Staffing for Adequate Fire and Emergency Response: The SAFER Grant Program

Staffing for Adequate Fire and Emergency Response: The SAFER Grant Program Lennard G. Kruger Specialist in Science and Technology Policy May 26, 2017 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov RL33375

Summary In response to concerns over the adequacy of firefighter staffing, the Staffing for Adequate Fire and Emergency Response Act, known as the SAFER Act, was enacted by the 108 th Congress as Section 1057 of the FY2004 National Defense Authorization Act (P.L. 108-136). The SAFER Act authorizes grants to career, volunteer, and combination local fire departments for the purpose of increasing the number of firefighters to help communities meet industry-minimum standards and attain 24-hour staffing to provide adequate protection from fire and fire-related hazards. Also authorized are grants to volunteer fire departments for recruitment and retention of volunteers. SAFER is administered by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) of the Department of Homeland Security (DHS). With the economic turndown adversely affecting budgets of local governments, concerns arose that modifications to the SAFER statute may be necessary to enable fire departments to more effectively and affordably participate in the program. From FY2009 through FY2015, annual appropriations bills contained provisions that waived certain provisions of the SAFER statute. The waivers served to reduce the financial obligation on SAFER grant recipients, and allowed SAFER grants to be used to rehire laid-off firefighters and to fill positions lost through attrition. The 112 th Congress enacted the Fire Grants Reauthorization Act of 2012 (P.L. 112-239), which reauthorized SAFER through FY2017; altered the grant distribution formula among career, volunteer, combination, and paid-on-call fire departments; raised available funding for higher population areas; and addressed waiver issues previously addressed in annual appropriations legislation. The Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2017 (P.L. 115-31 ) provided $690 million for firefighter assistance in FY2017, including $345 million for AFG and $345 million for SAFER. For FY2018, the Administration requested $688.688 million for firefighter assistance, including $344.344 million for SAFER and $344.344 million for AFG, essentially matching the FY2017 level. With the current authorization of SAFER and AFG expiring on September 30, 2017, and with the current SAFER and AFG statute containing a sunset provision for each program that goes into effect on January 2, 2018, the 115 th Congress will likely consider legislation to reauthorize the SAFER and AFG programs. On April 5, 2017, S. 829, the AFG and SAFER Program Reauthorization Act of 2017, was introduced by Senator McCain and referred to the Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs. On May 17, 2017, the Committee ordered S. 829 to be reported with an amendment in the nature of a substitute. The 115 th Congress will also consider budget appropriations for SAFER and AFG. As is the case with many federal programs, concerns over the federal budget deficit could impact budget levels for SAFER and AFG. At the same time, firefighter assistance budgets will likely receive heightened scrutiny from the fire community, given the local budgetary shortfalls that many fire departments face. Congressional Research Service

Contents Background and Genesis of SAFER... 1 The SAFER Act... 2 Fire Grants Reauthorization Act of 2012... 2 Fire Grants Reauthorization in the 115 th Congress... 3 Senate... 4 House... 4 Legislation in the 114 th Congress... 4 Appropriations... 5 FY2015... 6 FY2016... 6 FY2017... 7 FY2018... 8 Waiver of SAFER Requirements... 8 Implementation of the SAFER Program... 9 Issues in the 115 th Congress... 10 Tables Table 1. Key SAFER Provisions of Fire Grant Reauthorization... 3 Table 2. Appropriations for Firefighter Assistance, FY2001-FY2017... 5 Table 3. Recent and Proposed Appropriations for Firefighter Assistance... 5 Table 4. State-by-State Distribution of SAFER Grants, FY2005-FY2015... 10 Table 5. Distribution of Funding from SAFER Awards by Fire Department Type, FY2009-FY2014... 12 Table 6. Distribution of Funding from SAFER Awards by Community Service Area, FY2009-FY2014... 13 Contacts Author Contact Information... 13 Congressional Research Service

