NATIONAL: FAKE NEWS THREAT TO MEDIA; EDITORIAL DECISIONS, OUTSIDE ACTORS AT FAULT

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Please attribute this information to: Monmouth University Poll West Long Branch, NJ 07764 www.monmouth.edu/polling Follow on Twitter: @MonmouthPoll Released: Monday, April 2, 2018 Contact: PATRICK MURRAY 732-979-6769 (cell); 732-263-5858 (office) pdmurray@monmouth.edu Follow on Twitter: @PollsterPatrick NATIONAL: FAKE NEWS THREAT TO MEDIA; EDITORIAL DECISIONS, OUTSIDE ACTORS AT FAULT Trump less trusted than CNN, MSNBC, and Fox as info source West Long Branch, NJ The news about fake news is not good, according to the Monmouth University Poll. Large majorities of the American public believe that traditional media outlets engage in reporting fake news and that outside sources are actively trying to plant fake stories in the mainstream media. When it comes to the meaning of fake news, a majority believe that it involves editorial decisions as well as inaccurate reporting. The public feels that social media platforms are partly to blame for the spread of fake news and are not doing enough to stop it. The poll also finds that Pres. Trump continues to be less trusted than the major cable news outlets as an information source. More than 3-in-4 Americans believe that traditional major TV and newspaper media outlets report fake news, including 3 who believe this happens regularly and 4 who say it happens occasionally. The 7 who believe fake news reporting happens at least occasionally has increased significantly from 6 of the public who felt that way last year. Just 2 say the term fake news applies only to stories where the facts are wrong. Most Americans (6), on the other hand, say that fake news also applies to how news outlets make editorial decisions about what they choose to report. These findings are troubling, no matter how you define fake news. Confidence in an independent fourth estate is a cornerstone of a healthy democracy. Ours appears to be headed for the intensive care unit, said Patrick Murray, director of the independent Monmouth University Polling Institute. The belief that major media outlets disseminate fake news at least occasionally has increased among every partisan group over the past year, including ublicans (8 up from 7 in 2017), independents (8 up from 6), and ocrats (6 up from 4). In addition to the fact that a clear 1

Monmouth University Polling Institute 04/02/18 majority of ocrats now believe that traditional media outlets report fake news at least occasionally, the poll also finds that a majority of ublicans (5) feel this happens on a regular basis (up from 3 in 2017). A plurality of the public (4) say that traditional news media sources report fake news on purpose in order to push an agenda. Fewer Americans (2) believe that major media sources tend to report these stories only by accident or due to poor fact checking. Another feel both reasons are equally prevalent. The remainder are either not sure or do not feel that fake news is reported by traditional media outlets. The number who believe this type of false reporting is done on purpose has not changed much from a year ago when it stood at 3. The number who say it is done accidentally has increased from 1 a year ago as more people feel that the traditional media engages in reporting fake news stories. Fully 8 of Americans believe that outside groups or agents are actively trying to plant fake stories in the mainstream media. Two-thirds (6) say this is a serious problem including 7 of ublicans, 6 of independents, and 5 of ocrats. According to the public, fake news is the result of both outside agents trying to plant fabricated stories and the editorial processes of mainstream media outlets that disseminate false narratives. The perception of this problem couldn t be more pervasive, said Murray. Attention has also focused on the role of social media platforms in the propagation of fake news. Nearly 9-in-10 Americans (8) believe that outside groups are trying to plant fake news stories on social media sites like Facebook and YouTube. More than two-thirds (7) say this is a serious problem including 8 of ublicans, 6 of independents, and 6 of ocrats. Most Americans (60%) say that social media sites are partly responsible for the spread of fake news but that other media sources are more responsible. This compares to 2 who say that social media sites are mostly responsible for the spread of fake news. Just say they are not at all responsible. There is bipartisan agreement on this opinion. [te: the interviews for this poll were conducted prior to recent stories about Cambridge Analytica s data mining of Facebook user profiles, which, while not directly a fake news issue, is related to the topic.] Even though social media may not be the principal culprit in spreading fake news, fully 6 of Americans say that these sites are not doing enough to stop the spread of fake news on their platforms. Just say they are doing enough. The way the public sees it, social media is just one cog that keeps the fake news wheel turning, said Murray. The poll also finds that a large majority of the public (8) believe that online news websites also report fake news, which is up slightly from 80% in 2017. However, the number who believe 2

