Activity 6

SS.7.C.1.2 - Trace the impact that the Magna Carta, English Bill of Rights, Mayflower Compact, and Thomas Paine's "Common Sense" had on colonists' views of government. Vocabulary Magna Carta Mayflower Compact English Bill of Rights Common Sense Self- Government Limited Monarchy The first document to limit the power of the King of England; limited the government; signed in 1215 First form of self-government outside of the King of England; created in 1620 A list of rights for the people of England; limited the government s power; passed in 1689 Pamphlet written by Thomas Paine arguing for the American Colonies to break away from English rule Rule by people (popular sovereignty) A government where the king s power is limited 4. Which documents influenced the colonists' views of government? A. Common Sense, Articles of Confederation, Declaration of the Rights of Man B. Virginia Declaration of Rights, Common Sense, Bill of Rights C. Magna Carta, Mayflower Compact, Common Sense D. Magna Carta, Iroquois Constitution, Common Sense The diagram below shows that the colonists formed some of their political views from some historical documents. 5. Which phrase completes the diagram? A. Separation of powers 7

B. Economic freedom C. Self-government D. Individual rights The passage below was written by Thomas Paine in his 1771 pamphlet, Common Sense. 6. Based on this passage, how is the author's view reflected in the U.S. political system? A. The monarchy creates limited government. B. The monarchy supports self-government. C. Representatives are appointed. D. Representatives are elected. Application Activity 8

SS.7.C.1.3 - Describe how English policies and responses to colonial concerns led to the writing of the Declaration of Independence. Vocabulary Assent To give one s approval; agree to something Oppression Cruel or unjust use of authority or power Self-Evident Obvious Tyranny Harsh, cruel, and severe government or conduct Duty A tax Rule of Law No one is above the law. Everyone must follow the law. Taxation without Representation Abolish Colonists did not have a vote in English Parliament To remove Sovereignty To have power over Parliament The English legislature 7. Which documents addressed colonial concerns about English policies? A. Declaration of Independence B. Mayflower Compact C. U.S. Constitution D. Bill of Rights The diagram below describes a cause that led to the writing of the Declaration of Independence. 9

8. Which action completes the diagram? A. Colonial agriculture trade increases. B. Colonial religious devotion increases. C. Colonial demand for political change increases. D. Colonial demand for military assistance increases. 9. Why did Parliament eventually repeal the Stamp Act, which taxed goods such as newspapers and playing cards? A. The colonists established a blockade against British goods. B. The colonists were able to produce their own goods. C. The colonists started destroying British goods. D. The colonists began boycotting British goods. Application Activity SS.7.C.1.4 - Analyze the ideas (natural rights, role of the government) and complaints set forth in the Declaration of Independence. Vocabulary Debt from the French and Indian War England owed money from assisting the colonies in the French and Indian war and began demanding that the colonies help pay it back in the form of taxes 10

Road to the American Revolution Declaration of Independence Self-Evident Taxation without representation, no trial by jury, limiting judicial power, quartering soldiers, dissolving legislatures Natural rights unalienable rights (life, liberty, pursuit of happiness) Role of Government consent of the governed, people may abolish the government Complaints (see Road to the American Revolution) Obvious Unalienable Cannot take away The passage below is from a historical document. 10. Which document contains this passage? A. Declaration of Independence B. Articles of Confederation C. English Bill of Rights D. U.S. Constitution The passage below was written by Thomas Paine in his 1776 book, Common Sense. 11

11. Based on this passage, with which complaint against the king from the Declaration of Independence would Thomas Paine agree? A. Persecuting immigrant groups B. Taking away religious rights C. Taking away political rights D. Persecuting racial groups 12. What is one way that the ideas stated in the Declaration of Independence are evident today? A. Equal employment opportunities B. Voting rights amendments C. Selective service D. Term limits Application Activity SS.7.C.1.5 - Identify how the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation led to the writing of the Constitution. Vocabulary 12

Articles of Confederation the first constitution of the United States Confederation A system of government where power is located with the independent states and there is little power in the central government; a confederation is also known as a confederal system Constitutional Convention Debt A meeting in Philadelphia in 1787 where delegates decided to throw out the Articles of Confederation and draft the Constitution Something owed, such as money Shays Rebellion an event when 2,000 Massachusetts farmers rebelled against land foreclosures and debt from the Revolutionary War The diagram below shows steps leading to a historical event. 13. Which event completes the diagram? A. Declaration of Independence B. Articles of Confederation C. Annapolis Convention D. Whiskey Rebellion 14. How did the U.S. Constitution solve a problem created by the Articles of Confederation? A. It avoided the issue of states' rights. B. It allowed the states to elect representatives. C. It prevented the amendment of federal laws. D. D. It enabled the federal government to collect taxes. The passage below is from a historical document. 13

15. How does the U.S. Constitution address concerns that resulted from the government described in this passage? A. The new government could enforce treaties between the states. B. The new government could settle disputes between the states. C. The new government could regulate trade between the states. D. The new government could levy taxes between the states. Application Activity 14

SS.7.C.1.6 - Interpret the intentions of the Preamble of the Constitution. Vocabulary Defense method of protecting oneself Domestic Referring to something at home, not foreign Insure ensure, to make sure Justice A system of establishing what is legal and illegal by fair rules Ordain to establish something by law Posterity Future generations Preamble the introduction to the U.S. Constitution Tranquility peace Union something formed by combining parts, such as states into one country Welfare well-being 16. Which part of the U.S. Constitution states the six purposes of government? A. Bill of Rights B. Article IV C. Preamble D. Article I 17. In the Preamble to the U.S. Constitution, what is the meaning of the phrase "We the People"? A. The people express their will through political parties. B. The people express their will by directly creating laws. C. Government receives taxes from the people and exists to support 15

them. D. Government receives its power from the people and exists to serve them. The statement below is from a historical document. 18. How is this statement reflected in the modern American political system? A. Voters elect Congress members. B. The Electoral College elects Congress. C. Congress enforces policies. D. The president enacts policies. Application Activity 16