Background and Genesis of SAFER Firefighting and the provision of fire protection services to the public is traditionally a local responsibility, funded primarily by state, county, and municipal governments. During the 1990s, however, shortfalls in state and local budgets coupled with increased responsibilities (i.e., counterterrorism) of local fire departments led many in the fire community to call for additional financial support from the federal government. Since enactment of the FIRE Act 1 in the 106 th Congress, the Assistance to Firefighters Grants (AFG) program (also known as fire grants and FIRE Act grants ) has provided funding for equipment and training directly from the federal government to local fire departments. 2 Since the fire grant program commenced in FY2001, funding has been used by fire departments to purchase firefighting equipment, personal protective equipment, and firefighting vehicles. Many in the fire-service community argued that notwithstanding the fire grant program, there remained a pressing need for an additional federal grant program to assist fire departments in the hiring of firefighters and the recruitment and retention of volunteer firefighters. They asserted that without federal assistance, many local fire departments would continue to be unable to meet national consensus standards for minimum staffing levels, which specify at least four firefighters per responding fire vehicle (or five or six firefighters in hazardous or high-risk areas). 3 Fireservice advocates also pointed to the Community Oriented Policing Services (COPS) program 4 as a compelling precedent of federal assistance for the hiring of local public safety personnel. In support of SAFER, fire-service advocates cited studies performed by the U.S. Fire Administration and the National Fire Protection Association, 5 the Boston Globe, 6 and the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) 7 which concluded that many fire departments fall below minimum standards for personnel levels. According to these studies, the result of this shortfall can lead to inadequate response to different types of emergency incidents, substandard response times, and an increased risk of firefighter fatalities. 1 Title XVII of the FY2001 Floyd D. Spence National Defense Authorization Act (P.L. 106-398). 2 For more information, see CRS Report RL32341, Assistance to Firefighters Program: Distribution of Fire Grant Funding, by Lennard G. Kruger. 3 These refer to consensus standards developed by the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA): NFPA 1710 ( Standard for the Organization and Deployment of Fire Suppression Operations, Emergency Medical Operations, and Special Operations to the Public by Career Fire Departments ), and NFPA 1720 ( Standard for the Organization and Deployment of Fire Suppression Operations, Emergency Medical Operations, and Special Operations to the Public by Volunteer Fire Departments ). NFPA standards are voluntary unless adopted as law by governments at the local, state, or federal level, and are also often considered by insurance companies when establishing rates. Another applicable standard to this debate is the federal Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) standard on respiratory protection in structural firefighting situations (29 C.F.R. 1910.134(g)), which requires at least four firefighters (two in and two for backup) before entering a hazardous environment wearing a Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus. 4 For more information on the COPS program, see CRS Report RL33308, Community Oriented Policing Services (COPS): In Brief, by Nathan James. 5 National Fire Protection Association, Third Needs Assessment of the U.S. Fire Service, June 2011, available at http://www.nfpa.org/assets/files//2011needsassessment.pdf. In November 2016, NFPA released the Fourth Needs Assessment of the U.S. Fire Service, available at http://www.nfpa.org/news-and-research/fire-statistics-and-reports/firestatistics/the-fire-service/administration/needs-assessment. 6 Dedman, Bill, Deadly Delays: The Decline of Fire Response, Boston Globe Special Report, January 30, 2005. Available at http://www.boston.com/news/specials/fires/. 7 National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Fire Fighter Fatality Investigation and Prevention Program, 1998-2005, March 2006, 16 pp. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/fire/pdfs/progress.pdf. Congressional Research Service 1

On the other hand, those opposed to SAFER grants have contended that funding for basic local government functions such as paying for firefighter salaries should not be assumed by the federal government, particularly at a time of high budget deficits. Also, some SAFER opponents disagree that below-standard levels in firefighting personnel are necessarily problematic, and point to statistics indicating that the number of structural fires in the United States has continued to decline over the past 20 years. 8 The SAFER Act In response to concerns over the adequacy of firefighter staffing, the Staffing for Adequate Fire and Emergency Response Act popularly called the SAFER Act was introduced into the 107 th and 108 th Congresses. 9 The 108 th Congress enacted the SAFER Act as Section 1057 of the FY2004 National Defense Authorization Act (P.L. 108-136; signed into law November 24, 2003). The SAFER provision was added as an amendment to S. 1050 on the Senate floor (S.Amdt. 785, sponsored by Senator Dodd) and modified in the FY2004 Defense Authorization conference report (H.Rept. 108-354). The SAFER grant program is codified as Section 34 of the Federal Fire Prevention and Control Act of 1974 (15 U.S.C. 2229a). The SAFER Act authorizes grants to career, volunteer, and combination fire departments for the purpose of increasing the number of firefighters to help communities meet industry-minimum standards and attain 24-hour staffing to provide adequate protection from fire and fire-related hazards. Also authorized are grants to volunteer fire departments for activities related to the recruitment and retention of volunteers. Fire Grants Reauthorization Act of 2012 On January 2, 2013, the President signed P.L. 112-239, the FY2013 National Defense Authorization Act. Title XVIII, Subtitle A is the Fire Grants Reauthorization Act of 2012, which significantly amends the SAFER statute (15 U.S.C. 2229a) and authorizes the SAFER program through FY2017. Table 1 provides a summary of key SAFER provisions in the 2012 reauthorization, and provides a comparison with the previous version of the SAFER statute. Two types of grants are authorized by the SAFER Act: hiring grants and recruitment and retention grants. Hiring grants cover a three-year term and are cost shared with the local jurisdiction. According to the amended statute, the federal share shall not exceed 75% in the first year of the grant, 75% in the second year, and 35% in the third year. While the majority of hiring grants will be awarded to career and combination fire departments, the SAFER Act specifies that 10% of the total SAFER appropriation be awarded to volunteer or majority-volunteer departments for the hiring of personnel. Additionally, at least 10% of the total SAFER appropriation is set aside for recruitment and retention grants, which are available to volunteer and combination fire departments for activities related to the recruitment and retention of volunteer firefighters. Also eligible for recruitment and 8 See Lehrer, Eli, Do We Need More Firefighters? Weekly Standard, April 12, 2004, pp. 21-22. Available at http://www.sipr.org/default.aspx?action=publicationdetails&id=44. See also Easterbrook, Gregg, Where s the Fire? New Republic Online, August 9, 2004. Available at http://www.tnr.com/doc.mhtml?i=express&s=easterbrook080904. 9 107 th Congress: S. 1617 (Dodd), H.R. 3992 (Boehlert), H.R. 3185 (Green, Gene). 108 th Congress: S. 544 (Dodd), H.R. 1118 (Boehlert). Congressional Research Service 2

