Modern Indian Political Thought Text and Context Bidyut Chakrabarty Rajendra Kumar Pandey www.sagepublications.com Los Angeles London New Delhi Singapore Washington DC
Contents Preface Introduction xiii xv PARTI: REVISITING THE TEXTS 1. Early Nationalist Responses: Ram Mohan Roy, Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay, Dayananda Saraswati and Jotiba Phule 7 Contours of the Early Nationalist Responses 8 Socio-political Thought of Ram Mohan Roy 10 Bankim as a Nationalist Thinker 12 Socio-political Ideas of Dayananda Saraswati 14 Jotiba Phule: Unique Socio-political Ideas 16 Assessment of the Early Nationalist Responses 19 2. Moderates and Extremists: Dadabhai Naoroji, M.G. Ranade and B.G. Tilak 23 Defining Moderates and Extremists 24 The 1907 Surat Split 35 37 3. Mahatma Gandhi 41 The Basic Precepts 43 Conceptualising Swaraj 51 56 4. Rabindranath Tagore 61 A Life in Creative Unity 61 Main Strands of the Political Thought of Tagore 63
Modern Indian Political Thought <» True Freedom Nationalism Critique of Gandhi 5. B.R. Ambedkar A Life for the Cause of Untouchables Castes and Untouchability in Hindu Society > Annihilation of Caste Gandhi-Ambedkar Debate Political Thoughts of Ambedkar > Rights of the People Constitutional Democracy > Social Justice 6. Jayaprakash Narayan A Life of Ideological Turbulence Transition from Marxism to Sarvodaya» Plan for Reconstruction of Indian Polity Sarvodaya Methods of Realising the Sarvodaya Order Total Revolution 7. Jawaharlal Nehru < Background The Pragmatic Thinker» Structure of Governance: Nehruvian Inputs» Planning for Development» The Dilemma of a Democrat» Internationalist Jawaharlal Nehru 8. Muhammad Iqbal A Life in Complete Turnaround Political Ideas of Iqbal» Views on Nationalism 63 67 71 74 76 79 82 85 89 92 93 95 96 98 103 104 105 109 113 115 117 120 122 123 124 128 131 133 137 142 146 147 149 149
Contents Pan-Islamism 152 Ideas on Pakistan 153 156 9. M.N. Roy 158 From Marxism to Radical Humanism 159 Critique of Gandhian Thought and Action 160 Radical Humanism 168 174 10. Ram Manohar Lohia 177 A Life in Indigenous Evolution 178 Main Currents of Lohia's Political and Social Thought 180 Political Thought of Lohia 181 Critique of Western Ideologies 181 New Socialism 183 Model of Political System for India 185 Social Thoughts of Lohia 186 Lohia as an Internationalist 188 190 11. Subhas Chandra Bose 193 His Early Background 193 Bose's Political Ideology 196 Bose and His Idea of Future India 201 203 12. V.D. Savarkar 205 A Life for the Hindu Cause 207 Savarkar's Nationalist Interpretation of Indian History 210 Social Thoughts of Savarkar 213 Savarkar's Views on Hindutva 214 218 13. Pandita Ramabai 221 A Life in Pilgrimage for the Cause of Women 221 Aspects of Feminist Thoughts of Ramabai 222
Modern Indian Political Thought Institutional Pursuits for Women's Emancipation 223 224 PART II: CONTEXT AND CONTEXTUAL INFLUENCES RE-EXAMINED 14. Nature and Processes of Indian Freedom Struggle 231 The Revolt of 1857 232 The Non-cooperation Movement (1919-22), Civil Disobedience Movement (1930-32) and Quit India Movement (1942) 235 The Indian National Army and the Axis Powers, 1941-45 258 Indian Naval Uprising 268 15. Landmarks in Constitutional Development during British Rule: A Historical Perspective 280 Acts and Reforms: Morley-Minto and Montague-Chelmsford Reforms 281 The Simon Commission 284 The Government of India Act, 1935 290 The Cripps Mission 294 299 16. Socio-economic Dimensions of the Nationalist Movement 305 The Communal Question and Partition 306 Backward Castes Movements 310 Dalit Movements 317 Tribal Movements 324 Women's Movements 329 Civil Rights Movements 335 Trade Union Movements 341 Peasant Movements 345 Linguistic Movements 348
Contents 17. Culmination of the British Rule and the Making of India's Constitution 357 The 3 June Plan and India Independence Act, 1947 358 The Constituent Assembly and the Making of the Constitution 360 Salient Features of the Constitution 367 391 Conclusion 395 Model Questions 403 Glossary 412 Index 419 About the Authors 431