OXFORD READERS Political Thought Edited by Michael Rosen and Jonathan Wolff with the assistance of Catriona McKinnon " ' v\ OXPORD UNIVERSITY PRESS
Contents Introduction 3 I. Human Nature Introduction I.a. The Natural State of Mankind 10 1. ARISTOTLE, The State Exists by Nature 10 2. THOMAS HOBBES, The Misery of the Natural Condition of Mankind n 3. JOHN LOCKE, The State of Nature and the State of War 14 4. BARON DE MONTESQUIEU, Fear and Peace 18 5. JEAN-JACQUES ROUSSEAU, The Noble Savage 20 6. ROBERT OWEN, Man's Character is Formed for Him 23 7. KARL MARX AND FRIEDRICH ENGELS, Man as a Productive Being 26 8. CHARLES DARWIN, Natural Selection 28 9. CHARLES DARWIN, The Advantage of Morality 30 10. PETER KROPOTKIN, Mutual Aid 30 I.b. Man's Nature and Woman's Nature 34 II. PLATO, Women as Weaker Partners 34 12. ARISTOTLE, Separate Spheres 36 13. JEAN-JACQUES ROUSSEAU, The Likeness and Unlikeness of the Sexes 37 14. MARY WOLLSTONECRAFT, The Rights of Women 39 15. JOHN STUART MILL, The Subjection of Women 40 16. CAROL GILLIGAN, In a Different Voice 44 17. ALISON M. JAGGAR, Socialist Feminism and the Standpoint of Women 49 11. The Justification of the State Introduction 52 Il.a. What is the State? 54 18. JOHN LOCKE, Political Power 54 19. MAX WEBER, The State and Coercion 54
x CONTENTS Il.b. The Social Contract 56 20. THOMAS HOBBES, Creating Leviathan 56 21. JOHN LOCKE, Express and Tacit Consent 59 22. JEAN-JACQUES ROUSSEAU, Natural Freedom and the Freedom of the Citizen 62 23. IMMANUEL KANT, The Hypothetical Contract 64 II.c. Against the Social Contract 66 24. DAVID HUME, The Irrelevance of Consent 66 25. JEREMY BENTHAM, Utility as the True Foundation 69 16. G. w. F HEGEL, The Priority of the State over the Individual 70 27. H.L. A. HART, The Principle of Fairness 71 Il.d. The Anarchist Response 73 28. MICHAEL BAKUNIN, Science and the People 73 29. ROBERT PAUL WOLFF, The Conflict of Autonomy and Authority 76 II.e. Civil Disobedience 78 30. PLATO, The Duty of Obedience. 78 31. HENRY DAVID THOREAU, The Duty of Disobedience 81 32. MARTIN LUTHER KING, An Unjust Law is No Law 83 33. JOHN RAWLS, Civil Disobedience 85 III. Democracy and Its Difficulties Introduction 89 IH.a. Against Democracy 91 34. PLATO, Ruling as a Skill 91 35. FREDERICK THE GREAT, The Enlightened Despot 94 IH.b. Democratic Ideals 96 36. JEAN-JACQUES ROUSSEAU, The General Will 96 37. IMMANUEL KANT, Freedom and Equality 97 38. JOHN STUART MILL, The Democratic Citizen 99 39. JOHN RAWLS, Majority Rule 100 III.c. True and False Democracy 103 40. v.i. LENIN, Bourgeois and Proletarian Democracy 103 41. CAROLE PATEMAN, Participatory Democracy 104
CONTENTS xi Ill.d. Dangers in Democracy 106 42. ARISTOTLE, Rule of the People and Rule of Law 106 43. JAMES MADISON, The Danger of Faction 107 44. ALEXIS DE TOCQUEVILLE, Tyranny of the Majority 109 IlI.e. Democracy and Bureaucracy in 45. MAX WEBER, Bureaucratic Administration in 46. VILFREDO PARETO, Rule by Oligarchy 113 Hl.f. Separation of Powers 115 47. JOHN LOCKE, Legislative, Executive, and Federative Powers 115 48. BARON DE MONTESQUIEU, The Ideal Constitution 117 IV. Liberty and Rights Introduction 119 IVa. What is Liberty? 122 49. BENJAMIN CONSTANT, The Liberty of the Ancients and the Liberty of the Moderns 122 50. ISAIAH BERLIN, Two Concepts of Liberty 124 51. CHARLES TAYLOR, In Defence of Positive Freedom 128 52. RONALD DWORKIN, No Right to Liberty 130 IVb. Law and Morality 133 53. JOHN STUART MILL, One Simple Principle 133 54. JAMES FITZJAMES STEPHEN, The Consequences of Liberty 134 55. PATRICK DEVLIN, The Enforcement of Morals 137 56. H.L. A. HART, The Changing Sense of Morality 140 IVc. Toleration and Free Expression 142 57. JOHN LOCKE, The Futility of Intolerance 142 58. THOMAS SCANLON, Free Expression and the Authority of the State 145 59. JEREMY WALDRON, The Satanic Verses 148 60. CATHERINE MACKINNON, Only Words 151 IVd. Virtue and Citizenship 155 61. PERICLES, The Democratic Citizen 155 62. ARISTOTLE, The Requirements of Citizenship 156
