Social Darwinism Industrial Democracy The 20 th Century Begins
The Progressive Movement Differing Ideas of Reform Government regulation Control of Corporations Control of Political Machines Protection of Consumers Contract Freedom Woodrow Wilson Individual Initiative Economic Freedom Theodore Roosevelt Regulation of Corporations
The New Industrial Democracy Government regulation of business Union and cooperative support for workers Socialism What is Socialism? What are Cooperatives? The clash between 19 th Century Laissez Faire laws......... And the new Industrial Democracy led to.. The Progressive Movement
Varieties of Economic Freedom in Industrial Democracy: Progressives: Advocates for activist government intervention Advocates for contract freedom with moral and social controls Middle-class reformers: humanize capitalism, control individual and group behavior; restrict immigration Industrial Freedom: rights of workers to participate in economic decisions Massive strikes in NY garment industry (1909) Lawrence MA textile strike (1912) Patterson, NJ silk workers strike (1913)
1911: Triangle Shirtwaist Fire
Mine workers struggled against Coal Companies
Charlotte Perkins Gilman Cult of Domesticity is simply unpaid labor Frederick W. Taylor, father of Scientific Management Emma Goldman: equal pay for equal work Simon W. Patten Market Liberty: freedom to buy
Freedom Redefined (again) Instead of: Political freedom Economic freedom We now have: Access to consumer goods Freedom to choose Personal fulfillment AND The Department Store The original Dillard s in Jacksonville: built 1906 Macy s Interior, Ca. 1902
Results: Federal Reserve Board Rise of the bureaucratic nation-state: Federal regulation of labor, business and finance: Federal Trade Commission Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 Clayton Act of 1914: reverses Laissez Faire clauses in Sherman Anti-Trust Act
The Rise of Liberalism: Hull House Some New Boundaries 19 th Amendment Ratified (1920) Votes for Women Initiative, referendum and recall instituted Creation of city and county managers to tame machine politics Settlement Houses: Jane Addams Women in workforce organize Southern states claim that Jim Crow and disenfranchisement are reforms Jane Addams Lillian Wald
New Barriers to Freedom: remember those middle class reformers who wanted more social controls? New literacy tests and residency requirements to limit immigrant voting Attack on citizens rights: Are newly naturalized citizens fit to vote? New regulations to safeguard the home: Pure food and drug act State aid to mothers with dependent children and no male support Child labor laws
Challenges to working women: Muller v. Oregon (1908) argued by Louis Brandeis Women s hours in the workplace limited due to inherent weakness Feminists view limits as stigmatizing Domestic reformers regard limits as protection They don t think so
Legal Challenges to Laissez Faire policies: Legal protection for the ill, the aged, and the disabled Unionization, collective bargaining, 8 hour day, minimum wages Municipal housing, public ownership of utilities Progressive income tax Child Labor Laws
Presidential Election of 1912 Progressive v Corporations Socialist Party: Eugene V. Debs Republican Party: William Howard Taft TR s handpicked successor, who had caved in to Big Business Progressive Party: Theodore Roosevelt who wanted Taft out Democratic Party: Woodrow Wilson
Catt Paul Burns Votes for Women Wilson
Alice and Lucy formed the Congressional Union at NAWSA 1913: the CU Inaugural Procession : And were stopped, harassed and beaten by a mob of onlookers
Jailed, Beaten and Force-fed: But with good press coverage...
And an argument that embarrassed the Federal Government: 1920, the Nation ratified the 19 th Amendment
Versailles Peace Treaty
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Warren G. Harding and running mate Calvin Coolidge The return of the Republicans
Big Business gains the upper hand again: 100% Americanism American plan for industry: discourage collective bargaining; open shop over union shop Reversal of Muller v Oregon: if women can vote they don t need protection
1 ST Amendment Rights become the Cornerstone of Individual Liberty to protect citizens from powerful activitist state
Louis Brandeis began his law career fighting for minimum wages trade union rights anti-trust legislation women s rights. Union resistance to industrial slavery is an issue of democracy, not of Laissez Faire Appointed to the Supreme Court in 1916 Brandeis wrote important opinions on freedom of speech amd right to privacy
First Amendment to the Rescue: Supreme Court Oliver Wendell Holmes: clear and present danger Louis Brandeis: freedom of speech is essential to citizenship Holmes Brandeis
Sacco and Vanzetti: a liberal cause without much support in the US Undoubtedly not guilty of murder, but guilty of being immigrants
The New Woman Sexually liberated Smart Consumer Technologically liberated Completely domesticated Until Marriage
Prohibition: Amendment XVIII (18) Ratified 1919, Repealed by Amendment XXI (21) 1933
Social Protest follows.... WW I Veterans Farmers Unemployed Union Organizers