Unit 5 Preview Sheet: Becoming A World Power 1. What factors led the US to follow a policy of imperialism in the late 1800 s? 2. How does a policy of imperialism differ from those foreign policies of earlier Presidents on US history? 3. What effect did William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer have on getting the US involved in the Spanish American War? 4. How was the sinking of the USS Maine used to rally support for was against Spain? 5. What territories did the US acquire as a result of the Spanish-American War? 6. Who was Queen Liliuokalani and how did the US annex Hawaii? 7. What effect did the Open Door Policy have US interests in China? 8. Why did the US build the Panama Canal and what impact did it have on the US? 9. Describe how the Roosevelt Corollary is an extension of the Monroe Doctrine? 10. What were President Taft s intentions in his dollar diplomacy program? 11. Describe the arguments for and against imperialism. 12. What purpose did muckrakers serve to American society? 13. What was the main purpose or goals of the Progressive Era? 14. What progressive ideas were used to reform the voting process? 15. Compare the verdicts of Lochner v. New York (1905) & Muller v. Oregon (1908). 16. Describe seven pieces of legislation passed during the Progressive Era. 17. How did the U.S. begin to move toward conservation in the early 1900 s? 18. Describe how the election of 1912 elected Woodrow Wilson President. 19. What effects did the formation of the Federal Reserve System have on the US? 21. How did the Clayton Antitrust Act strengthen the Sherman Antitrust Act? 22. Describe the events leading up to women gaining the right to vote in 1920. 23. What were the four long-term causes of World War I? 24. What was the immediate cause of World War I? 25. Identify the nations of both the Allied Powers and the Central Powers. 26. What was the main reason the US stayed neutral in World War I? 27. Describe the following events that brought the US closer to war: Lusitania sinking, Zimmermann Telegram, and the Russian Revolution. 28. What did the Selective Service Act propose require? 29. What new technology came about for use in war during World War I? 30. What did the Lever Food and Fuel Control Act do to help the war effort at home? 31. What did the 18 th and 19 th Amendments add onto the Constitution? 32. Describe Wilson s view of world peace under his plan the Fourteen Points. 33. Why did the League of Nations fail to be effective? 34. What were the conditions of the Treaty of Versailles and what were their effects? 35. What was the significance of the Schenck v. United States verdict? 36. What is self-determination and why did Wilson support the idea? People to Know Upton Sinclair Jane Addams Theodore Roosevelt WH Taft Ida Tarbell Woodrow Wilson Robert LaFollette Alice Paul Carry Chapman Catt Henry Cabot Lodge Jeanette Rankin Jacob Riis William McKinley Joseph Pulitzer William Randolph Hearst V.I Lenin
Vocabulary Unit 5 Muckrakers Upton Sinclair Ida Tarbell Frank Norris Jacob Riis Lincoln Steffens Progressive Movement Direct primaries Initiative Referendum Recall Theodore Roosevelt Square Deal Employers Liability Act of 1906 Pure Food & Drug Act William Howard Taft 16 th Amendment Woodrow Wilson Underwood Tariff Act Federal Reserve Act Federal Trade Commission Clayton Anti-trust Act 17 th Amendment 18 th Amendment 19 th Amendment Imperialism Treaty of Kanagawa Seward s Folly Open Door Policy Spheres of influence Boxer Rebellion Banana republics Jingoism William Randolph Hearst USS Maine Yellow journalism Spanish-American War William McKinley Theodore Roosevelt Roosevelt Corollary The Big Stick Policy Panama Canal Dollar Diplomacy Good Neighbor Policy Militarism Alliances Nationalism Central Powers Allied Powers Propaganda Lusitania Zimmerman Telegram Russian Revolution Selective Service Act Liberty Bonds Schenck v. United States Self-determination League of Nations Reparations Treaty of Versailles Henry Cabot Lodge