retention grants are local and statewide organizations that represent the interests of volunteer firefighters. No local cost sharing is required for recruitment and retention grants. Table 1. Key SAFER Provisions of Fire Grant Reauthorization Previous Statute (15 U.S.C. 2229a) grant period is 4 years, grantees are required to retain for at least 1 year beyond the termination of their grants those firefighter positions hired under the grant year 1 10% local match year 2 20% local match year 3 50% local match year 4 70% local match total funding over 4 years for hiring a firefighter may not exceed $100K, adjusted annually for inflation state, local, and Indian tribal governments eligible for recruitment and retention funds no provision for economic hardship waivers authorized for 7 years starting at $1 billion in FY2004, ending at $1.194 billion in FY2010 no provision on congressionally directed spending authority to make grants shall lapse 10 years from November 24, 2003 Fire Grant Reauthorization Act of 2012 (Title XVIII of P.L. 112-239) shortens the grant period to three years, with no requirement that fire departments must retain SAFER funded firefighters for an extra year year 1 25% local match year 2 25% local match year 3 65% local match for the first year, the amount of funding provided for hiring a firefighter may not exceed 75% of the usual annual cost of a first-year firefighter in that department at the time the grant application was submitted for the second year, the amount of funding provided for hiring a firefighter may not exceed 75% of the usual annual cost of a first-year firefighter in that department at the time the grant application was submitted for the third year, the amount of funding provided for hiring a firefighter may not exceed 35% of the usual annual cost of a first-year firefighter in that department at the time the grant application was submitted additionally makes national organizations eligible for recruitment and retention funds allows FEMA, in the case of economic hardship, to waive cost share requirements, as well as the prohibition on supplanting local funds and maintenance of expenditure requirements (which would allow grants to be used for retention and rehiring laid-off firefighters) reauthorizes the SAFER grant program at $750 million for FY2013; for each of FY2014-FY2017, an amount equal to the amount authorized the previous fiscal year, increased by the percentage by which the Consumer Price Index for the previous fiscal year exceeds the preceding year no funds may be used for any congressionally directed spending item (as defined under the rules of the Senate and the House of Representatives) the authority to award assistance and grants shall expire five years after the date of enactment Source: Fire Grants Reauthorization Act of 2012, Title VIII, Subtitle A of FY2013 National Defense Authorization Act, P.L. 112-239. Fire Grants Reauthorization in the 115 th Congress The current authorization of both the SAFER and AFG programs expires on September 30, 2017. Additionally, the current SAFER and AFG statute contains a sunset provision for each program that goes into effect on January 2, 2018. Congressional Research Service 3

Senate On April 5, 2017, S. 829, the AFG and SAFER Program Reauthorization Act of 2017, was introduced by Senator McCain and referred to the Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs. On May 17, 2017, the Committee ordered S. 829 to be reported with an amendment in the nature of a substitute. The Committee-approved AFG and SAFER Program Reauthorization Act of 2017 would: extend the SAFER and AFG authorizations through FY2023; repeal the sunset provisions for both programs; provide that the U.S. Fire Administration in FEMA may develop and make widely available an online training course on SAFER and AFG grant administration; expand SAFER hiring grant eligibility to cover the conversion of part-time or paid-on-call firefighters to full-time firefighters (matches language in S. 1128, Firefighters Retention Act of 2017, introduced by Senator Peters on May 16, 2017); direct FEMA, acting through the Administrator of USFA, to develop and implement a grant monitoring and oversight framework to mitigate and minimize risks of fraud, waste, abuse, and mismanagement related to the SAFER and AFG grant programs; and make various technical corrections to the SAFER and AFG statute. House To date, fire grant reauthorization legislation has not been introduced into the House. Legislation in the 114 th Congress Not including annual appropriations bills, the following bills in the 114 th Congress sought to modify the SAFER grant program: P.L. 114-255, 21 st Century Cures Act, signed by the President on December 13, 2016. Section 14001(c) authorized SAFER hiring grants to fund specialized training to paramedics, emergency medical services workers, and other first responders to recognize individuals who have mental illness and how to properly intervene with individuals with mental illness, including strategies for verbal deescalation of crises. Introduced as H.R. 34 (Bonamici). Similar or identical language was introduced in S. 2002 (Cornyn) and H.R. 3722 (McSally). H.R. 366 (Cohen) and H.R. 1978 (Polis), introduced on January 14, 2015, and April 22, 2015, respectively, would have directed DHS to award SAFER grants to hire veterans as firefighters. H.R. 3555 (Wilson of Florida), introduced on September 17, 2015, would have made available $1 billion to the SAFER program, while also authorizing DHS to grant SAFER waivers. Congressional Research Service 4