Monmouth University Polling Institute 04/02/18 that online news sources regularly report fake news has increased from 4 a year ago to a majority of 5 today. Trump versus Cable News The Monmouth University Poll also finds that Pres. Trump is trusted less as source of information than three cable news outlets except if you ask ublicans. Nearly half the American public (4) trusts CNN more than Trump, compared with one-third (3) who trust Trump more than CNN and another 1 who trust both equally as a source of information. The results are similar when Trump is pitted against the left-leaning MSNBC 4 trust MSNBC more, 3 trust Trump more, and 1 trust both equally. The right-leaning Fox News also bests the president as a trusted information source 30% trust Fox more and trust Trump more, although a plurality of 3 trust both equally. The results for the president versus MSNBC have not changed much in the past year (4 trusted MSNBC more, 3 trusted Trump more, 1 trusted both equally in 2017). The pendulum has swung slightly but not substantially away from Fox News and toward Trump in that matchup (3 trusted Fox News more, 1 trusted Trump more, 3 trusted both equally in 2017). CNN was not included in the 2017 poll. It should come as no surprise that many more ublicans trust the president as an information source than either CNN (1 versus 7 for Trump) or MSNBC (1 versus 7 for Trump). But ublicans are also somewhat more likely to trust Trump (3) over Fox News (2), with 40% trusting both GOP-aligned sources equally. In 2017, 2 of ublicans trusted Trump more, 2 trusted Fox more, and 4 trusted both equally, marking a slight gain for the president in the current poll. One bright lining in the whole fake news debate is that major cable news operations are still more trusted than a single officeholder. Unless you are a ublican, in which case Trump s Twitter feed may be your go-to news source, said Murray. The Monmouth University Poll was conducted by telephone from 2 to 5, 2018 with 803 adults in the United States. The results in this release have a margin of error of +/- 3.5 percent. The poll was conducted by the Monmouth University Polling Institute in West Long Branch, NJ. 3

Monmouth University Polling Institute 04/02/18 QUESTIONS AND RESULTS (* Some columns may not add to 100% due to rounding.) [Q1-37 previously released.] 38. I m going to read you some names of information sources. For each pair of names I read, please tell me which one both sources about equally. First, [READ PAIR] [ITEMS WERE ROTATED] Donald Trump and CNN 2018 Trust Trump more 3 Trust CNN more 4 Trust both equally 1 (VOL) Don t know (n) (803) Donald Trump and Fox News TREND: 2018 2017 Trust Trump more 1 Trust Fox News more 30% 3 Trust both equally 3 3 (VOL) Don t know 1 (n) (803) (801) Donald Trump and MSNBC TREND: 2018 2017 Trust Trump more 3 3 Trust MSNBC more 4 4 Trust both equally 1 1 (VOL) Don t know (n) (803) (801) [QUESTIONS 39/39A and 40/40A WERE ROTATED] 39. Do you think some traditional major news sources like TV and newspapers ever report fake news stories, or not? [If YES: Do they do this regularly or just occasionally?] TREND: 2018 2017, regularly 3 2, occasionally 4 3, do not 2 3 (VOL) Don t know (n) (803) (801) 4