SS.7.C.1.7 - Describe how the Constitution limits the powers of government through separation of powers and checks and balances. Vocabulary Checks and balances Constitutional government Judicial review Separation of power a principle of the federal government, according to the U.S. Constitution, that allows each branch of government to limit the power of the other branches A form of government based on a written set of laws that all citizens agree to; in this form of government, the constitution is the highest law of the land the power of the judicial branch to review the actions of the executive and legislative branches and determine whether or not they are unconstitutional (this includes laws passed by Congress); the U.S. Supreme Court case Marbury v. Madison established this power The structure of the federal government, according to the U.S. Constitution, that sets up three branches with their own distinct powers and responsibilities 19. What check does the U.S. Senate have on the president? A. Overriding vetoes B. Appointing judges C. Declaring laws unconstitutional D. Refusing to confirm appointments The passage below is from Federalist No. 47, written by James Madison in 1788. 20. Based on this passage, which constitutional principle does Madison describe? A. Separation of powers B. Checks and balances C. Popular sovereignty D. Judicial review 17

21. Which principle supports President Eisenhower's action to uphold the U.S. Supreme Court's decision that public schools should be integrated? A. Judicial review B. Checks and balances C. Separation of powers D. Constitutional government Application Activity SS.7.C.1.8 - Explain the viewpoints of the Federalists and the Anti- Federalists regarding the ratification of the Constitution and inclusion of a bill of rights. Vocabulary Anti-Federalist Papers Anti- Federalists Bill of Rights a series of essays written to oppose and defeat the proposed U.S. Constitution A group of people in the early United States who opposed ratification of the U.S. Constitution, because they feared a strong national government and a lack of protection for individual rights the first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution Federalist Papers A series of essays written to explain and defend the proposed U.S. Constitution 18

22. What was the Anti-Federalists' greatest concern about ratifying the U.S. Constitution? A. The lack of a federal court system. B. The lack of legislative veto power. C. The lack of a strong military. D. The lack of a bill of rights. 23. Which statement supports the Anti-Federalists in the struggle over ratification of the U.S. Constitution? A. The Constitution should limit state government. B. The Constitution should protect fundamental rights. C. The Constitution should create a strong national government. D. The Constitution should prevent the election of amateur politicians. The passage below was written by James Madison in 1787. 24. Based on this passage, what change in modern political society would Madison support? A. Expanding the size of the Cabinet B. Expanding the size of the Electoral College C. Expanding the number of candidates in campaigns D. Expanding the role of special interest groups in campaigns Application Activity 19

SS.7.C.1.9 - Define the rule of law and recognize its influence on the development of the American legal, political, and governmental systems. Vocabulary Law Rule of Law a rule established by government or other source of authority to regulate people s conduct or activities The idea that those who govern must follow the laws; no one is above the law 25. Which principle is included in the U.S. Constitution? A. Rule of law B. Right to trial C. Capitalism D. Confederalism 26. Which statement describes an impact of the rule of law? A. State of nature B. Checks and balances C. Separation of powers D. Transparency of institutions The statement below is from the Magna Carta written in 1215. 27. Which political principle justifies this statement? A. The right to trial protects political institutions. B. The rule of law guarantees fair legal treatment. C. Checks and balances prevent tyranny in government. 20

D. Separation of powers permits shared government authority. Application Activity SS.7.C.3.10 - Identify sources and types (civil, criminal, constitutional, military) of law. Vocabulary civil law constitutional law criminal law law that deals with relationships between people (rather than relationships between people and the government) law that focuses on interpreting the U.S. Constitution law that deals with crimes and the punishments for those crimes juvenile law law that deals with people who are under the age of 18 military law laws that apply only to people in the military 28. The Code of Hammurabi (1772 BC) includes laws focusing on contracts. What type of U.S. law is based on the Code of Hammurabi? A. Civil B. Constitutional C. Criminal 21

D. Military 29. Which type of law is used to help solve disputes between people or organizations? A. Civil B. Constitutional C. Criminal D. Military The passage below is from a U.S. Supreme Court opinion announcement. 30. According to the passage, which action did the U.S. Supreme Court find constitutional? A. The death penalty may be imposed only on adults. B. The death penalty may be imposed only on juveniles. C. The death penalty may be imposed on both adults and juveniles. D. The death penalty may be imposed on neither adults nor juveniles. Application Activity 22

Roles, Rights and Responsibilities of Citizens SS.7.C.2.1 - Define the term "citizen," and identify legal means of becoming a United States citizen. Vocabulary citizen citizenship A member of a community of people who owe loyalty to a government and, in turn, are entitled to its protection The rights and duties of citizens civics The study of the rights and duties of citizens government A ruling authority for a community alien A foreign-born resident of the United States who has not been naturalized immigrant An individual who moves permanently to a new country refugee naturalization A person who has left his or her home to escape danger such as persecution by the government, war, or natural disaster A legal process to obtain citizenship law of blood law of soil duty Citizenship is not determined by place of birth but by having one or both parents who are citizens of the state Citizenship is not determined by place of birth, but by having one or both parents who are citizens of the state An action we are required to perform responsibility An obligation that we meet of our own free will 23

1. Which is a requirement for a person to become a naturalized U.S. citizen? A. Passing a U.S. history and government exam B. Working in the U.S. for at least five years C. Being born to American parents D. Serving in the U.S. military The diagram below shows some general eligibility requirements. 2. Which statement completes the diagram? A. Joining a military service B. Obtaining a driver's license C. Becoming a naturalized citizen D. Receiving a social security card The table below describes permanent resident status. 3. Based on the table, what could be predicted about the impact of permanent residents on government? A. The number of person seeking citizenship by law of soil would decline. 24

B. The number of persons seeking citizenship by law of blood would increase. C. The number of persons seeking naturalization would be affected by elections for Congress. D. The number of persons seeking naturalization would be affected by elections for governor. Application Activity SS.7.C.2.2 - Evaluate the obligations citizens have to obey laws, pay taxes, defend the nation, and serve on juries. Vocabulary obligations Being morally or legally bound to do something jury A group of people (usually 12) who give a verdict in a court case according to evidence submitted in court 4. What right do citizens have? A. Attending public schools B. Owning property C. Holding a job D. Voting The illustration below shows a legal document. 25