Appropriations The SAFER grant program receives its annual appropriation through the House and Senate Appropriations Subcommittees on Homeland Security. Within the appropriations bills, SAFER is listed under the line item, Firefighter Assistance Grants, which is located in Title III Protection, Preparedness, Response, and Recovery. Firefighter Assistance Grants also includes the Assistance to Firefighters Grant Program. Although authorized for FY2004, SAFER did not receive an appropriation in FY2004. Table 2 shows the appropriations history for firefighter assistance, including SAFER, AFG, and the Fire Station Construction Grants (SCG) grants provided in the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA). Table 3 shows recent and proposed appropriated funding for the SAFER and AFG grant programs. Table 2. Appropriations for Firefighter Assistance, FY2001-FY2017 AFG SAFER SCG a Total FY2001 $100 million $100 million FY2002 $360 million $360 million FY2003 $745 million $745 million FY2004 $746 million $746 million FY2005 $650 million $65 million $715 million FY2006 $539 million $109 million $648 million FY2007 $547 million $115 million $662 million FY2008 $560 million $190 million $750 million FY2009 $565 million $210 million $210 million $985 million FY2010 $390 million $420 million $810 million FY2011 $405 million $405 million $810 million FY2012 $337.5 million $337.5 million $675 million FY2013 $321 million $321 million $642 million FY2014 $340 million $340 million $680 million FY2015 $340 million $340 million $680 million FY2016 $345 million $345 million $690 million FY2017 $345 million $345 million $690 million Total $7.625 billion $3.535 billion $210 million $11.4 billion a. Assistance to Firefighters Fire Station Construction Grants (SCG) grants were funded by the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (P.L. 111-5). Table 3. Recent and Proposed Appropriations for Firefighter Assistance (millions of dollars) FY2016 (Admin. request) FY2016 (P.L. 114-113) FY2017 (Admin. request) FY2017 (P.L. 115-31 ) FY2018 (Admin. request) FIRE Grants (AFG) 335 345 335 345 344.344 Congressional Research Service 5

FY2016 (Admin. request) FY2016 (P.L. 114-113) FY2017 (Admin. request) FY2017 (P.L. 115-31 ) FY2018 (Admin. request) SAFER Grants 335 345 335 345 344.344 Total 670 690 670 690 688.688 FY2015 The Administration s FY2015 budget proposed $670 million for firefighter assistance, including $335 million for SAFER and $335 million for AFG. The Administration requested that all previous SAFER waivers again be enacted for FY2015. Also in the budget proposal, FEMA strongly encourages applicants, to the extent practicable, to seek, recruit, and hire post-9/11 veterans to increase their ranks within their department in order to take advantage of the provisions of the Veterans Opportunity to Work (VOW) to Hire Heroes Act of 2011. On June 11, 2014, the House Appropriations Committee approved H.R. 4903, the Department of Homeland Security Appropriations Act, 2015. The bill would provide $680 million in firefighter assistance, including $340 million for SAFER and $340 million for AFG. The bill also would continue to grant DHS waiver authority from SAFER requirements in FY2015. In the accompanying report (H.Rept. 113-481), the committee noted that this annual waiver authority has been available since FY2009, and that the reauthorization of the SAFER program by the 112 th Congress (P.L. 112-239) provided FEMA with permanent authority to waive certain matching and non-supplantation requirements for grantees based on a determination that a grantee meets economic hardship criteria. Given that FEMA has been working with stakeholders to develop these criteria and that the agency hopes to soon be able to implement its new waiver authority, the committee expects that FY2015 should be the last instance in which annual waiver authority will be provided, and that any waivers in future fiscal years will be limited to the authorization provided in P.L. 112-239. On June 26, 2014, the Senate Appropriations Committee approved S. 2534, its version of the Department of Homeland Security Act, 2015. As did the House committee, the Senate bill would provide $680 million in firefighter assistance, including $340 million for SAFER and $340 million for AFG. The Senate bill would also continue to grant DHS waiver authority from SAFER requirements in FY2015.In the accompanying report (S.Rept. 113-198), the committee expressed its expectation that DHS will take into consideration economic hardship when exercising the waiver authority. The Department of Homeland Security Appropriations Act, 2015 (P.L. 114-4) was signed by the President on March 4, 2015, and provided $680 million in firefighter assistance, including $340 million for SAFER and $340 million for AFG. FY2016 The Administration s FY2016 budget proposed $670 million for firefighter assistance, including $335 million for SAFER and $335 million for AFG. The Administration s FY2016 budget would maintain SAFER waiver authority for FY2016. On June 18, 2015, the Senate Appropriations Committee reported S. 1619, the Department of Homeland Security Act, 2016. Identical to the funding level in FY2015, the Senate bill would provide $680 million in firefighter assistance, including $340 million for SAFER and $340 million for AFG. In the accompanying report (S.Rept. 114-68), the committee encourages FEMA Congressional Research Service 6

