Mitigating Risk of Gender-Based Violence Research. Rethink. Resolve.
GBV Vulnerability Factors Research. Rethink. Resolve. What makes women and girls and men and boys vulnerable to GBV during conflict and displacement? What are the risks factors? Why are risks heightened during conflict and displacement?
GBV Vulnerability Factors Research. Rethink. Resolve. Underlying causes Social and cultural acceptance of inequalities and discrimination against women and girls
Everyday risks GBV Vulnerability Factors Research. Rethink. Resolve. Inadequate Legal/Policy Frameworks and Funding Impunity Lack of legal rights Lack of awareness of rights/obligations Unwillingness to access law enforcement Inadequate asylum screening processes for GBV risk
Everyday risks GBV Vulnerability Factors Research. Rethink. Resolve. Lack of Basic/Survival Needs: increases general risk as well as vulnerability to sexual exploitation and abuse Inadequate rations Food Nonfood items Inadequate water Lack of cooking fuel Inadequate shelter Insufficient hygiene materials Insufficient health care
Everyday risks GBV Vulnerability Factors Lack of Opportunities: Economic, Educational, Social Financial dependence Have/have-not power dynamics Unsafe, exploitative, insufficient income generating activities Poverty Research. Rethink. Resolve.
GBV Vulnerability Factors Research. Rethink. Resolve. Everyday risks Socio-Cultural Norms Push factors for migration (including domestic violence, harmful traditional practices (HTPs) HTPs (female genital cutting/mutilation, forced and early marriage, dowries, honor killings)
GBV Vulnerability Factors Everyday risks Insecurity/Lack of Physical Protection During flight/migration In detention Lack of appropriate lighting Overcrowding Poor latrine/hygiene facilities (unsafe, shared, far away, unlocked) Few communication options (including language) Insufficient/untrained police Inadequate and unsafe shelters Lack of security mechanisms/personnel Water/fuel/fodder/shelter materials far away Research. Rethink. Resolve.
Research. Rethink. Resolve. Conflict and Risks Displacement disrupts livelihoods. New strategies can increase risk to GBV. Access to effective and safe livelihoods mitigates risk.
Research. Rethink. Resolve. GBV-related Activities Typically divided between PREVENTION & RESPONSE RESPONSE activities = practical: Clinical care Emergency Contraceptives/Post-Exposure Prophylaxis Psychosocial support Legal assistance
Research. Rethink. Resolve. GBV-related Activities PREVENTION activities = longer term Focus on Knowledge, Attitude and Practice, behavior change: Community sensitization Awareness raising Discussion groups Less measurable than response activities
Research. Rethink. Resolve. Levels of Prevention Primary aims to prevent violence before it occurs Secondary and tertiary reduce harmful consequences of violence after it has occurred OR to prevent further acts of violence from occurring against the same victim or by the same perpetrator
Research. Rethink. Resolve. Primary Prevention Carried out before violence occurs Aims to prevent initial perpetration or victimization Addresses social norms and environmental factors that contribute to violence Appears to be most successful when carried out as part of comprehensive, multi-sectoral efforts
Research. Rethink. Resolve. GBV, Livelihoods & Household Energy GBV Energy Livelihoods
Research. Rethink. Resolve. Linking GBV & Livelihoods GBV Livelihoods
Research. Rethink. Resolve. Assumptions Economic opportunities have many positive rollon effects When women have income they are safer When households have income their children are more likely to be in school, more likely to be accessing health care, and are better fed
The case of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 1 5 million undocumented migrant workers 100,000 refugees and asylum seekers No legal status Work increases risk of gender-based violence Training programs do not lead to sustainable income Unsafe at home, unsafe at work
The case of Ethiopia 85,183 refugees living in Ethiopia Somali and Eritrean refugee women who worked outside the camps were at great risk for gender based violence. Increased income provoked conflict within the household and increased the risk of domestic violence. GBV programs with economic components were not market driven.
43,000 registered refugees 500,000 700,000 young Egyptians enter labor market annually employment in the informal economy - high risk exploitation and abuse No GBV components in economic programs Cottage industry work safer The case of Cairo, Egypt
Risk of GBV Research. Rethink. Resolve. Shift in household power dynamics No control over household income Lack of economic opportunities Harassment by employers and male laborers Lack of sufficient income Resort to exploitative relationships for survival
Participation in a livelihoods program may or may not reduce a women's risk to gender based violence by increasing her economic independence and household decision making power.
Attempting to empower women through livelihoods programs can potentially increase their risk to gender based violence by challenging established gender norms and provoking conflict within the household.
Providing income generating activities for women does not guarantee women will have control over the money they earn. What s more, additional labor can increase a women s already heavy burden of responsibilities.
Livelihoods programs targeting vulnerable women should include both men and women in order to positively impact uneven power dynamics and challenge negative gender roles.
Livelihoods programs, in addition to providing economic opportunity, can lead to women s empowerment through skills building, improvements in self esteem, and providing social support.
Integrating Protection Research. Rethink. Resolve. Livelihood Programs should: 1. Involve men and women to address gender roles 2. Include protection elements 3. Be market-driven to be effective
Research. Rethink. Resolve. Impact Indictors Focus on household level and child protection outcomes School attendance/retention Nutritional status Access to health care Consumption patterns Savings rates
Potential of Effective, Protective Livelihood Programs Safe, dignified work may be the most effective protection Mitigate negative coping strategies (transactional sex, child labor ) Provide alternatives to child recruitment Positively impact child protection and well-being
Research. Rethink. Resolve. Linking GBV & Household Energy GBV Food rations distributed by aid agencies must be cooked Energy Cooking fuel almost never distributed Women/girls risk rape when they collect wood
Research. Rethink. Resolve. GBV & Household Energy Vulnerability factors can combine to further increase risk
Research. Rethink. Resolve. Linking Livelihoods & Household Energy Energy Livelihoods
Research. Rethink. Resolve. Activity Read the following case study and underline three possible risk factors to Gender-Based Violence. Please discuss at your table: what two followup questions would you ask to determine if Gender-Based Violence was a concern?
Research. Rethink. Resolve. Safety Mapping The goal is to capture local knowledge and social perceptions about risk and safety on a map. The map should show places significant to the community and specify where community members feel safe. Maps can also be used as simple monitoring and evaluation tools. Before and after maps can be used to record changing perceptions of safety at the beginning and end of a project. With knowledge gained from this tool, practitioners will understand: What resources, services and infrastructure are available to the community. In which spaces communities feel safe and unsafe. What risks increase harm or violence.
Research. Rethink. Resolve. Mitigating Risks E-learning tool Preventing Gender-based Violence, Building Livelihoods http://www.womensrefugeecommission.or g/elearning
Research. Rethink. Resolve. womensrefugeecommission.org