5. Why are citizens obligated to respond to such documents? A. To guarantee court hearings remain public B. To guarantee courts provide probable cause C. To protect the constitutional right to be tried by one's peers D. To protect the constitutional right to confront one's accuser The image below describes a citizen obligation. 6. Based on this image, what can be presumed about citizen obligations? A. Citizens support attending civic meetings. B. Citizens support securing individual rights. C. Citizens resist registering for selective service. D. Citizens resist contributing to the common good. 26

Application Activity SS.7.C.2.4 - Evaluate rights contained in the Bill of Rights and other amendments to the Constitution. Vocabulary Bill of Rights the first ten amendments of the U.S. Constitution cruel and unusual punishment double jeopardy due process eminent domain equal protection punishment prohibited by the Eighth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution; includes torture or other forms of punishment too severe for the crime committed the prosecution of a defendant for a criminal offense for which he has already been tried; prohibited in the Fifth Amendment to the U. S. Constitution the right of people accused of crimes to have laws that treat them fairly, so that they cannot lose their life or freedom without having their legal rights protected the right of the government to take private property for public use; the Fifth Amendment requires that people be paid fairly (compensated) for their property if it is taken by the government a guarantee under the 14th Amendment that a state must treat a citizen or class of citizens the same as it treats other citizens or classes in like 27

under the law circumstances First Amendment pleading the fifth Right to bear arms search and seizure suffrage an amendment to the U.S. Constitution prohibiting Congress from establishing a religion, and from interfering with freedom of religious exercise, press, speech, assembly, or petition the right of a person to refuse to testify under oath in a court of law on the grounds that the answers could be used as evidence against him to convict him of a criminal offense the right of a defendant to be assisted by an attorney, and if he cannot afford his own lawyer, the government must appoint one for him; established in the Sixth Amendment the process by which police or other authorities who suspect that a crime has been committed do a search of a person's property and collect evidence related to the crime; protection from illegal search and seizure is in the Fourth Amendment the right to vote; protected in the 15th, 19th, 24th and 26th Amendments trial by jury a trial in which the issue is determined by a judge and a jury, usually with 12 members, whose job is to determine facts and make a judgment of guilty or not guilty; protected in the Sixth Amendment unenumerated rights according to the Ninth Amendment, any right that is not specifically addressed in the Constitution still may be protected (e.g., privacy) 7. Which three rights are guaranteed by the Bill of Rights? A. Freedom of speech, right to work, right to petition the government B. Right to bear arms, right to a speedy trial, right to an education C. Freedom of speech, right to bear arms, right to a speedy trial D. Right to vote, right to work, right to a speedy trial The image below symbolizes a right protected by the Bill of Rights. 28

8. What constitutional right does this image symbolize? A. Speedy trial B. Trial by peers C. Legal representation D. Peaceable assembly 9. The statement below was made by President Dwight Eisenhower upon signing Public Law 396 in 1954 which added under God to the Pledge of Allegiance. To anyone who truly loves America, nothing could be more inspiring than to contemplate this rededication of our youth, on each school morning, to our country's true meaning. Which First Amendment protections have been cited in opposition to this change? A. Establishment and free exercise B. Establishment and association C. Speech and free exercise D. Association and speech Application Activity 29

SS.7.C.2.5 - Distinguish how the Constitution safeguards and limits individual rights. Vocabulary appellate process ex post facto the process of asking a higher court to decide whether a trial was conducted properly a Latin term meaning after the fact ex post facto law habeas corpus independent judiciary precedent privacy a law that makes an act a crime after the crime has been committed the principle that the government has to provide a cause or reason for holding a person in jail the principle that decisions from the courts are fair and impartial and are not influenced by the other branches of government a court decision in an earlier case with facts and legal issues similar to those in a case currently before a court not in public public interest common benefit, the general benefit of the public safeguard To protect summary judgment a judgment decided by a trial court without the case going to trial; a summary judgment is an attempt to stop a case from going to trial 30

writ law 10. Which type of law makes an act a crime after it has been committed? A. Summary judgment B. Double jeopardy C. Habeas corpus D. Ex post facto Below is a statement from Chief Justice John Roberts. students do not shed their First Amendment rights at the school-house gate. Source: Morse v. Frederick (2007) 11. Why is this statement significant? A. The Constitution limits individual rights. B. The Constitution safeguards individual rights. C. The Constitution does not limit individual rights. D. The Constitution does not safeguard individual rights. The timeline below shows events related to the death penalty. 12. What constitutional protections have resulted from these events? A. Constitutional protections from cruel and unusual punishment are safeguarded while executions continue. B. Constitutional protections from cruel and unusual punishment are limited while executions continue. C. Constitutional protections of due process of law are safeguarded while executions continue. D. Constitutional protections of due process of law are limited while executions continue. Application Activity 31

SS.7.C.3.6 - Evaluate constitutional rights and their impact on individuals and society. Vocabulary civil disobedience economic freedom eminent domain forced internment freedom of assembly property rights the refusal to obey certain laws as a form of political protest the freedom to produce, trade, or use any goods or services in a way that is legal the right of the government to take private property for public use; the Fifth Amendment requires that people be paid fairly (compensated) for their property if it is taken by the government the confinement of a group of people, especially during a war the right to hold meetings and form groups without interference by the government; guaranteed in the First Amendment the right to own property; mentioned in the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments 13. Which individual protection is found in the Fifth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution? A. Privacy rights B. Property rights C. Forced internment D. Civil disobedience 14. Which action represents an individual exercising a constitutional right? A. Summary judgment B. Quartering soldiers 32