to prioritize resources for staffing grants to rural departments that meet both local and regional needs. As in the past, bill language is included granting the Secretary the authority to waive certain statutory requirements. However, FEMA is directed to work with stakeholders and present a recommendation to the committee no later than the submission of the FY2017 budget on the feasibility of removing these waivers in future appropriations. On July 21, 2015, the House Appropriations Committee approved H.R. 3128, the Department of Homeland Security Appropriations Act, 2016. The bill would provide $680 million in firefighter assistance, including $340 million for SAFER and $340 million for AFG. H.R. 3128 did not include a SAFER waiver provision as in years past. On December 18, 2015, the President signed the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2016 (P.L. 114-113). The law provided $690 million for firefighter assistance in FY2016, including $345 million for SAFER and $345 million for AFG. P.L. 114-113 did not include a SAFER waiver provision. FY2017 For FY2017, the Administration requested $335 million for SAFER and $335 million for AFG, a reduction of $10 million for each program from the FY2016 enacted level. According to the budget request, the proposed reduction in SAFER and AFG reflects FEMA s successful investments in prior year grants awarded. The Administration s FY2017 budget did not request SAFER waiver authority for FY2017. Under the proposed budget, the SAFER and AFG grant accounts would be transferred to the Preparedness and Protection activity under FEMA s broader Federal Assistance account. According to the budget request, Federal Assistance programs will assist Federal agencies, States, Local, Tribal, and Territorial jurisdictions to mitigate, prepare for and recover from terrorism and natural disasters. On May 26, 2016, the Senate Appropriations Committee approved S. 3001, the Department of Homeland Security Act, 2017. The Senate bill would provide $680 million for firefighter assistance, including $340 million for SAFER and $340 million for AFG. The committee maintained a separate budget account for Firefighter Assistance and did not transfer that budget account to the Federal Assistance account as proposed in the Administration budget request. In the accompanying report (S.Rept. 114-68), the committee directed DHS to continue the present practice of funding applications according to local priorities and those established by the USFA, and to continue direct funding to fire departments and the peer review process. The committee stated its expectation that funding for rural fire departments remain consistent with their previous five-year history, and encouraged FEMA to consider the need for resources for staffing grants to rural departments that meet both local and regional needs. On June 22, 2016, the House Appropriations Committee approved its version of the Department of Homeland Security Appropriations Act, 2017. Unlike the Senate, the House Committee did transfer the Firefighter Assistance budget account into a broader Federal Assistance account in FEMA. The bill provided $690 million for firefighter assistance, including $345 million for SAFER and $345 million for AFG. In the committee report, the committee directed FEMA to continue administering the fire grants programs as directed in prior year Committee reports. The Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2017 (P.L. 115-31 ) provided $690 million for firefighter assistance in FY2017, including $345 million for SAFER and $345 million for AFG. The firefighter assistance account is transferred to FEMA s broader Federal Assistance account. Congressional Research Service 7