Unit 5: Becoming A World Power The Progressive Era (1890-1920) The industrialization of the US had many positive effects on the US, but also left a lot to problems that needed fixing. Unemployment, unsafe working conditions, political corruption, poverty and pollution were just some of the areas that needed government intervention. As people exposed these problems, the government sought to correct quality of life for Americans. Muckrakers- journalists and authors that exposed corruption and societal problems to encourage reforms (rake through muck ). Who were the muckrakers? 1. Upton Sinclair- wrote the book The Jungle which exposed the horrible conditions within meat packing plants. When Theodore Roosevelt read the book he called for the passage of the Meat Inspection Act of 1906 and the Pure Food and Drug Act. 2. Ida Tarbell- wrote History of the Standard Oil Company and exposed the corruption within Rockefeller s Standard Oil Trust. 3. Frank Norris- wrote The Octopus which exposed unfair railroad practices in California. 4. Jacob Riis- wrote How the Other Half Lives about poverty in NYC tenements 5. Lincoln Steffens- wrote Shame of the Cities about urban political corruption. Who were the Progressives? People who called for government action and changes to improve society. They wanted increase government involvement in the economy b/c of problems. The Progressive Movement gets its roots from the Populist Movement. They believed capitalism but feared that socialist could rebel if changes were not made to improve the problems with US industrialization. Movements for reform included: Poverty, Settlement Housing, Temperance and Prohibition Movement, Women s Suffrage, Election Reform, City Government Reform, Peace Movement (during WWI). Election reform gave more power to voters: direct primaries, initiative, referendum, and recall were supported by Robert Battling Bob LaFollette ( Wisconsin Idea ) Lochner v. New York- (1905) Supreme Court would not set maximum hours for bakers. Muller v. Oregon-(1908) Supreme Court limited women s hours in laundry industry. (10 p-day) Three Progressive Presidents 1. Theodore Roosevelt (1901-1909) Spanish American War hero, VP for McKinley (Pres. After assignation) Very supportive of conservation, breaking up trusts. 2. William Howard Taft (1909 1913) T. Roosevelt s VP, TR decided not to run (went hunting in Africa), Taft won Presidency. TR came back Taft wouldn t yield Repub. Nomination to TR. TR formed the Bull-Moose party for the election of 1912. 3. Woodrow Wilson (1913 1921) Won election of 1912 because Taft and TR split Republican vote. Theodore Roosevelt and the Square Deal Became President in 1901 after Pres. McKinley was assassinated. Square Deal was to be up front with the American people. Consumer Protection: Meat Inspection Act, Pure Food & Drug Act Strengthening Railroad Regulation: Hepburn Act o Trust Busting: determining good and bad trusts and eliminating bad ones.
o Northern Securities Co. v. US (1904) broke up railroad trust. o Swift & Co. v. US (1905) broke up the beef trust in meatpacking Protecting Labor: supported coal miners in the Anthracite Coal Strike and helped workers get labor agreement by threatening government action. o Employers Liability Act of 1906 - accident insurance for workers Conservation: Roosevelt supported naturalists like John Muir called for the preservation of forests and developing National Parks. o Roosevelt s land policy was to have the government keep some land rather than have it in the hands of business, farmers, colleges, or railroads Roosevelt was a strong willed no nonsense President. William Howard Taft Twice as many trust busting cases came from the Justice Dept. under Taft. 16 th Amendment Congress could impose a federal income tax (1913). Republican Party split under Taft when T. Roosevelt returns to run for President again. Although Taft won the Republican nomination for President. In 1912, the party split (half in support of former President Roosevelt and his Bull-Moose Party). The Republican Party split allowed Woodrow Wilson to win the election of 1912. Woodrow Wilson and the New Freedom Wilson s New Freedom called for a return to business competition with the enforcement of anti-trust laws (wanted to move away from the social ideas of Roosevelt). Financial Reform: o Underwood Tariff Act (1913) Lowered tariffs for the first time since the Civil War and established a progressive income tax. o Federal Reserve Act (1913) 1. Gov t could issue currency (notes) 2. control the amount of $ in circulation 3. shift money from one bank to another as needed. (Strengthened the National Banks) Business Regulation: o Federal Trade Commission (FTC) set up to regulate businesses and unfair competition with advertising and mislabeling (1914) o Clayton Anti-trust Act (1914) no price fixing, no buying stock of competitors, and supposed to prevent antitrust laws from being used against unions (fix the Sherman Act). 17 th Amendment (1913) - direct election of senators 18 th Amendment (1919) prohibition of alcohol (repealed by 21 st Amend. in 1933). 19 th Amendment (1920) Women s suffrage (right to vote) The Progressive efforts ended as the US became involved in World War I. The 1920 s would not continue the Progressive ideas as people were more willing to accept society.
