Power Point Credit: Johnny Burkowski
Fundamental Questions Did the Roaring Twenties continue the Progressive Era reforms?
Warren G. Harding (R) A Return to Normalcy James M. Cox (D) Eugene V. Debs (Socialist) Received 913,664 votes despite incarceration Election of 1920
Warren G. Harding (R) (1921-1923) A Return to Normalcy. Emergency Quota Act (1921) Fordney-McCumber Tariff (1922) Washington Naval Conference (1922-1923) Teapot Dome Scandal Harding died in office Calvin Coolidge assumed presidency
Calvin Coolidge (R) Booming economy and conservatism John W. Davis (D) Democrats split between conservatives and liberals (LaFollette) Election of 1924
Calvin Coolidge (R) (1923-1928) The business of the American people is business. National Origins Act (1924) Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928)
Herbert Hoover (R) Al Smith (D) First Catholic major party candidate Election of 1928
Herbert Hoover (R) (1929-1933) Given the chance to go forward with the policies of the last eight years, we shall soon be in sight of the day when poverty will be banished from this nation. Great Depression Voluntarism Stock Market Crash of 1929 Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act (1930) Reconstruction Finance Corporation (1932) Bonus Army (1932)
American Consumer Society Welfare Capitalism Real income increases Higher rate for owners, managers, skilled labor Minimal increased rates for unskilled labor and working class Insurance, profit-sharing, worker safety Decreased influence of unions Mass Production Wide variety and availability of consumer products at affordable prices Model T Domestic appliances Installment Plans Impact of the Automobile
Consumer Ads
White Resentment 1920s Society Blacks Lynchings increased especially in the South Universal Negro Improvement Association Marcus Garvey Economic solidarity and advancement for blacks Failed attempt of mass migration to Africa Inspired black pride and nationalism
First Red Scare and Nativism Quota Laws Emergency Quota Act (1921) 3% of 1910 Census National Origins Act (1924) 2% of 1890 Census Sacco and Vanzetti Trial (1920-1927) Two Italian immigrants executed for murder despite little evidence 1920s Society Immigrants
1920s Society Women Nineteenth Amendment and Voting Usually voted as husbands Politicians catered to femalefriendly legislation and programs Employment Clerical, teachers, nurses, domestic servants Lower wages and no managerial positions Margaret Sanger American Birth Control League Established Planned Parenthood Flapper Girl Young women of the Jazz Age Short hair, short hemline, cosmetics, cigarette
1920s Culture Wars Prohibition Eighteenth Amendment and Volsteadt Act Supported by middle-class progressives and rural Protestants especially in South and West Generally ignored in urban centers Bootleggers/Rumrunners Smuggling of alcohol Rise of organized crime Al Capone Speakeasies Underground saloons
1920s Culture Wars Ku Klux Klan
1920s Culture Wars Religion Fundamentalism Literal view of Bible; Creationism Attacked urban lifestyle and culture Revivalists Billy Sunday Aimee Semple McPherson Modernism Liberal view of religion Acceptance and coordination of science and context with faith Scopes Monkey Trial (1925) Law against teaching of evolution in Tennessee public school Creationism William Jennings Bryan Evolution Clarence Darrow
1920s Culture Wars Hero Worship Athletes, celebrities, innovators famed for individual accomplishment A personification of American individualism Babe Ruth Charles Lindbergh Fueled tabloid and gossip columns in newspapers and magazines
1920s Culture Wars The Jazz Age Inspiration of rebellious youth and liberal reaction to conservatism and fundamentalism Song and Dance Jazz Louis Armstrong George Gershwin Speakeasies Dance Clubs Waltz to Foxtrot to Charleston Josephine Baker Flappers Radio Mainstream medium Networks: NBC, CBS Cinema Talkies The Jazz Singer Nickelodeons Charlie Chaplin
The Lost Generation Disillusioned by World War I, consumerism, and modernism Ernest Hemingway The Sun Also Rises A Farewell to Arms Sinclair Lewis Babbitt F. Scott Fitzgerald The Great Gatsby 1920s Culture Wars Literature
1920s Culture Wars Harlem Renaissance Fueled by the Great Migration and inspired by black pride Themes challenged racist stereotypes Black is beautiful Langston Hughes Zora Neale Hurston The New Negro: An Interpretation (1925)