The Progressive Presidents

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Transcription:

The Progressive Presidents

Main Ideas o The federal government responded to grassroots reform efforts by enacting progressive policies. o Progressive reforms sought to established a greater degree of democratic participation and strengthening the power of the federal government to regulate the economy. o Presidents Roosevelt, Taft and Wilson all instituted progressive policies, though they were bitter rivals.

Essential Questions o How did the excesses of the Gilded Age contribute to the development of the Progressive Movement? o What were the goals of Progressives, and what were their accomplishments?

What is Progressivism?

What is Progressivism? Broad-Based Reforms o Regulation of big business o Labor protection o Consumer protection o Direct democracy o Pragmatism & efficiency o Education o Women s rights o Prohibition o Environmentalism o Civil rights? Roosevelt (R) Taft (R) Wilson (D)

Theodore Roosevelt (R) 1901-1909

Coal Strike Resolved o For the first time, the federal government acted as a neutral arbiter rather than siding with owners o Pay increase & shorter hours o But United Mine Workers were not recognized as bargaining agent

Trustbusting Under Roosevelt o First president to enforce the 1890 Sherman Anti-Trust Act o Initiated 44 anti-trust lawsuits o Good trusts vs. bad trusts o Northern Securities v. U.S., 1904

Northern Securities v. U.S., 1904 o Holding company o Railroad trust o Theodore Roosevelt vs. J.P. Morgan o Enforcement of Sherman Anti-Trust Act

Election of 1904

Hepburn Act, 1906 o Expanded authority of Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) o o o Set maximum RR rates Ended rebates Audited bookkeepers

Meatpacking Scandal o Upton Sinclair s The Jungle, 1906 o Undercover muckraking journalism o Public outrage o Europe stopped importing American meat

Consumer Protection o Meat Inspection Act, 1906 o Pure Food & Drug Act, 1906 o Paved way for creation of FDA

Conservation Under T.R. o T.R. supported Pinchot s managed use o Newlands Reclamation Act o Irrigation & flood control o U.S. Forest Service o New national parks

Federally-Owned Land

T.R. & Civil Rights o Progress o Consulted with B.T. Washington o Appointed African Americans to low-level federal jobs o Opposed school segregation o Drawbacks o Took little initiative on legislation o Black soldiers: dishonorable discharges & disparaging comments

Gentlemen s Agreement, 1907 o Japan stops emigration of laborers to U.S. o U.S. allows Japanese- American children into public schools

Roosevelt s Foreign Policy o Roosevelt Corollary o Big Stick Diplomacy o Great White Fleet o Panama Canal o Nobel Prize for Treaty of Portsmouth

William H. Taft (R) 1909-1913

Election of 1908

16 th Amendment o Income tax o Progressive (graduated) taxation

Mann-Elkins Act o Expanded authority of Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) o Telegraph & telephone companies

Trustbusting Under Taft o The Great Trustbuster o Initiated 99 antitrust lawsuits (more than twice as many as Roosevelt) o U.S. v. U.S. Steel

U.S. v. U.S. Steel o Taft initiated lawsuit against J.P. Morgan s steel empire o Broke Roosevelt s promise to protect Morgan s good trust

Growing Frustration with Taft?

Payne-Aldrich Tariff o Compromise bill o Some reductions o Some increases o Angered Progressives, who wanted more reductions

Tariff Rates

Ballinger-Pinchot Affair o Conservation policy controversy o Gifford Pinchot o o Appointed by Roosevelt Fired by Taft o Richard Ballinger o Appointed by Taft o Growing split in Republican Party o Taft vs. Roosevelt

Taft s Foreign Policy o Dollar Diplomacy o Investment in Asia & Latin America o Carrot rather than stick?

The Election of 1912 Roosevelt, Taft & Wilson

New Nationalism vs. New Freedom

The Candidates of 1912 Taft (Republican) Roosevelt (Progressive) Wilson (Democratic) Debs (Socialist) Chafin (Prohibition)

Electoral College Results, 1912

Wilson s Landslide Victory Republican Party divided by Bull Moose equals Democratic victory

Woodrow Wilson (D) 1913-1921

The New Freedom Tear down the triple wall of privilege 1. Lower high tariffs 2. Regulate big business 3. Reform the banking system Priming the pump for business growth

Underwood Tariff o Lowered tariff rates o Amendment instituted a graduated (progressive) income tax

Clayton Antitrust Act o Banned price discrimination o Banned interlocking directorates o Protected labor unions from antitrust actions o Gave teeth to Sherman Antitrust Act

Federal Reserve Monetary Policy

Adamson Act o Regulation of interstate commerce o Eight-hour workday for RR employees o Overtime pay

17 th Amendment o Direct election of senators

18 th Amendment o Prohibition of alcohol

19 th Amendment

Louis Brandeis o First Jewish Supreme Court justice o Appointed by Wilson

Wilson & African Americans o Segregation of federal offices o Discouraged African Americans from applying for federal employment o Praise for the Confederacy & KKK o The Birth of a Nation o 1 st film screened at the White House

Wilson s Foreign Policy o Missionary (Moral) Diplomacy o Meddling in Mexican Revolution o World War I o o o Neutrality Aid to Allies Declaration of War o Making Peace after WWI o o o 14 Points Treaty of Versailles League of Nations

Edith Wilson o Woodrow Wilson s stroke, 1919 o Harmed efforts in support of Treaty of Versailles and League of Nations o First Lady assumed many of the president s responsibilities

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