Expanding Overseas / Imperialism Towards the late 1800 s European nations followed a policy of imperialism throughout Asia and Africa. With the expansion of the frontier and the rise of industry the US began to seek development and opportunities all over the world. Imperialism - foreign policy idea that larger nations dominate and create empires over smaller nations for political and/or economic gain. Reasons Imperialism Grew 1. Growth of industry increased the need for natural resources. 2. Nationalism for pride in dominating for power 3. Military factors such as naval bases and supply areas to armies abroad. 4. Humanitarian reasons like charities and religious growth. US Roots of Imperialism (attempts for US to expand overseas) Commodore Matthew Perry s trip to Japan to sign the Treaty of Kanagawa (1854). Seward s Folly- The purchase of Alaska form Russia (1867). Annexation of Hawaii for business and military bases (1898). Open Door Policy- eliminated foreign spheres of influence in China and opened trade to US. Led to Boxer Rebellion by 1900 by Chinese get rid of foreign influence. US Looks to Latin America for Opportunity Areas in Central America referred to banana republics. jingoism (a super patriotism and a demand for aggressive actions) created war attitudes US began to build up its navy in the late 1800 s. As Cuba sought independence from Spain in 1895, some in the US felt that this was a golden opportunity to gain more foreign influence. US trade with Cuba was valued at over $100 million per year. Cubans wanted the US to help them become independent from Spain. William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer helped to influence American views to help Cuba through yellow journalism by exaggerating events in Cuba. As the Cuban revolution heated up, President McKinley sent the battleship USS Maine to Havana Harbor (Cuba) to protect American interests. Mysteriously the USS Maine sunk killing 266 Americans. Americans blamed Spain, but it was never proven who sunk the ship. Hearst s headlines read REMEMBER THE MAINE!!! to spark war declaration. In April of 1898 the Spanish-American War begins. President McKinley reluctantly entered the war. Theodore Roosevelt led the Rough Riders (a volunteer regiment to fight in Cuba) By August the US easily defeated Spain ( A Splendid Little War ) Results of the Spanish-American War 1. Puerto Rico (Caribbean) and Guam (Pacific) o Foraker Act: gave US control over Puerto Rico s politics 2. US bought the Philippines Islands. 3. Cuba gained independence, but the Platt Amendment gave the US control over much of Cuban affairs. The Great Debate: Imperialism vs. Anti-Imperialism (Isolation) Imperialists: Theodore Roosevelt, Henry Cabot Lodge, Alfred Mahan Anti-Imperialists: Andrew Carnegie, Mark Twain, Jane Addams, B.T. Washington How would George Washington have sided in this debate???
The US as a World Power President Theodore Roosevelt Roosevelt Corollary - (1904) additions to the Monroe Doctrine that allowed the US to act as an international police in the Western Hemisphere. The Big Stick Policy - Roosevelt s policy of speaking softly and carrying a big stick in Latin America. (US would protect and control its interests in Latin America. (Example: troops remained in Haiti Dominican Republic and Nicaragua until1930 s). Building the Panama Canal (1904-1914) After negotiations with Panama to revolt for independence against Columbia, the US gained a 99 year lease on the Canal Zone land. The US built the canal, but many American workers died of malaria and yellow fever. The canal was returned to Panama s control on December 31, 1999. Imperialism under President William Howard Taft Dollar diplomacy-us businesses encouraged to invest and establish businesses in Lat. America to promote orderly societies (led to more US involvement in foreign affairs). Imperialism under President Woodrow Wilson Woodrow Wilson sent the US Navy to seize Mexican ports (to protect US interests) into Mexico after a leadership change occurred that the US would not recognize (1914). In 1916, Wilson sent US troops to Mexico to capture Poncho Villa, a Mexican rebel who raided US borders in New Mexico in 1916 (Americans killed). Result: U.S. and Mexican relations are damaged (leads to problems in WWI). Germany will plot with Mexico to attack US in WWI (Zimmermann Telegram). Imperialism under Presidents Herbert Hoover and Franklin D. Roosevelt Not until the late 1920 s and 1930 s did the US try to improve relations with Latin American nations with the Good Neighbor Policy (less intervention more cooperation) Although it was an attempt to improver relations, US domination continued US Foreign Policy Summary 1776-1823: Protecting national independence (remaining isolated) Constitution tested, little foreign involvement except Monroe Doctrine 1824-1897: Fulfilling manifest destiny (including Alaska and Hawaii) Acquiring new land in US, Civil War, Westward Expansion & Industry 1898-1918: Emerging global involvement (imperialism) Sp.-Am. War, Big Stick Policy, Panama Canal, Dollar Diplomacy, WWI 1919-1940: Limiting international involvement (trying to reel back from imperialism) Post WWI, 1920 s, Depression (30 s) WWII in Europe (US not involved) 1941-Present: Accepting world leadership role (established as superpower) Pearl Harbor (US in WWII, United Nations, Cold War, Korea, Vietnam, containment of communism, preventing aggression (Bosnia & Iraq), US War on Terrorism.