C. Civil disobedience D. Double jeopardy The passage below is from Executive Order 9066, President Franklin D. Roosevelt, February 19, 1942. by the authority vested in me as President of the United States, I hereby authorize the Secretary of War.whenever he deems such action necessary, to prescribe military areas in such places and of such extent as he may determine, from which any or all persons may be excluded, and with respect to which, the right of any person to enter, remain in, or leave shall be subject to whatever restrictions the Secretary of War may impose in his discretion. Source: U.S. National Archives and Records Administration 15. According to this passage, what impact does government have on the people? A. Citizens are protected from forced internment. B. Citizens may be subjected to forced internment. C. Citizens may be required to perform military service. D. Citizens are protected from required military service. Application Activity 33

SS.7.C.3.7 - Analyze the impact of the 13th, 14th, 15th, 19th, 24th, and 26th amendments on participation of minority groups in the American political process. Vocabulary 13 th Amendment 14 th Amendment 15 th Amendment 19 th Amendment 24 th Amendment 26 th Amendment amendment an amendment to the U.S. Constitution that made slavery unconstitutional in the United States an amendment to the U.S. Constitution that defines citizenship, grants citizenship to former slaves and defines voters as males at least 21 year of age an amendment to the U.S. Constitution that makes it illegal for the federal or state governments to deny someone the right to vote based on their race an amendment to the U.S. Constitution that gave women the right to vote an amendment to the U.S. Constitution that made poll taxes illegal as a requirement for voting an amendment to the U.S. Constitution that lowered the minimum voting age to 18 a change to a constitution (e.g., U.S. Constitution, Florida Constitution) civil rights Civil Rights Act of 1964 Civil Rights Act of 1968 discrimination Equal Rights Amendment the basic rights of citizens to be free from unequal treatment based on certain characteristics (e.g., race, gender, disability) a federal law that prohibits employment discrimination based on race, sex, color, religion, or national origin a federal law that prohibits discrimination related to the sale, rental and financing of housing based on race, religion, national origin or sex treating a person or group unfairly based on their race, religion, gender, disability, or other reasons a proposed amendment to the U.S. Constitution outlawing discrimination based on sex 34

literacy test poll tax a written test used to decide whether or not someone was eligible to register vote a fee someone has to pay in order to vote prohibit to forbid or to not allow something segregation the separation of people, such as segregation based on race states rights a power or issue for individual states to determine suffrage the right to vote Voting Rights Act of 1965 a federal law that banned racial discrimination in voting practices by federal, state, and local governments 16. What was a common characteristic about groups denied voting rights before the 15 th, 19 th and 26 th amendments were ratified? A. State legislatures could decide whether women, African-Americans and young people could vote. B. The president could decide whether women, African-Americans and young people could vote. C. Members of these groups were employed. D. Members of these groups had not graduated from college. The chart below describes amendments to the U.S. Constitution. Amendment Description 15 Right to vote not denied by race 19 Right to vote not denied to women 24 Right to vote not denied to those who could not pay a poll tax 26 Right to vote not denied to those 18-20 years old 17. How did these amendments affect participation in the American political process? A. More citizens could vote. B. Fewer immigrants could vote. C. More candidates could be nominated. D. Fewer candidates could be confirmed. 35

18. How are 14 th Amendment due process protections related to the Civil Rights Act of 1968? A. Congress may not enact discriminatory housing statutes. B. Congress may not enact discriminatory employment policies. C. State legislatures may not enact discriminatory housing statutes. D. State legislatures may not enact discriminatory employment policies. Application Activity SS.7.C.3.12 - Analyze the significance and outcomes of landmark Supreme Court cases including, but not limited to, Marbury v. Madison, Plessy v. Ferguson, Brown v. Board of Education, Gideon v. Wainwright, Miranda v. Arizona, in re Gault, Tinker v. Des Moines, Hazelwood v. Kuhlmier, United States v. Nixon, and Bush v. Gore. Vocabulary Arbiter aa person with the power to decide a dispute Equal Protection Clause Executive privilege the section of the 14th Amendment that says the states must apply the law equally and cannot discriminate against citizen or groups of citizens the belief that the conversations between the presidents and his or her aides are confidential 36

Judicial opinion Judicial review Juvenile Rights Landmark a judgement by a court the power of the U.S. courts to examine the laws or actions of the legislative and executive branches of the government and to determine whether such actions are consistent with the U.S. Constitution rights of people under age 18 an important or unique decision, event, fact, or discovery Legal equality the concept that everyone is equal in the eyes of the law Legal precedent Prosecute a judicial decision that is used as an example in dealing with later, similar cases to carry on a legal action against an accused person to prove his or her guilt Rights of the accused the rights included in the Fourth, Fifth and Sixth Amendments: protection from unreasonable search and seizure protection against double jeopardy protection from self-incrimination right to due process right to a speedy right to a public trial right to a trial by jury right to be informed of criminal charges right to be confronted by adverse witnesses right to an attorney, protection from self-incrimination Segregation the separation of people, such as segregation based on race Selfincrimination Separation of powers Supremacy Clause the right in the Fifth Amendment that protects a person from being forced to reveal to the police, prosecutor, judge, or jury any information that might subject him or her to criminal prosecution he structure of the federal government, according to the U.S. Constitution, that sets up three branches with their own distinct powers and responsibilities the clause that states that the U.S. Constitution is the supreme law of the land, and that national laws are supreme over state laws, found in Article VI 37

Unanimous in complete agreement Supreme Court Cases Brown v. Board of Education Bush v. Gore District of Columbia v. Heller Gideon v. Wainwright Hazelwood v. Kuhlmeier In re gault Marbury v. Madison Miranda v. Arizona Plessy v. Ferguson Tinker v. Des Moines United States v. Nixon U.S. Supreme Court case that determined that separate but equal segregation was not equal in public education U.S. Supreme Court case that determined that states cannot violate the Equal Protection Clause under the Fourteenth Amendment when undertaking election recounts. U.S. Supreme Court case that upheld that the Second Amendment protects an individual s right to possess a firearm U.S. Supreme Court case that upheld the Sixth Amendment right that all defendants must be appointed a lawyer if they cannot afford their own attorney U.S. Supreme Court case that determined that the First Amendment does not protect all types of student speech in school U.S. Supreme Court case that determined that juvenile court must comply with the Fourteenth Amendment U.S. Supreme Court case that established judicial review U.S. Supreme Court cases that upheld the Fifth Amendment protection from self-incrimination U.S. Supreme Court case that determined that separate but equal segregation was not discrimination U.S. Supreme Court case that upheld a student s First Amendment right to engage in symbolic speech in school Supreme Court case that limited executive privilege 19. In which case did the U.S. Supreme Court rule that the Florida Supreme Court's plan for recounting ballots violated the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment? A. Hazelwood v. Kuhlmeier (1988) B. Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) C. U.S. v. Nixon (1974) D. Bush v. Gore (2000) 38

