This website would like to remind you: Your browser (Apple Safari 4) is out of date. Update your browser for more security, comfort and the best experience on this site. Encyclopedic Entry climate refugee For the complete encyclopedic entry with media resources, visit: http://education.nationalgeographic.com/encyclopedia/climate-refugee/ Climate refugees are people who must leave their homes and communities because of the effects of climate change and global warming. Climate change is caused by natural events, such as volcanic eruptions, as well as human activities. Climate change has happened many times since Earth was formed billions of years ago. Global warming is the most recent period of climate change. Human activities like burning fossil fuels and cutting down forests contribute to global warming because they release greenhouse gases. Greenhouse gases trap heat in the atmosphere. Rising temperatures associated with global warming cause glaciers and ice caps to melt. This can cause flooding and make sea levels rise. Rising temperatures also lead to droughts and desertification the transformation of arable land to desert. Some of these effects, such as sea level rise, can put land completely underwater, making it uninhabitable. Others effects, such as drought, make it impossible for people in the region to support themselves. Climate refugees belong to a larger group of immigrants known as environmental refugees. Environmental refugees include immigrants forced to flee because of natural disasters, such as volcanoes and tsunamis. The International Red Cross estimates that there are more environmental refugees than political refugees fleeing from wars and other conflicts. The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) says 36 million people were displaced by natural disasters in 2009, the last year such a report was taken. Scientists predict this number will rise to at least 50 million by 2050. Some say it could be as high as 200 million. Sea Level Rise The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) predicts that sea levels will rise a total of 0.18 to 0.6 meters (7 inches to 2 feet) between 1990 and 2100. Rising sea levels already cause problems in low-lying coastal areas of the world. For instance, about half the population of Bangladesh lives less than 5 meters (16.5 feet) above sea level. In 1995, Bangladesh s Bhola Island was half-submerged by rising sea levels, leaving 500,000 people homeless. Scientists predict Bangladesh will lose 17 percent of its land by 2050 due to flooding caused by climate change. The loss of land could lead to as many as 20 million climate refugees from Bangladesh. The U.S. state of Louisiana loses about 65 square kilometers (25 square miles) to the sea every year. Most land is eroding near the Mississippi delta. Sea level rise puts the productive fisheries around the delta at risk as wetlands are submerged. The wetland ecosystem will be lost to more saltwater habitat, and fishermen will have to go further 1 of 7
from shore to pursue fish. The loss of wetlands also makes damage from storms like Hurricane Katrina more likely. Maldives Maldives, an island nation in the Indian Ocean, is perhaps the country most threatened by sea level rise. Maldives rises only 2.4 meters (8 feet) above sea level at its highest point. Sea level rise will likely create climate refugees because of changes in both economy and habitat. Tourism supports more than 25 percent of the Maldivian economy. As the islands slowly sink underwater, they can support fewer tourists and tourist facilities, such as hotels. Fishing is the nation s second-largest industry. The environment and economy of Maldives are threatened as sea levels rise and become less salty. The melting of polar ice caps increases the amount of freshwater in the ocean, as well as causing sea levels to rise. The increased amount of freshwater in the marine environment threatens the delicate ecosystem of coral reefs that surround the islands. The habitat may not be able to support as many fish, threatening the fisheries around Maldives. Other fish may not be able to adapt to the less-salty water. Without income generated from tourism or fishing, many Maldivians may be forced to migrate to seek new jobs. Finally, sea level rise may sink all 1,200 islands of Maldives. This would force all Maldivians to find new places to live. Maldives leaders have worked with leaders in Australia, India, and Sri Lanka to plan an evacuation program should Maldives become uninhabitable. Venice The urban area of Venice, Italy, is also threatened by sea level rise. Venice is an ancient city built on a series of islands in a lagoon on the coast of the Adriatic Sea. The city has always been threatened by storms and storm surges. Venice s main "streets" are actually canals and smaller waterways. As the tide comes in, entire piazzas, or town squares, are put under several centimeters of water. In the past century, flooding has become more frequent. In 1900, the city s main piazza was underwater seven times. In 1996, it flooded 99 times. Like Maldives, Venice depends on tourism to support its economy. As the city floods more often, fewer tourists will visit and tourism facilities will be harder to maintain. Flooding and mold will threaten popular tourist sites, such as St. Mark s Basilica and the Doge s Palace. Venetians may be forced to migrate as their city and their economy sink. Many other coastal cities throughout the world are located in low-lying areas vulnerable to sea level rise: Manhattan, New York; London, England; Shanghai, China; Hamburg, Germany; Bangkok, Thailand; Jakarta, Indonesia; Mumbai, India; Manila, Philippines; and