What caused World War I? Four Long Term Causes World War I (1914-1918) Militarism (nations began to build up strong armies and navies) Alliance System- (nations banded together to keep a balance of power) Triple Alliance (Germany, Austria-Hungary, & Italy) Triple Entente (Great Britain, France, and Russia) Imperialism (nations competed for foreign markets) Nationalism (building pride in nations especially Germany after unification) These items led to tension in the world with the need for one spark to ignite the powder keg Immediate Cause The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife (1914) Led to a chain reaction of events as the alliance system was used as nations backed each other and mobilized their armies. Central Powers- Germany, Austria-Hungary, & Ottoman Empire (Turkey) Allied Powers- Great Britain, France, Russia, & Italy (1915) New War Technology The machine gun, artillery shells, hand grenades, poison gas, tanks, and airplanes. German advantage: submarines (U-boats) At this point in 1914, the US remained neutral President Woodrow Wilson won reelection in 1916 by keeping us out of war. What led the US to become involved in World War I? Economic Ties US trade with allies increased and trade decreased with Cent. Powers Cultural Ties- Many felt closer to England & France. Propaganda- US used the idea that it was the civilized democratic nations vs. the evil and barbaric monarchy of Germany (the Hun) German U-Boat attacks Wilson felt that there should be freedom of the seas, but German submarine attacks continued even after warnings. Lusitania- British luxury passenger ship sunk by Germany killing 1,200 (128 Americans) in 1915. 1917: Germany declares unrestricted submarine warfare (attack any vessel going to allied ports without warning). Zimmermann Telegram or Note (Germany attempt to ally with Mexico to prevent the US from entering the war in Europe) Russian Revolution (communism is born in Russia as V.I. Lenin led the Bolsheviks to overthrow the czar.) Russia exited WWI with the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk in 1917. Major Battles of World War I Battle of the Marne (1914) Battle of Ypres (1914, 1915) Battle of Verdun Battle of the Somme (1916) Belleau Wood (1918) and Meuse-Argonne (1918) The US in World War I Due to low numbers of enlisted military soldiers Congress passed the Selective Service Act in 1917 (established a draft and eventually required all 18 to 45 to register).
US government became more involved in industries like communications & utilities to help boost the wartime economy. Wilson encouraged patriotism and pledged that the war would make the world safe for democracy Liberty Bonds were made available to purchase to support the war effort. rationing food and supplies and price controls were also set be the government (so much for laissez faire ) The Lever Food & Fuel Control Act created the Fuel Administration which established daylight savings time to save on gas and electric during the summer. Women like Jeanette Rankin (1 st female Congresswomen supported peace movement) Wartime Constitutional Issues Espionage Act of 1917- made it illegal to interfere with the draft and allowed the post master to ban materials that went against the US war effort (free speech?) Sedition Acts of 1917- made it illegal to speak against the war effort or the US (1 st Am.?) Schenck v. United States (1919) Supreme Court ruling that free speech can be limited in a time of war. Laws can be made to protect people from clear and present danger. The Red Scare (1917-1918) - American fear of communists in the US led to panic. By 1918, an armistice was signed giving the Allied Powers victory in World War I How will the nations involved develop a plan for peace? President Woodrow Wilson s Fourteen Points His plan for world peace proposed in 1918 included: 1. Open diplomacy 2. Freedom of the seas 3. Removal of Trade Barriers 4. Self-determination (letting national groups make their own political decision) 5. League of Nations world peace keeping association of nations to work out issues in the world. Negotiating a Treaty in France 1. Wilson headed the negotiations in France (1 st Pres to leave US while in office). 2. European Nations (who had suffered more) wanted losers to pay reparations. 3. The product of this meeting was the Treaty of Versailles. Provisions of the Treaty of Versailles 1. Germany must accept responsibility for the war. 2. Germany must pay reparations. 3. Germany must give up it military forces 4. Germany must surrender land creating Poland and Czechoslovakia 5. Germany must give up its overseas colonies The US Senate had to approve the Treaty of Versailles and did not because of an effort led by Henry Cabot Lodge (some feared that the League of Nations would involve the US in too many new world affairs). World War I had left the US to be a debtor nation(owed more money to foreign nations) The failure of the US to sign the Versailles Treaty would leave the US reeling back away from foreign affairs and officially ends imperialism and left Germany with a decade of economic, political, and social troubles that led to the rise of Hitler & WWII.