20. Following the 1966 Supreme Court decision in Miranda v. Arizona, police began informing people placed under arrest that they "have the right to remain silent." What basic freedom is this meant to protect, and how does it affect arrested individuals? A. The right to freedom of speech; it provides them with the ability to speak to their attorneys without fear of incrimination. B. The protection against self-incrimination; it informs them that speaking to law enforcement could incriminate them. C. The protection of due process; it prevents convicted offenders from receiving cruel and unusual punishments. D. The right to freedom of assembly; it prevents law enforcement from asking them questions without the presence of an attorney. 21. What lessons did future U.S. leaders learn from the 1974 U.S. Supreme Court case United States v. Nixon? A. The president is accountable for obeying the law. B. The president is responsible for enforcing the law. C. The president is not allowed to hold secret talks with foreign governments. D. The president is not allowed to have private meetings with Cabinet members. Application Activity 39

Government Policies and Political Processes SS.7.C.2.8 - Identify America's current political parties, and illustrate their ideas about government. Vocabulary Democratic Party Libertarian Party Republican Party Socialist/ Communist Party Liberal; left; tax the rich and assist the poor; social programs; big government Limited government Conservative; right; family values; lower taxes; smaller government Equal wealth for all 1. Which spending increase would the Democratic Party likely support? A. Homeland security B. Space exploration C. Education D. Military The statement below is from a political party platform. We, the workers and our allies, need to take power from the hands of the wealthy few, their corporations, and their political operatives. 2. Which political party s position is represented in the statement? A. Communist B. Democratic C. Republican D. Socialist The conversation below is part of a political discussion. --------------------------- Lou: I am going to vote for the candidate who will support cutting government spending. Bob: Yes, we spend too much on some programs. 40

--------------------------- 3. Which party s candidates are these voters most likely to support? A. Democratic B. Green C. Republican D. Socialist Application Activity SS.7.C.2.9 - Evaluate candidates for political office by analyzing their qualifications, experience, issue-based platforms, debates, and political ads. Vocabulary Evaluate Candidates based on: Requirements to run for President Qualifications, Experience, Issue-based platforms, Debates, Political ads 35 years old, live in US for 14 years, born in the US 4. Which is a constitutional requirement to run for Congress? A. U.S. permanent resident B. At least 25 years old C. At least 30 years old D. U.S. citizen 41

5. Why might this have been a difficult election for Richards to win? A. Richards is a homeowner. B. Richards is a party leader. C. Richards has less political experience than his opponent. D. Richards has less employment experience than his opponent. The poster below is from a recent election. Doug is pro-immigration! Doug is pro-military! Vote for Doug 6. Based on the poster, what conclusion can be drawn about the candidate? A. Doug is running for judge. B. Doug is running for mayor. C. Doug is running for president. D. Doug is running for city council. Application Activity 42

SS.7.C.2.10 - Examine the impact of media, individuals, and interest groups on monitoring and influencing government. Vocabulary Bias Favoring one side over the other PAC Special interest group Watchdog Political action committee; an organization established by a corporation, labor union, or other special interest group designed to support candidates by contributing money An organization that tries to influence the government People and organizations that watch over the party in power so that they do not abuse or misuse their power 7. Who do lobbyists represent in their attempts to influence government? A. Military officers B. Elected officials C. Interest groups D. Circuit judges 8. Which example represents the media acting as watchdog? A. A journalist discovers that an office holder held a hearing. B. A journalist discovers that an office holder accepted a bribe. C. A journalist discovers that an office holder decided to retire. D. A journalist discovers that an office holder voted against a bill. The statements below are taken from a government document. Executive Order 13490 -- Ethics Commitments By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, it is hereby ordered as follows: Section 1. Ethics Pledge. Every appointee in every executive agency appointed on or after January 20, 2009, shall sign and pledge 43

As a condition, and in consideration, of my employment in the United States Government in a position invested with the public trust, I commit myself to the following obligations I will not accept gifts from registered lobbyists or lobbying organizations for the duration of my service as an appointee. Source: The White House 9. According to the statements, what impact have lobbyists had on government? A. Lobbyists impact how the media endorse elected officials. B. Lobbyists impact how individuals use the media. C. Lobbyists impact congressional lawmaking. D. Lobbyists impact judicial decision making. Application Activity SS.7.C.2.11 - Analyze media and political communications (bias, symbolism, propaganda). Vocabulary Propaganda A system to spread ideas 44

Bias Favoring one side over the other Symbolism The use of symbols to represent ideas or qualities Ex: the Statue of Liberty is a symbol for the United States 10. Which source would give the most accurate information about the views held by an incumbent running for Congress? A. Special interest group ratings of that Congress member B. A television commercial sponsored by a political party C. The voting record of the candidate while in Congress D. Flyers sent through the mail by the candidate The passage below is from a U.S. Supreme Court decision. The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) has for many years imposed a fairness doctrine, requiring that public issues be presented by broadcasters and that each side of those issues be given fair coverage. Source: Red Lion Broadcasting Co., Inc. v. Federal Communications Commission (1969) 11. Based on the passage, what is a goal of the FCC regulation? A. To limit bias in political communication B. To promote bias in political communication C. To limit symbolism in political communication D. To promote symbolism in political communication The poster below was used in a presidential campaign. 45