Monmouth University Polling Institute 04/02/18 39A. Do you think these sources report these stories on purpose in order to push an agenda or do they tend to report them more by accident or because of poor fact checking? 2018 2017 TREND: On purpose in order to push an agenda By accident or because of poor fact checking (VOL) Both equally (VOL) Don t know Major media do not report 4 3 2 1 fake news (Q39) 2 3 Unsure if major media report fake news (Q39) (n) (803) (801) 40. Do you think some online news websites ever report fake news stories, or not? [If YES: Do they do this regularly or just occasionally?] TREND: 2018 2017, regularly 5 4, occasionally 3 3, do not 1 (VOL) Don t know (n) (803) (801) 40A. Do you think these websites report these stories on purpose in order to push an agenda or do they tend to report them more by accident or because of poor fact checking? 2018 2017 TREND: On purpose to push an agenda By accident or because of poor fact checking (VOL) Both equally (VOL) Don t know Online outlets do not report 5 5 1 1 fake news (Q40) 1 Unsure if online outlets report fake news (Q40) (n) (803) (801) 41. When you use the term fake news, does it only apply to stories where the facts are wrong or does it also apply to how news outlets make editorial decisions about what they choose to report? 2018 Only apply to stories where the facts are wrong 2 Also apply to how news outlets make editorial decisions 6 (VOL) Don t know (n) (803) 42. Do you think outside groups or agents are actively trying to plant fake news stories in the mainstream media, or is this not happening? [If YES: Is this a serious or not too serious problem?] 2018, serious problem 6, not too serious 1, not happening 1 (VOL) Don t know (n) (803) 5

Monmouth University Polling Institute 04/02/18 43. Do you think outside groups or agents are actively trying to plant fake news stories on social media sites like Facebook and YouTube, or is this not happening? [If YES: Is this a serious or not too serious problem?] 2018, serious problem 7, not too serious 1, not happening (VOL) Don t know (n) (803) 44. How much are social media sites like Facebook and YouTube responsible for the spread of fake news are they mostly responsible, are they partly responsible but other media sources are more responsible, or are they not at all responsible? 2018 Mostly responsible 2 Partly responsible but other media sources are more responsible 60% t at all responsible (VOL) Don t know (n) (803) 45. Are social media sites like Facebook and YouTube currently doing enough or not doing enough to stop the spread of fake news on their sites? 2018 Doing enough t doing enough 6 (VOL) Don t know 1 (n) (803) [Q46-48 previously released.] METHODOLOGY The Monmouth University Poll was sponsored and conducted by the Monmouth University Polling Institute from 2 to 5, 2018 with a national random sample of 803 adults age 18 and older, in English. This includes 400 contacted by a live interviewer on a landline telephone and 403 contacted by a live interviewer on a cell phone. Telephone numbers were selected through random digit dialing and landline respondents were selected with a modified Troldahl-Carter youngest adult household screen. Monmouth is responsible for all aspects of the survey design, data weighting and analysis. Final sample is weighted for region, age, education, gender and race based on US Census information. Data collection support provided by Braun Research (field) and SSI (RDD sample). For results based on this sample, one can say with 9 confidence that the error attributable to sampling has a maximum margin of plus or minus 3.5 percentage points (unadjusted for sample design). Sampling error can be larger for subgroups (see table below). In addition to sampling error, one should bear in mind that question wording and practical difficulties in conducting surveys can introduce error or bias into the findings of opinion polls. 6

Monmouth University Polling Institute 04/02/18 DEMOGRAPHICS (weighted) Self-orted 2 ublican 4 ependent 3 ocrat 4 Male 5 Female 30% 18-34 3 35-54 3 55+ 6 White 1 Black 1 Hispanic Asian/Other MARGIN OF ERROR unweighted sample moe (+/-) 803 3. REGISTERED VOTER 708 3. 95 10. SELF-REPORTED ublican 191 7. ependent 347 5. ocrat 250 6. IDEOLOGY Liberal 177 7. Moderate 308 5. Conservative 293 5. Male 412 4. Female 391 5.0% AGE 18-34 153 7. 35-54 270 6.0% 55+ 372 5. RACE anic 547 4. Other 221 6. UATE degree 445 4. 4 year degree 348 5. 273 5. $50 to <100K 238 6. 209 6. 2016 VOTE BY COUNTY Trump 10+ pts 308 5. Swing <10 pts 165 7. Clinton 10+ pts 330 5. ### 7