xii CONTENTS 63. NICCOLO MACHIAVELLI, The Servility of the Moderns 158 64. ALEXIS DE TOCQUEVILLE, The Nature of Modern Servitude 159 65. QUENTIN SKINNER, The Republican Ideal of Political Liberty 161 IVe. Rights 172 66. JEREMY BENTHAM, Nonsense on Stilts 172 67. KARL MARX, The Rights of Egoistic Man 173 68. ROBERT NOziCK, Rights as Side-Constraints 176 69. RONALD DWORKIN, Taking Rights Seriously 179 IVf. Punishment 181 70. JOHN STUART MILL, In Favour of Capital Punishment 181 71. H.L. A. HART, Punishment and Responsibility 182 72. ROBERT NOZICK, Where Deterrence Theory Goes Wrong 184 V. Economic Justice Introduction 187 V.a. Private Property 190 73. JOHN LOCKE, Labour as the Basis of Property 190 74. JEAN-JACQUES ROUSSEAU, The Earth Belongs to Nobody 194 75. G. w. F. HEGEL, Property as Expression 194 76. HERBERT SPENCER, The Right to the Use of the Earth 199 77. KARL MARX, Money, the Universal Whore 202 78. KARL MARX, The True Foundation of Private Property 206 79. SIGMUND FREUD, Property and Aggression 207 80. R.H. TAWNEY, Reaping without Sowing 208 81. ROBERT NOZICK, Difficulties with Mixing Labour 210 V.b. The Market 214 82. ADAM SMITH, The Dangers of Government Interference 214 83. KARL MARX, Appearance and Reality 215 84. F. A. HAYEK, Prices as a Code 216 85. MILTON FRIEDMAN and ROSE FRIEDMAN, The Tyranny of Controls 218 86. G. A. COHEN, Poverty as Lack of Freedom 222 Vc. Theories of DistributiveJustice 224 87. AESOP, The Grasshopper and the Ants 224 88. ARISTOTLE, Reciprocity 224 89. ARISTOTLE, Equality and Inequality, 226
CONTENTS xiii 90. GERALD WINSTANLEY, The Common Stock 227 91. DAVID HUME, The Impossibility of Equality 229 92. KARL MARX, From Each According to His Abilities, To Each According to His Needs 231 93. EDWARD BELLAMY, Looking Backward 233 94. F. A. HAYEK, The Impossibility of Planning 238 95. JOHN RAWLS, Two Principles of Justice 241 96. ROBERT NOZICK, The Entitlement Theory 245 97. RONALD DWORKIN, Equality of Resources 248' VI. Justice between Groups Introduction 256 Vl.a. Peace and War 257 98. IMMANUEL KANT, Perpetual Peace 257 99. RICHARD COBDEN, The Civilizing Influence of Commerce 259 100. MICHAEL WALZER, Just and Unjust War 260 101. THOMAS NAGEL, The Limits of Warfare 263 Vl.b. Nationalism 267 102. ISAIAH BERLIN, National Sentiment 267 103. ALASDAIR MACINTYRE, Is Patriotism a Virtue? 269 VI.c. Minority Rights 285 104. THOMAS HILL, The Message of Affirmative Action 285 105. AvisHAi MARGALIT andjoseph RAZ, National Self-Determination 288 Vl.d. Intergenerationaljustice 292 106. BRIAN BARRY, Justice between Generations 292 VI.e. Internationaljustice 300 107. PETER SINGER, Famine, Affluence and Morality 300 108. ONORA O'NEILL, Lifeboat Earth 304 VII. Alternatives to Liberalism Introduction 319 VII.a. Liberal Theory under Strain 321 109. JURGEN HABERMAS, Legitimation Crisis 321 no. MICHAEL WALZER, Liberalism in Retreat 323 in. MICHAEL WALZER, The Artificiality of Liberalism 324
xiv CONTENTS VH.b. Conservatism 326 112. EDMUND BURKE, Eternal Society 326 113. T. s. ELIOT, The Transmission of Culture 328 114. MICHAEL OAKESHOTT, On Being Conservative 331 VII.c. Communitarianism 335 115. CHARLES TAYLOR, Identification and Subjectivity 335 116. ALASDAIR MACINTYRE, Tradition and the Unity of a Life 338 117. MICHAEL SANDEL, Conceptions of Community 342 Vll.d. Socialism 345 118. KARL MARX, Workin Communist Society 345 119. KARL MARX, The Communist Manifesto 345 120. KARL MARX, The Realm of Freedom 348 121. OSCAR WILDE, The Soul of Man under Socialism 348 122. ERNEST MANDEL, Productive Activity 351 123. G. A. COHEN, Socialism and Equality of Opportunity 354 Vll.e. Post-modernism 359 124. FRiEDRicH NiETzscHE,The Impulse towards Justice 359 125. MICHEL FOUCAULT, Power/Knowledge 360 126. RICHARD RORTY, The Priority of Democracy to Philosophy 362 VIII. Progress and Civilization Introduction 366 127. JEAN-JACQUES ROUSSEAU, The Effect of the Arts and Sciences 367 128. ADAM SMITH, Division of Labour. 369 129. FRiEDRicH SCHILLER, Fragmentation and Aesthetic Education 371 130. KARL MARX, Development of the Productive Forces 376 131. FYODOR DOSTOEVSKY, Our Self-Destructive Impulse 378 132. FRiEDRicH ENGELS, Transition to Communism 380 133. MAX WEBER, Disenchantment 383 134. KARL POPPER, The Utopian Method 385 135. FRANCIS FUKUYAMA, The End of History 387 Appendix: Fundamental Political Documents 136. US Declaration of Independence (1776) 391 137. Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen (1789) 394 138. The Bill of Rights (1789), 396
CONTENTS xv 139. The Gettysburg Address (1863) 397 140. United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) 398 Notes 403 Select Bibliography 407 Biographical Notes 407 Source Acknowledgements 419 Index 425