Source: Collection of the U.S. House of Representatives 12. Which government action would this presidential candidate likely support? A. An executive order requiring that executive branch employees complete their work in an honest manner B. An executive order requiring that executive branch agencies guarantee equal employment opportunity C. An executive order requiring that executive agencies work together to coordinate ocean-related matters D. An executive order requiring that a commission be established focusing on Central America Application Activity 46

SS.7.C.2.13 - Examine multiple perspectives on public and current issues. Vocabulary editorial issue an opinion based item generated by the editor or editorial board of a newspaper or other media. a subject that is under debate by two or more parties nonprofit organization perspective a group organized on a local, national or international level to perform a variety of services related to an issue or variety of issues; funding goes toward the issue instead of making a profit point of view political party special interest group an organization that tries to get political power by electing members to public office so that their political ideas can become laws or policies a group of people who are concerned with a particular issue and who try to influence legislators to act in their favor, also known as an interest group 13. Which option represents a way that multiple perspectives are reflected in political participation? A. Public meetings B. Press conference C. Legislative sessions D. State of the Union address 14. Which option reflects a long term policy goal? A. Collecting canned food to give to the poor B. Collecting signatures to run for public office C. Collecting soap and shampoo to send overseas D. Collecting signatures to put an amendment on the ballot 47

Below are views about the minimum wage. 15. Which of the following groups would most likely influence public perspectives on this debate? A. A group of labor union members B. A group of environmentalists C. A group of teachers D. A group of women voters Application Activity SS.7.C.4.1 - Differentiate concepts related to United States domestic and foreign policy. Vocabulary Secretary of State After the President; the top person who deals with foreign affairs for the US 48

Treaty An agreement between two or more nations Ambassador Diplomacy/Di plomat NAFTA official member of a government who represents his country in a foreign nation Talking things out instead of using military action/a person who uses diplomacy North American Free Trade Agreement: Mexico, USA, Canada Non- Governmental Organizations (NGO) Domestic Affairs v. Foreign Affairs International Relations NATO Doctrine A group that gets involved in international affairs to protect human rights, improve living conditions, promote peace, protect the environment, etc. Domestic home Foreign other countries Refers to how nations interact with one another North Atlantic Treaty Organization; US and its allies; Created after World War 2 A strong statement of a belief 16. What is a responsibility of the U.S. Senate in foreign policy? A. Nominating ambassadors B. Introducing tax bills C. Negotiating treaties D. Ratifying treaties 17. Which action is an example of a foreign-policy decision? A. Congress increased providing support to newly arrived immigrants. B. The president requested a law to regulate pollution near international borders. C. Congress raised educational standards to make students competitive in a global market. D. The president signed an executive order restoring relations with a communist government. Below is a graph about high school graduation rates in the United States. 49

18. Which long term domestic policy goal is reflected in the graph? A. Career preparation B. Physical fitness C. Racial equality D. Public safety Application Activity 50

SS.7.C.4.2 - Recognize government and citizen participation in international organizations. Vocabulary International Red Cross/Red Crescent UN UNICEF World Court WTO A humanitarian NGO that provides medical treatment to people all over the world United Nations is the organization where all nations meet and attempt to work out differences diplomatically (The UN also has UNICEF and The World Court) United Nations Children s Fund A UN effort to assist needy children throughout the world A court that tries people for international crimes and crimes against humanity World Trade Organization; an organization of nations who make trade agreements 19. The U.S. government is a member of which organization? A. United Nations B. European Union C. World Wildlife Fund D. International Red Cross The statement below is from Executive Order 10924, President John F. Kennedy, March 1, 1961. 20. What opportunities does the executive order create for citizens and the government? A. To provide for the common defense 51

B. To establish domestic tranquility C. To advance the common good D. To administer justice The graph below shows participation in international organizations. 21. What conclusion about international NGOs can be drawn from the graph? A. They have decreased community involvement. B. They have increased democratic participation. C. They have maintained world peace. D. They have strengthened terrorism. Application Activity 52

SS.7.C.4.3 - Describe examples of how the United States has dealt with international conflicts. Vocabulary World War 1 World War 2 Korean War US remained isolated until three years into the war; Allies: Russia, France, UK USA wins US remained isolated until Pearl Harbor; Allies: USSR, UK, France USA wins US supported the democratic south against the Chinese supported communist north; Result: stalemate; country is divided between north and south Vietnam War Bay of Pigs Cuban Missile Crisis Iran Hostage Crisis Persian Gulf War War with Afghanistan Invasion of Iraq 2003 US supported the democratic south against the communist north Result: US loses and all of Vietnam becomes communist US trains Cuban refugees to invade Cuba and defeat Castro s communist government; Result: the US trained refugees fail and Cuba fears a US invasion USSR gives Cuba nuclear missiles Result: After a tense standoff, the US and USSR make a peaceful agreement Over 60 Americans were held hostage by the Iranian revolutionaries They were released when Reagan was inaugurated Iraq invades Kuwait; The US leads forces and drives Iraq out of Kuwait After 9/11 the US invades Afghanistan to hunt down Al Qaeda, bin Laden, and the Taliban The US invades Iraq to search for weapons of mass destruction more specifically, chemical weapons 22. During which conflict did the U.S. declare war on Japan? A. Korean War B. Vietnam War? C. World War I D. World War II 53

23. A country with very strong economic ties to the United States is allowing human rights violations to take place. Based on U.S. foreign policy, which is an appropriate first response? A. Initiate a trade ban B. Initiate public protests C. Initiate diplomatic talks D. Initiate a military operation The statement below was made by President Barack Obama on August 18, 2011. 24. What is the relationship between President Obama's statement and U.S. involvement in Syrian political affairs? A. Development of diplomatic alliances B. Support for the rule of law C. Economic development D. Conflict resolution Application Activity 54