38A. Please tell me which one Donald Trump and C.N.N. Trust C.N.N. more 3 4 1 3 2 4 5 1 1 7 1 3 4 1 80% 1 Lib Mod Con 2 6 8 5 1 1 38A. Please tell me which one Donald Trump and C.N.N. Trust C.N.N. more Male Female 18-34 35-54 55+ degree 4 yr degree 4 2 2 3 4 3 30% 3 5 5 4 4 4 5 1 1 1 1 1 4 4 1 38A. Please tell me which one Donald Trump and C.N.N. Trust C.N.N. more 1 6 1 2 50% 1 40% 5 3 4 1 Trump 10+pts Swing <10pts Clinton 10+pts 4 3 2 3 5 5 1 38B. Please tell me which one Donald Trump and Fox News Trust Fox News more 30% 3 1 1 2 30% 2 3 30% 1 1 3 2 40% 1 2 3 1 3 3 1 Lib Mod Con 1 2 3 3 2 40% 3 3 1 38B. Please tell me which one Donald Trump and Fox News Trust Fox News more Male Female 18-34 35-54 55+ degree 4 yr degree 2 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 3 3 2 2 30% 30% 3 40% 3 3 3 3 40% 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 3 1 Page 1

38B. Please tell me which one Donald Trump and Fox News Trust Fox News more 1 3 3 1 3 3 1 2 2 3 1 1 30% 4 1 Trump 10+pts Swing <10pts Clinton 10+pts 2 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 3 1 1 1 38C. Please tell me which one Donald Trump and M.S.N.B.C. Trust M.S.N.B.C. more 3 4 1 3 2 4 4 1 1 1 7 1 1 2 4 2 7 1 Lib Mod Con 6 8 5 1 1 1 38C. Please tell me which one Donald Trump and M.S.N.B.C. Trust M.S.N.B.C. more Male Female 18-34 35-54 55+ degree 4 yr degree 40% 2 1 3 3 3 2 3 5 5 4 40% 4 5 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 40% 3 1 38C. Please tell me which one Donald Trump and M.S.N.B.C. Trust M.S.N.B.C. more 1 5 1 2 4 1 3 4 1 3 4 1 Trump 10+pts Swing <10pts Clinton 10+pts 4 3 2 3 4 5 1 1 1 Page 2

Lib 39. Do you think some traditional, regularly 3 3 2 5 2 1 1 2 4 3 major news sources like TV and newspapers ever report fake, occasionally 4 4 5 3 5 4 4 50% 4 4 news stories, or not? [IF "YES" ASK:] Do they do this regularly or, do not 2 2 1 3 3 2 1 just occasionally? Female 18-34 35-54 55+ degree 4 yr degree Mod Con 39. Do you think some traditional, regularly 2 2 3 3 3 2 3 2 2 major news sources like TV and newspapers ever report fake, occasionally 4 5 4 4 4 50% 4 4 4 news stories, or not? [IF "YES" ASK:] Do they do this regularly or, do not 2 1 2 2 2 1 2 2 just occasionally? Trump 10+pts Swing <10pts Clinton 10+pts 39. Do you think some traditional, regularly 3 3 3 2 2 major news sources like TV and newspapers ever report fake, occasionally 4 4 4 4 4 news stories, or not? [IF "YES" ASK:] Do they do this regularly or, do not 1 1 1 2 2 just occasionally? Male 39A. Do you think these sources report these stories on purpose in order to push an agenda or do they tend to report them more by accident or because of poor fact checking? On purpose in order to push an agenda By accident or because of poor fact checking (VOL) Both equally Major media does not report fake news [Q39] Unsure if major media report fake news [Q39] 4 2 2 4 3 2 2 1 2 6 1 4 2 1 2 3 3 Lib Mod Con 3 6 3 30% 1 0% 3 2 Page 3