Buenos Aires, Argentina. Drought While rising seas threaten coastal regions, drought can create climate refugees inland. When people cannot grow crops on the land where they live, they have to move somewhere else in order to survive. For example, the Gobi Desert in China expands more than 3,600 square kilometers (1,390 square miles) every year. Farmers and merchants in the area surrounding the Gobi migrate to China s crowded urban areas as grasslands are overtaken by desert. Morocco, Tunisia, and Libya each lose more than 1,000 square kilometers (386 square miles) of productive land every year to desertification. These residents on the edge of the Sahara Desert may move to cities in the Maghreb, a region of northwest Africa. They may also choose to move to the more developed countries of Europe. Residents near the Horn of Africa are especially vulnerable to drought and desertification. Most rural residents in Somalia, Ethiopia, and Eritrea engage in subsistence agriculture. Subsistence agriculture means the farmers 2 of 7
produce enough crops for themselves, their families, and communities. They do not sell their produce on the national or international market. Many subsistence farmers depend on their crops to feed their livestock. Years of severe drought prevent crops from growing, which also prevents livestock from being raised. Thousands of Somalis and Ethiopians, threatened by starvation and poverty, have already fled to refugee camps in Kenya. Camps that were designed to provide temporary shelter for 90,000 people are now home to twice that number. Refugee Status Environmental refugees are not protected by international laws. They face greater political risks than refugees who flee their homes due to conflict or political oppression. Unlike traditional refugees, climate refugees may be sent back to their devastated homeland or forced into a refugee camp. Most climate refugees are internal migrants. Internal migration is the process of people moving elsewhere in their own country. Often, climate refugees are rural and coastal residents who are forced to migrate to urban areas. These climate refugees face numerous problems. Skills such as herding and farming are not relevant in urban areas. Rural farmers are often more self-sufficient than many urban dwellers; they may not be familiar with depending on a corporation or other people for employment. Climate refugees who migrate outside their home countries face other difficulties. They must adjust to different laws, languages, and cultures. Climate refugees may encounter conflict with indigenous residents. Educational and health care systems must adjust to a sudden, new population. This population may speak a different language or have different customs than the native population. Climate change may also increase the number of traditional refugees. Antonio Guterres, the U.N. High Commissioner for Refugees, has noted, Climate change can enhance the competition for resources water, food, grazing lands and that competition can trigger conflict. VOCABULARY Term Part of Speech Definition adapt verb to adjust to new surroundings or a new situation. ancient adjective very old. arable adjective land able to produce crops. atmosphere layers of gases surrounding a planet or other celestial body. basilica large and important medieval Christian church. canal artificial waterway. climate change gradual changes in all the interconnected weather elements on our planet. climate refugee person forced to leave his or her home and community because of climate change. coast edge of land along the sea or other large body of water. coral reef rocky ocean features made up of millions of coral skeletons. 3 of 7
corporation business made up of a group of stockholders, or people who own interest in the business. crop agricultural produce. culture learned behavior of people, including their languages, belief systems, social structures, institutions, and material goods. custom a way of doing things that has been handed down from one generation to the next. delicate adjective fragile or easily damaged. delta the flat, low-lying plain that sometimes forms at the mouth of a river from deposits of sediments. desert area of land that receives no more than 25 centimeters (10 inches) of precipitation a year. desertification the spread of desert conditions in arid regions, usually caused by human activity. devastate verb to destroy. displace verb to remove or force to evacuate. doge (700-1797) title of the elected political leader of the republic of Venice. drought period of greatly reduced precipitation. dwell verb to live in a certain place. economy system of production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. ecosystem community and interactions of living and nonliving things in an area. employment job or work. engage verb to interact with. enhance verb to add to or increase in worth. environmental refugee person who has been forced to flee his home and community due to changes in the environment, such as drought. eruption release of material from an opening in the Earth's crust. estimate verb to guess based on knowledge of the situation or object. evacuation removal of people, organisms, or objects from an endangered area. expand verb to grow. familiar adjective well-known. farmer person who cultivates land and raises crops. farming the art, science, and business of cultivating the land for growing crops. fishery industry or occupation of harvesting fish, either in the wild or through aquaculture. forest ecosystem filled with trees and underbrush. fossil fuel coal, oil, or natural gas. Fossil fuels formed from the remains of ancient plants and animals. 4 of 7