FY2018 For FY2018, the Administration requested $688.688 million for firefighter assistance, including $344.344 million for SAFER and $344.344 million for AFG, slightly below the FY2017 level. AFG and SAFER are under Grants in the Federal Assistance budget account. Waiver of SAFER Requirements In 2009, with the economic turndown adversely affecting budgets of local governments, concerns arose that modifications to the SAFER statute may be necessary to enable fire departments to more effectively participate in the program. The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (P.L. 111-5) included a provision ( 603) that waived the matching requirements for SAFER grants awarded in FY2009 and FY2010. Subsequently, the FY2009 Supplemental Appropriations Act (P.L. 111-32) included a provision ( 605) giving the Secretary of Homeland Security authority to waive certain limitations and restrictions in the SAFER statute. For grants awarded in FY2009 and FY2010, waivers permitted grantees to use SAFER funds to rehire laid-off firefighters and fill positions eliminated through attrition, allow grants to extend longer than the five-year duration, and permit the amount of funding per position at levels exceeding the limit of $100,000. The Department of Defense and Continuing Appropriations Act, 2011 (P.L. 112-10) contained language that removed cost-share requirements and allowed SAFER grants to be used to rehire laid-off firefighters and fill positions eliminated through attrition. However, the law did not remove the requirement that SAFER grants fund a firefighter position for four years, with the fifth year funded wholly by the grant recipient. P.L. 112-10 also did not waive the cap of $100,000 per firefighter hired by a SAFER grant. According to fire service advocates, these unwaived SAFER requirements (the mandatory five-year position duration, the $100,000 cap) would be a disincentive for many communities to apply for SAFER grants, because localities would be reluctant to apply for grants that would require future expenditure of local funds. 10 P.L. 112-74, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, FY2012, included language ( 561) prohibiting using any funds to enforce all of the SAFER restrictions that have been lifted since FY2009. Additionally, Section 562 of P.L. 112-74 reinstated DHS waiver authority for the restrictions that were not lifted in the FY2011 appropriations bill (P.L. 112-10). Meanwhile, the SAFER reauthorization language in the Fire Grants Reauthorization Act of 2012 (P.L. 112-239) removed the $100,000 cap per firefighter hired, shortened the grant period from four to three years, removed the requirement to retain SAFER-hired firefighters for one year past the termination of federal grant support, and provided economic hardship waivers that will give DHS the authority to waive matching requirements and prohibitions on using SAFER funds for rehiring laid-off firefighters and filling positions eliminated through attrition. The Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act, 2013 (P.L. 113-6) and the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2014 (P.L. 113-76) continued to grant DHS waiver authority from SAFER requirements. Specifically, DHS was allowed to waive cost sharing requirements, the three year grant term, cost limits per firefighter hired, and the prohibition on using SAFER funds for rehiring laid-off firefighters and filling positions eliminated through attrition. 10 International Association of Fire Fighters, News Release, Budget: Agreement Retains Level Funding for FIRE Act and SAFER grants, But Restricts Flexibility on SAFER Grants, April 14, 2011, available at http://www.iaff.org/ 11News/041311Waivers.htm. Congressional Research Service 8

The same SAFER waiver authority was included in the Administration s FY2015 budget proposal and in the FY2015 House and Senate Department of Homeland Security Appropriations bills. In the bill report accompanying H.R. 4903 (H.Rept. 113-481), the House Appropriations Committee noted that this annual waiver authority has been available since FY2009, and that the reauthorization of the SAFER program by the 112 th Congress (P.L. 112-239) provided FEMA with permanent authority to waive certain matching and non-supplantation requirements for grantees based on a determination that a grantee meets economic hardship criteria. Given that FEMA had been working with stakeholders to develop these criteria and that the agency hoped to soon be able to implement its new waiver authority, the committee expected that FY2015 would be the last instance in which annual waiver authority would be provided, and that any waivers in future fiscal years would be limited to the authorization provided in P.L. 112-239. The Department of Homeland Security Appropriations Act, 2015 (P.L. 114-4) was signed by the President on March 4, 2015. Section 557 of P.L. 114-4 provided SAFER waiver authority for FY2015. The Administration s FY2016 budget would have maintained SAFER waiver authority for FY2016. S. 1619, the Department of Homeland Security Act, 2016, would also have continued waiver authority. The accompanying bill report (S.Rept. 114-68) directed FEMA to work with stakeholders and present a recommendation to the Senate Appropriations Committee on the feasibility of removing these waivers in future appropriations. However, neither the House bill (H.R. 3128), nor the final Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2016 (P.L. 114-113) contained the SAFER waiver provision for FY2016. The Administration s FY2017 budget did not request SAFER waiver authority for FY2017, and neither the House nor Senate Appropriations Committee bills contained SAFER waiver provisions. Implementation of the SAFER Program For the latest information and updates on the application for and awarding of SAFER grants, see the official SAFER grant program website at https://www.fema.gov/staffing-adequate-fireemergency-response-grants. Table 4 shows the state-by-state distribution of SAFER grant funds, from FY2005 through FY2015. Table 5 shows the percentage distribution of SAFER grant funds by type of department (career, combination, volunteer) for FY2009 through FY2014, while Table 6 shows the percentage distribution of SAFER grant funds by community service area (urban, suburban, rural) for FY2009 through FY2014. Of the FY2014 SAFER awards, grants for hiring accounted for 90% of the total federal share of dollars awarded, while recruitment and retention accounted for 10%. During 2014 and 2015, the DHS Office of the Inspector General (OIG) conducted an audit of SAFER grants for fiscal years 2010 through 2012. On June 8, 2016, the DHS OIG released its report finding that 63% of SAFER grant recipients over that period did not comply with grant guidance and requirements to prevent waste, fraud, and abuse of grant funds. The report recommended that FEMA s Grant Programs Directorate develop and implement an organizational framework to manage the risk of fraud, waste, abuse, and mismanagement. According to the Congressional Research Service 9