Male Female 18-34 35-54 55+ degree 4 yr degree 39A. Do you think these sources report these stories on purpose in order to push an agenda or do they tend to report them more by accident or because of poor fact checking? On purpose in order to push an agenda By accident or because of poor fact checking (VOL) Both equally 4 2 3 3 40% 3 4 2 40% 2 4 2 3 3 4 2 0% 0% Major media does not report fake news [Q39] 1 2 1 2 2 2 1 Unsure if major media report fake news [Q39] Trump 10+pts Swing <10pts Clinton 10+pts 39A. Do you think these sources report these stories on purpose in order to push an agenda or do they tend to report them more by accident or because of poor fact checking? On purpose in order to push an agenda By accident or because of poor fact checking (VOL) Both equally 3 30% 4 2 4 2 4 2 50% 2 3 30% 3 2 0% 0% Major media does not report fake news [Q39] 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 Unsure if major media report fake news [Q39] Lib Mod Con Male 40. Do you think some online news websites ever report fake news stories, or not? [IF "YES" ASK:] Do they do this regularly or just occasionally?, regularly, occasionally, do not 5 3 5 3 4 3 1 6 2 5 3 3 40% 1 4 4 1 50% 3 60% 2 5 3 Female 18-34 35-54 55+ degree 4 yr degree 40. Do you think some online news websites ever report fake news stories, or not? [IF "YES" ASK:] Do they do this regularly or just occasionally?, regularly, occasionally, do not 4 3 1 5 3 5 30% 4 3 1 5 3 5 3 5 3 4 3 1 4 3 1 Page 4

Trump 10+pts Swing <10pts Clinton 10+pts 40. Do you think some online news websites ever report fake news stories, or not? [IF "YES" ASK:] Do they do this regularly or just occasionally?, regularly, occasionally, do not 5 3 5 3 5 3 4 3 4 3 1 Lib Mod Con 40A. Do you think these websites report these stories on purpose in order to push an agenda or do they tend to report them more by accident or because of poor fact checking? On purpose in order to push an agenda By accident or because of poor fact checking (VOL) Both equally 5 1 5 1 5 1 1 7 5 1 1 50% 2 5 1 1 5 6 1 0% 0% Online outlets do not report fake news [Q40] 1 1 1 Unsure if online outlets report fake news [Q40] Male Female 18-34 35-54 55+ degree 4 yr degree 40A. Do you think these websites report these stories on purpose in order to push an agenda or do they tend to report them more by accident or because of poor fact checking? On purpose in order to push an agenda By accident or because of poor fact checking (VOL) Both equally 6 1 1 5 1 60% 2 1 6 1 5 1 5 1 6 1 6 1 1 0% Online outlets do not report fake news [Q40] 1 1 Unsure if online outlets report fake news [Q40] Page 5

40A. Do you think these websites report these stories on purpose in order to push an agenda or do they tend to report them more by accident or because of poor fact checking? On purpose in order to push an agenda By accident or because of poor fact checking (VOL) Both equally Online outlets do not report fake news [Q40] Unsure if online outlets report fake news [Q40] 5 2 1 5 1 6 1 6 1 1 Trump 10+pts Swing <10pts Clinton 10+pts 6 5 5 1 1 1 1 1 Lib 41. When you use the term fake news, does it only apply to stories where the facts are wrong or does it also apply to how news outlets make editorial decisions about Only apply to stories where the facts are wrong Also apply to how news outlets make editorial decisions 2 6 2 6 1 6 1 7 2 6 3 5 3 5 2 6 1 7 what they choose to report? 1 Mod Con Male Female 18-34 35-54 55+ degree 4 yr degree 41. When you use the term fake news, does it only apply to stories Only apply to stories where the facts are wrong 2 2 3 2 2 2 3 2 where the facts are wrong or does it also apply to how news outlets Also apply to how news outlets 6 60% 6 6 6 6 6 6 make editorial decisions about make editorial decisions what they choose to report? 1 1 1 1 Trump 10+pts Swing <10pts Clinton 10+pts 41. When you use the term fake news, does it only apply to stories where the facts are wrong or does it also apply to how news outlets make editorial decisions about Only apply to stories where the facts are wrong Also apply to how news outlets make editorial decisions 3 5 1 6 2 6 3 6 2 6 2 6 2 6 what they choose to report? 1 1 1 1 1 Page 6