frequent adjective often. freshwater water that is not salty. generate verb to create or begin. glacier mass of ice that moves slowly over land. global warming increase in the average temperature of the Earth's air and oceans. grassland ecosystem with large, flat areas of grasses. greenhouse gas gas in the atmosphere, such as carbon dioxide, methane, water vapor, and ozone, that absorbs solar heat reflected by the surface of the Earth, warming the atmosphere. habitat environment where an organism lives throughout the year or for shorter periods of time. health care system for addressing the physical health of a population. herding practice of caring for roaming groups of livestock over a large area. Horn of Africa large peninsula in northeast Africa, including the countries of Somalia, Djibouti, Eritrea, and Ethiopia. Also called the Somali Peninsula. Hurricane Katrina 2005 storm that was one of the deadliest in U.S. history. ice cap area of fewer than 50,000 square kilometers (19,000 square miles) covered by ice. immigrant person who moves to a new country or region. income wages, salary, or amount of money earned. industry activity that produces goods and services. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) group of scientists who review the most up-to-date research available related to global warming and climate change. internal migration the movement of people from one area in a country or nation to another. island body of land surrounded by water. lagoon shallow body of water that may have an opening to a larger body of water, but is also protected from it by a sandbar or coral reef. livestock, plural animals raised for sale and profit. Maghreb region in North Africa made of five countries: Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, and Mauritania. maintain verb to continue, keep up, or support. marine adjective having to do with the ocean. market central place for the sale of goods. merchant person who sells goods and services. migrate verb to move from one place or activity to another. natural disaster an event occurring naturally that has large-scale effects on the environment and people, such as a volcano, earthquake, or hurricane. 5 of 7
piazza Italian town square. polar adjective having to do with the North and/or South Pole. political oppression preventing people from expressing their political opinion or participating in political life. poverty status of having very little money or material goods. predict verb to know the outcome of a situation in advance. produce agricultural products such as vegetables and fruits. Red Cross international organization focused on humanitarian aid and disaster relief. Formally called the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement. refugee person who flees their home, usually due to natural disaster or political upheaval. refugee camp temporary shelters built for immigrants who have fled their homes due to environmental or social conflict. relevant adjective directly having to do with something or someone. resource available supply of materials, goods, or services. Resources can be natural or human. rural adjective having to do with country life, or areas with few residents. sea level rise increase in the average reach of the ocean. The current sea level rise is 1.8 millimeters (.07 inch) per year. self-sufficient adjective able to support all of one's basic needs without assistance. severe adjective harsh. site specific place where something is located. starvation dying from lack of food. storm severe weather indicating a disturbed state of the atmosphere resulting from uplifted air. storm surge abnormal rise in sea level accompanying a hurricane or other intense storm. Also called a storm tide. submerge verb to put underwater. subsistence agriculture type of agriculture in which farmers grow crops or raise livestock for personal consumption, not sale. temperature degree of hotness or coldness measured by a thermometer with a numerical scale. temporary adjective not lasting or permanent. tide rise and fall of the ocean's waters, caused by the gravitational pull of the moon and sun. tourism the industry (including food, hotels, and entertainment) of traveling for pleasure. tsunami ocean waves triggered by an earthquake, volcano, or other movement of the ocean floor. 6 of 7
uninhabitable adjective not capable of being lived in, for social, hygienic, or economic reasons. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) United Nations agency whose goal is to ensure that everyone can exercise the right to seek asylum and find safe refuge in another country, with the option to return home voluntarily, integrate locally, or to resettle in a third country. urban area developed, densely populated area where most inhabitants have nonagricultural jobs. urban center densely populated area, usually a city and its surrounding suburbs. volcano an opening in the Earth's crust, through which lava, ash, and gases erupt, and also the cone built by eruptions. vulnerable adjective capable of being hurt. waterway body of water that serves as a route for transportation. wetland area of land covered by shallow water or saturated by water. For Further Exploration Articles & Profiles National Geographic News: Climate Change Creating Millions of Eco-Refugees, UN Warns Worksheets & Handouts United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees: Climate Change and Forced Migration Hotspots Websites Climate Refugees: The Movie United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees: Climate Change The Storm Ahead 1996 2015 National Geographic Society. All rights reserved. 7 of 7