report, FEMA has concurred with the OIG findings and has taken corrective actions to resolve the recommendations. 11 Meanwhile, the Fire Grants Reauthorization Act of 2012 (P.L. 112-239) directed GAO to prepare a report to Congress that includes an assessment of the effect of the changes made by P.L. 112-239 on the effectiveness, relative allocation, accountability, and administration of the fire grants. GAO was also directed to evaluate the extent to which those changes have enabled grant recipients to mitigate fire and fire-related and other hazards more effectively. In September 2016, GAO released its report, entitled Fire Grants: FEMA Could Enhance Program Administration and Performance Assessment. The report concluded that FEMA s fire grant policies and the awards made in FY2013 and FY2014 generally reflected the changes to the fire grant statute made by P.L. 112-239, and that FEMA enhanced its assessment of program performance by establishing and reporting on measures of effectiveness of the grants. However, GAO also concluded that those performance measures do not include measurable performance targets linked to SAFER and AFG program goals, and that aligning the fire grants programs use of data on, and definitions of, critical infrastructure to award fire grants and assess program performance with the more objective, quantitative approach used by DHS and GPD [the Grants Program Directorate] for other programs and non-fire preparedness grants could enhance GPD s efforts to integrate the fire grants program into larger national preparedness efforts and more objectively assess the impact of fire grants. 12 Issues in the 115 th Congress With the current authorization of the fire act statute expiring on September 30, 2017, the 115 th Congress will likely consider legislation to reauthorize the SAFER and AFG programs. As part of this reauthorization process, Congress may examine the impact of new SAFER hiring grant guidelines mandated by P.L. 112-239, the Fire Grants Reauthorization Act of 2012. The continuing issue is how equitably and effectively grants are being distributed and used to protect the health and safety of the public and firefighting personnel against fire and fire-related hazards. The 115 th Congress will also consider budget appropriations for SAFER and AFG. As is the case with many federal programs, concerns over the federal budget deficit could impact budget levels for SAFER and AFG. At the same time, firefighter assistance budgets will likely receive heightened scrutiny from the fire community, given the local budgetary shortfalls that many fire departments face. Table 4. State-by-State Distribution of SAFER Grants, FY2005-FY2015 (millions of dollars) FY2005- FY2007 FY2008- FY2010 FY2011 FY2012 FY2013 FY2014 FY2015 Total AL 12.062 20.133 1.293 6.923 3.73 3.895 1.721 49.757 AK 1.674 7.838 0.074 0.951 0.066 0.738 0.76 12.101 11 Department of Homeland Security, Office of Inspector General, FEMA s Grant Programs Directorate Did Not Effectively Manage Assistance to Firefighters Grant Program SAFER Grants, OIG-16-98, June 8, 2016, 24 pp., available at https://www.oig.dhs.gov/assets/mgmt/2016/oig-16-98-jun16.pdf. 12 Government Accountability Office, Fire Grants: FEMA Could Enhance Program Administration and Performance Assessment, GAO-16-744, September 2016, p. 33, available at http://gao.gov/assets/680/679787.pdf. Congressional Research Service 10