Lib 42. Do you think outside groups or agents are actively trying to plant fake news stories in the, serious problem, not too serious 6 1 6 1 5 1 7 1 6 1 5 1 6 1 6 1 6 1 mainstream media, or is this not happening? [IF "YES" ASK:] Is, not happening 1 1 1 1 1 1 this a serious or not too serious problem? Male Female 18-34 35-54 55+ degree 4 yr degree Mod 42. Do you think outside groups or agents are actively trying to plant fake news stories in the, serious problem, not too serious 6 1 6 1 6 7 1 6 1 6 1 6 1 6 1 mainstream media, or is this not happening? [IF "YES" ASK:] Is, not happening 1 1 1 1 1 this a serious or not too serious problem? Trump 10+pts Swing <10pts Clinton 10+pts 42. Do you think outside groups or agents are actively trying to plant fake news stories in the, serious problem, not too serious 6 1 6 1 6 1 7 1 70% 1 6 1 6 1 mainstream media, or is this not happening? [IF "YES" ASK:] Is, not happening 1 1 1 1 this a serious or not too serious problem? Con 43. Do you think outside groups or agents are actively trying to plant fake news stories on social media sites like Facebook and YouTube, or is this not happening? [IF "YES" ASK:] Is this a serious or not too serious problem?, serious problem, not too serious, not happening 7 1 7 6 1 1 8 1 6 1 6 1 Lib Mod Con 7 70% 7 1 1 1 Male 6 1 Page 7

Female 18-34 35-54 55+ degree 4 yr degree 43. Do you think outside groups or agents are actively trying to plant fake news stories on social media sites like Facebook and YouTube, or is this not happening? [IF "YES" ASK:] Is this a serious or not too serious problem?, serious problem, not too serious, not happening 7 1 7 1 7 1 6 1 1 6 1 7 1 7 1 7 1 Trump 10+pts Swing <10pts Clinton 10+pts 43. Do you think outside groups or agents are actively trying to plant fake news stories on social media sites like Facebook and YouTube, or is this not happening? [IF "YES" ASK:] Is this a serious or not too serious problem?, serious problem, not too serious, not happening 70% 1 70% 1 8 7 1 6 1 7 1 Lib Mod Con 44. How much are social media sites like Facebook and YouTube responsible for the spread of fake news - are they mostly responsible, are they partly responsible but other media sources are more responsible, or are they not at all responsible? Mostly responsible Partly responsible but other media sources are more responsible t at all responsible 2 60% 2 6 3 5 2 6 3 6 2 5 3 5 2 6 2 6 Male Female 18-34 35-54 55+ degree 4 yr degree 44. How much are social media sites like Facebook and YouTube responsible for the spread of fake news - are they mostly responsible, are they partly responsible but other media sources are more responsible, or are they not at all responsible? Mostly responsible Partly responsible but other media sources are more responsible t at all responsible 3 5 2 6 3 5 2 6 2 60% 3 5 2 6 2 6 Page 8

44. How much are social media sites like Facebook and YouTube responsible for the spread of fake news - are they mostly responsible, are they partly responsible but other media sources are more responsible, or are they not at all responsible? Mostly responsible Partly responsible but other media sources are more responsible t at all responsible 3 5 3 5 2 6 3 60% Trump 10+pts Swing <10pts Clinton 10+pts 2 30% 3 6 5 5 Lib 45. Are social media sites like Facebook and YouTube currently doing enough or not doing Doing enough t doing enough 6 6 1 6 1 70% 2 70% 1 70% 1 7 70% 1 6 1 6 enough to stop the spread of fake news on their sites? 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Female 18-34 35-54 55+ degree 4 yr degree Mod Con 45. Are social media sites like Facebook and YouTube currently doing enough or not doing Doing enough t doing enough 2 6 2 6 7 1 6 6 7 1 6 2 7 2 6 enough to stop the spread of fake news on their sites? 1 1 1 1 Trump 10+pts Swing <10pts Clinton 10+pts 45. Are social media sites like Facebook and YouTube currently doing enough or not doing Doing enough t doing enough 1 70% 1 7 6 7 6 enough to stop the spread of fake news on their sites? 1 1 Male Page 9