Organization and Function of Government SS.7.C.3.1 - Compare different forms of government (direct democracy, representative democracy, socialism, communism, monarchy, oligarchy, autocracy). Vocabulary Direct Democracy Representative Democracy Socialism Communism Monarchy Oligarchy people vote for everything (laws; leader) people vote for representatives who then make laws and decisions on their behalf A system where the government controls most of the means of production and wealth is distributed evenly A system where all the means of production are owned and shared equally by the people Monarchy government with a king/queen Absolute Monarchy the king/queen has complete control Rule by a few Autocracy Rule by one Republic A government where individual states come together as one Legislature A group that makes laws Congress The legislature of the United States Study the chart below and then answer question 1. Capitalism exists Worker Revolution Capitalism is overthrown Socialism is put in place Money becomes obsolete? 55

1. According to Karl Marx, the workers of the world would unite and overthrow the wealthy and eventually implement which system? A. Communism B. Federalism C. Monarchy D. Autocracy 2. What do an absolute monarchy and an autocracy have in common? A. Single ruler B. Written constitution C. National court system D. Single legislative house 3. What is a government that is run by the people, either directly or indirectly? A. Democracy B. Oligarchy C. Autocracy D. Communism Application Activity SS.7.C.3.2 - Compare parliamentary, federal, confederal, and unitary systems of government. Vocabulary Federal A government that has a central authority as a higher power over states 56

Parliamentary Has a prime minister; executive and legislative branches are combined Confederal States have more power than the central government Unitary Legislative, executive, and judicial powers are not separated they are all held by one person or group 4. Which statement completes the diagram? A. In a confederal system, city governments have the most power. B. In a confederal system, international associations have the most power. C. In a confederal system, state governments have the most power. D. In a confederal system, the people have the most power. The excerpt below is from a constitution of a foreign nation. When requested by the National Assembly (legislature) or its committees, the Prime Minister (has) to attend any meeting of the National Assembly and answer questions. 5. Which type of government is evident in the excerpt above? A. Socialism B. Confederal C. Parliamentary D. Dictatorship 6. Which government system combines the legislative and executive powers into one body? 57

A. Unitary B. Federal C. Democracy D. Republic Application Activity SS.7.C.3.3 - Illustrate the structure and function (three branches of government established in Articles I, II, and III with corresponding powers) of government in the United States as established in the Constitution. Vocabulary coining money declaration of war the power of the legislative branch to print money (coins and bills) for use The power of congress to vote to go to war with another country elastic clause foreign relations implied powers the power of Congress to pass all laws they deem necessary and proper for carrying out its enumerated powers (also known as implied powers) The power of the executive branch to decide on the United States dealing with other countries in order to achieve national goals powers not written in the U.S. Constitution but are necessary and proper in order for the federal government to carry out the expressed powers 58

enumerated or delegated powers original jurisdiction pardon The power specifically named and assigned to the federal government to carry out the expressed powers the power of a court to be the first to hear a case on a specific topic The formal act of forgiving someone or excusing a mistake veto congress impeach expressed powers nonlegislative power a decision by an executive authority such as a president or governor to reject a proposed law or statute the national legislative body of the U.S., consisting of the Senate, or upper house, and the House of Representatives, or lower house to bring formal charges of wrongdoing against a public official (such as the U.S. President) Power that the U.S. Congress has that is specifically listed in the Constitution Duty Congress holds besides lawmaking 7. Which branch of federal government makes laws? A. Bureaucracy B. Executive C. Judicial D. Legislative The newspaper headline below describes an event in U.S. history. 8. Which parts of the national government participated in the process described in the newspaper headline? 59

A. Senate and President B. Supreme Court and President C. House of Representatives and Senate D. Supreme Court and House of Representatives The statement below is from a congressional document, July 27, 1974. 9. How have similar statements influenced modern congressional actions? A. Presidential impeachment B. Presidential nomination C. Presidential election D. Presidential veto Application Activity 60

SS.7.C.3.4 - Identify the relationship and division of powers between the federal government and state governments. Vocabulary concurrent powers delegated powers enumerated powers federal government federalism local government reserved powers state government Supremacy Clause 10th Amendment powers shared by the national, state, and/or local government the powers specifically named and assigned to the federal government or prohibited to be exercised by the states under the U.S. Constitution, also known as enumerated powers the powers specifically named and assigned to the federal government or prohibited to be exercised by the states under the U.S. Constitution, also known as delegated powers the national level of government; the government of the United States system of government in which power is divided and shared between national, state, and local governments the government of a municipality (city) or county powers that are not granted to the federal government that belong to (are reserved for) the states and the people, see Tenth Amendment the government of an individual state the clause that states that the U.S. Constitution is the supreme law of the land, and that national laws are supreme over state laws, found in Article VI (six) the final amendment in the Bill of Rights, it states: The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people. 10. Which constitutional provision forbids conflict between state and federal laws? A. Supremacy clause B. Habeas corpus C. Elastic clause D. Ex post facto 61

11. Which is an example of a Tenth Amendment issue? A. State governments oversee public schools B. State governments coin money C. National governments make treaties D. National governments declare war The map below describes the number of people on death row in the United States as of 2012. Source: Adapted from the Death Penalty Information Center 12. What constitutional relationship does the map illustrate? A. Enumerated powers B. Concurrent powers C. Delegated powers D. Reserved powers Application Activity 62

SS.7.C.3.5 - Explain the Constitutional amendment process. Vocabulary amendment a change to a constitution (e.g., U.S. Constitution, Florida Constitution) caucus A meeting to select a candidate or promote a policy ratify To confirm by expression consent or approval rescind To officially cancel or overturn 13. Which government institution may vote on constitutional amendments? A. Bureaucracy B. Executive C. Judicial D. Legislative The newspaper headline below describes an event in U.S. history. Source: Anti-Saloon League Museum 14. Based on the headline, what happened before the event presented in the image? 63