FY2005- FY2007 FY2008- FY2010 FY2011 FY2012 FY2013 FY2014 FY2015 Total AZ 9.547 23.738 2.809 7.895 14.135 11.379 17.17 86.673 AR 2.591 7.016 1.136 1.019 0.208 2.632 1.007 15.609 CA 14.692 98.843 56.356 49.992 50.12 35.522 30.877 336.402 CO 6.793 6.359 5.432 1.636 0.85 4.106 1.823 26.999 CT 1.177 7.446 5.099 4.474 5.278 0 4.789 28.263 DE 0.135 2.121 0 0.946 0 0 0 3.202 DC 0 0 0 3.468 0 5.675 0 9.143 FL 22.122 59.011 30.494 26.243 37.927 22.83 19.527 218.154 GA 10.281 32.666 1.273 4.606 3.076 3.944 8.156 64.002 HI 0 1.726 0 0 0.944 0 0 2.67 ID 1.31 5.007 4.068 1.323 0 0 0 11.708 IL 15.736 19.194 2.456 5.704 4.806 4.843 5.39 58.129 IN 2.786 22.803 4.587 6.777 5.735 8.595 2.711 53.994 IA 1.293 2.414 1.604 0.08 1.104 0.498 3.227 10.22 KS 1.741 6.963 0.381 1.991 0.833 0 1.237 13.146 KY 3.471 3.697 0.155 1.164 2.574 0.973 2.307 14.341 LA 11.236 19.317 1.672 3.509 1.724 1.326 2.018 40.802 ME 0.397 2.737 0.518 1.183 1.442 0 0 6.277 MD 3.484 9.745 4.299 2.488 6.154 14.304 15.068 55.542 MA 7.751 55.497 23.127 4.955 17.336 25.612 14.681 148.959 MI 2.351 36.407 47.646 25.161 33.87 14.374 19.792 179.601 MN 1.764 5.291 4.463 0.797 0.871 1.026 2.107 16.319 MS 1.465 2.817 0.488 0.093 0.088 1.613 0.19 6.754 MO 9.565 9.473 10.619 2.86 1.284 2.196 5.271 41.268 MT 2.924 4.386 1.252 1.046 0 0.737 0.456 10.801 NE 1.505 3.246 0 0.37 3.779 0 3.417 12.317 NV 3.846 3.122 13.438 2.702 6.564 3.654 4.435 37.761 NH 2.963 0.578 1.479 0.976 0.651 0.666 0 7.313 NJ 13.298 61.593 18.073 34.462 23.791 55.874 38.484 245.575 NM 4.432 2.461 0 0 1.357 0.586 0.824 9.66 NY 7.376 30.878 6.142 8.949 2.149 8.164 10.63 74.288 NC 13.059 26.814 5.833 2.472 4.502 5.703 6.064 64.447 ND 0.609 5.174 0.048 0.066 0 0 3.298 9.195 OH 5.455 54.383 18.654 18.266 15.748 14.564 27.307 154.377 OK 1.377 11.909 1.435 0.676 0.83 1.091 6.574 23.892 OR 6.5 8.914 8.354 4.437 11.402 6.418 6.479 52.504 Congressional Research Service 11

FY2005- FY2007 FY2008- FY2010 FY2011 FY2012 FY2013 FY2014 FY2015 Total PA 5.352 12.617 13.831 27.608 4.462 27.122 4.915 95.907 RI 0.505 5.81 3.108 8.716 0 0.544 17.777 36.46 SC 4.537 12.632 2.147 4.757 6.763 1.869 6.886 39.591 SD 0.585 1.2 0.255 0 0.272 0.58 1.469 4.361 TN 9.102 10.378 0.993 3.034 3.58 1.97 4.324 33.381 TX 20.691 34.868 2.881 5.225 5.401 11.715 5.157 85.938 UT 6.31 10.362 0.208 0.598 0 0 0.17 17.648 VT 1.253 0.119 0 0 0 0 0 1.372 VA 6.427 15.735 4.978 9.883 7.691 12.48 9.441 66.635 WA 12.535 26.102 16.139 13.293 8.511 9.763 16.648 102.991 WV 0.868 0.845 0 0.46 0.311 1.921 13.694 18.099 WI 1.295 4.622 3.101 2.205 0 1.087 0.144 12.454 WY 0.316 3.589 1.148 0 0.24 0 0.978 6.271 PR 0 0 0 0 0 0 2.506 2.506 MP 0 1.404 0 0 0 0 0 1.404 MH 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 GU 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 AS 0 0 0.474 0 0 0 0 0.474 VI 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.881 1.881 PW 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total 280.163 822.055 334.03 316.439 304.238 332.595 341.468 2730.978 Source: Department of Homeland Security. Table 5. Distribution of Funding from SAFER Awards by Fire Department Type, FY2009-FY2014 Department Type Career Combination Volunteer Interest Organizations FY2009 77% 15% 2% 5% FY2010 69% 22% 5% 5% FY2011 68% 25% 3% 3% FY2012 67% 26% 4% 4% FY2013 70% 24% 3% 3% FY2014 67% 27% 4% 2% Source: GAO, Fire Grants: FEMA Could Enhance Program Administration and Performance Assessment, p. 48. Congressional Research Service 12

Table 6. Distribution of Funding from SAFER Awards by Community Service Area, FY2009-FY2014 Community Service Area Urban Suburban Rural Interest Organizations a FY2009 51% 27% 17% 5% FY2010 55% 29% 11% 5% FY2011 58% 26% 13% 3% FY2012 64% 20% 12% 3% FY2013 63% 23% 11% 3% FY2014 62% 22% 14% 2% Source: GAO, Fire Grants: FEMA Could Enhance Program Administration and Performance Assessment, p. 51. a. Interest Organizations represent other eligible organizations without a community service area affiliation, such as local, regional, or statewide organizations. Author Contact Information Lennard G. Kruger Specialist in Science and Technology Policy lkruger@crs.loc.gov, 7-7070 Congressional Research Service 13