A. Two-thirds of each house of Congress voted to support the amendment. B. The president rejected the amendment after Congress voted to support it. C. Three-fourths of each house of Congress voted to support the amendment. D. The president forwarded the amendment to the states after Congress voted to support it. The passage below is from an 1848 speech by Elizabeth Cady Stanton. In the United States of America women [are] unrepresented in this government our rights and interests wholly overlooked. Source: Public Domain 15. Based on the passage, which action in the modern political system would Elizabeth Cady Stanton support? A. Amending the U.S. Constitution to extend suffrage B. Amending the U.S. Constitution to guarantee due process C. Congress enacting a law limiting freedom of speech rights D. Congress enacting a law limiting freedom of association rights Application Activity 64

SS.7.C.3.8 - Analyze the structure, functions, and processes of the legislative, executive, and judicial branches. Vocabulary ambassador bicameral bill a person sent as the chief representative of his or her own government to another country having two chambers (e.g. the two houses of Congress, the Senate and the House of Representatives) a proposal for a law cabinet committee executive order majority leader minority leader president people appointed by the president to head executive departments of government and act as official advisers to the president a group of House or Senate (or both) members that discusses and debates proposed bills; they may also discuss issues of interest to the country an order that comes from the U.S. President or a government agency and must be obeyed like a law a position where a Member of Congress is elected by the majority party to serve as the chief spokesperson for that party and to manage and schedule the business of either house a position where a member of Congress is elected by the minority party to serve as the chief spokesperson for the party and to support the majority party in managing and scheduling the business of either house the head of the executive branch President pro tempore of the Senate Speaker of the House U.S Representative U.S. Senate the person who presides over the Senate when the Vice President is not present an office identified in Article I, Section 2 of the U.S. Constitution; the leader of the U.S. House of Representatives, usually the highest ranking member of the majority party a member of the U.S House of Representatives; representatives are elected in districts throughout each state the upper house of the U.S. Congress 65

U.S. Senator U.S. Supreme Court Congress executive branch federalism judicial branch legislative branch U.S. House of Representativ es a member of the U.S. Senate elected to represent an entire state; there are two senators per state the highest court of the United States; it sits at the top of the federal court system the national legislative body of the U.S., consisting of the Senate, or upper house, and the House of Representatives, or lower house the branch of government that enforces the laws made by the legislative branch a system of government in which power is divided and shared between national, state, and local government the branch of government that interprets the laws made by the legislative branch the branch of government that creates laws the lower house of the U.S. Congress The diagram below shows some of the steps involved in creating a Florida state law. 16. What is the next step in the lawmaking process? A. The governor signs the bill into law. B. The bill goes to the Senate for action. C. The people vote on the bill in an election. D. The bill goes to the Supreme Court for a hearing. 17. What do the highest courts of Florida and the United States have in common? A. Both have the same number of justices. B. Both have chief justices. C. Justices serve for life with good behavior. D. Justices serve for set terms of office. 66

The table below describes presidential vetoes. 18. Based on the table, how has the legislative process been impacted by presidential vetoes? A. The president's' views are not reflected in public policy. B. The president's' views are reflected in public policy. C. Congress represents the will of the people. D. Congress represents the will of the states. Application Activity 67

SS.7.C.3.11 - Diagram the levels, functions, and powers of courts at the state and federal levels. Vocabulary appeal appellate court circuit courts county courts a request, made after a trial, asking a higher court to decide whether that trial was conducted properly any court that has the power to hear appeals from lower courts a court for a defined region of a state (usually including several counties) that has specific divisions and hears cases involving more serious crimes (felonies) and civil cases involving large amounts of money (more than $1000) a court that hears both civil and criminal cases involving less serious crimes or minor issues for one specific county judicial review the power of the judicial branch to review the actions of the executive and legislative branches and determine whether or not they are unconstitutional (this includes laws passed by Congress); the U.S. Supreme Court case Marbury v. Madison established this power jurisdiction the right and power for courts to hear a case, interpret and apply the law jury trial court U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals U.S. Supreme Court a group of citizens sworn to give a true verdict according to the evidence presented in a court of law the local, state, or federal court that is the first to hear a civil or criminal case; involves a hearing and decision with a single judge, with or without a jury the courts where parties who are dissatisfied with the judgment of a U.S. District court may take their case the highest court of the United States; it sits at the top of the federal court system 19. What is the correct order of Florida's courts, from lowest to highest authority? A. Circuit courts, Florida Supreme Court, county courts, District Court of Appeals B. County courts, circuit courts, District Court of Appeals, Florida 68

Supreme Court C. District Court of Appeals, Florida Supreme Court, county courts, circuit courts D. Florida Supreme Court, circuit courts, District Court of Appeals, county courts The diagram below provides details about the U.S. court system. 20. Which court completes the diagram? A. Court of Veterans Appeals B. Court of Appeals C. Military Courts D. Claims Courts The graph below describes appeals filed by type of appeal in the U.S. Courts of Appeals, 1990-2010. 21. Based on the graph, what conclusion can be drawn about court cases in the U.S.? A. More civil cases are being filed without legal representation. B. More criminal cases are being filed without legal representation. C. More criminal actions are being dropped before trial. D. More civil actions are being dropped before trial. Application Activity 69

SS.7.C.3.13 - Compare the constitutions of the United States and Florida. Vocabulary amendment a change to a constitution (e.g., U.S. Constitution, Florida Constitution) article a numbered chapter or section of a contract, treaty, or constitution authority the power to direct the actions of people or to make decisions constitution Florida Declaration of Rights the basic principles and laws of a nation or state that determine the powers and duties of the government and guarantee certain rights to the people in it; usually a written document the part of the Florida Constitution that lists the basic rights guaranteed to all citizens who live in the state 22. Which part of the Florida Constitution protects individual rights? A. Declaration of Rights B. Bill of Rights C. Amendments D. Preamble 23. Which statement describes a similarity between the Florida Constitution and the U.S. Constitution? A. Neither protects individual rights B. Both include an amendment process C. Neither provides for a chief executive D. Both include a nine member Supreme Court The headline below describes an action by citizens. 70

24. What conclusion can be drawn from the headline? A. Citizens can be directly involved in policy making. B. Citizens can be involved in policy making through their representatives. C. Only elected officials may change constitutions. D. Only elected officials make policy. Application Activity 71