FRANCHISE AND NOT THIS MAN Thomas Nast Working for Harpers Weekly
Who is Thomas Nast?
What does all men are created equal mean? Today? After the Civil War?
Strange Fruit http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/oma ha_race_riot_of_1919
I. Presidential Reconstruction (1863-1866) Abraham Lincoln 16 th President Andrew Johnson 17 th President
A. Lincoln s Plan (10% Plan) TO Rejoin the Union, a Southern state must:. 10% white Southerners must take a loyalty oath New state constitutions must ban slavery Amnesty given to most white Southerners who took oath BUT
B. ASSASINATION Abraham Lincoln is assassinated on April 14, 1865 Many Northerners seek a greater CHANGE in South President Johnson sets to battle with the Republicans of Congress
Assassination of Lincoln http://www.glencoe.com/video_library/index_with_mods.php?prog RAM=9780078777189&VIDEO=2593&CHAPTER=3&MODE=2
Confederates Punished? Alexander Stephens (Vice President) Arrested and held in prison for 5 months Later elected to House and Governor of GA Jefferson Davis Arrested and held in prison for 2 years Moves to Canada but returns to Mississippi Captain Henry Wirz Commander of Andersonville Prison (POW) Executed for his crime of mistreatment
Confederate Prison of Andersonville
C. Andrew Johnson Lincoln s Vice-President (2 nd term only) A former Senator and a War Democrat from Tennessee (a Confederate state!) A Southerner who remained loyal to the Union Believes the wealthy planter class caused secession and the Civil War Johnson s plan is similar to Lincoln s
What about the FREEDMEN???
II. Freedmen in Trouble (1865-1866)
Freedmen and Sharecropping
Freedmen Family near home
Freedmen Family without a home
Black Codes Vagrancy leads to chain gangs
II. Freedmen in Trouble (1866-1873) A. Black Codes 1. Laws made in Southern states to restrict freedmen s rights AFTER the Civil War 2. Restricted property rights, arrested for minor crimes such as vagrancy and loitering 3. Not allowed to serve as witnesses and on juries
Sharecropper (Tenant Farming) (1939)
B. sharecropping (tenant farmer) white landowner would rent a shack, land, seed and crude tools to tenant farmer the tenant would pay landowner a share of the crop the majority and the tenants lived in conditions worse than slavery
What is going on here?
What is going on here?
What is going on here?
What is going on here?
What is going on here? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e4s2zl2trn0&feature=player_detailpage
Ku Klux Klan Nathan Bedford Forrest Wizard of the Saddle Early disguises for Klansman
C. Violence 1. Groups formed to intimidate freedmen like the Ku Klux Klan founded by Nathan Bedford Forrest 2. White population riots and attacks the freedmen in Memphis and New Orleans (1866) 3. Johnson does nothing to protect them
III. Radical Reconstruction
A. Congressional Leaders ( Radical Republicans) 1. Thaddeus Stevens Leader of House of Representatives from Gettysburg, PA Hated slavery from his law work in Maryland 2. Charles Sumner Leader of the Senate from Boston, MA Beaten in attack in Senate in 1856 3. Benjamin Butler the Beast" Civil War general who reconstructed New Orleans Elected in to the House and works for civil rights for freedmen
Charles Sumner attacked in 1856 on the floor of the Senate
What is going on here?
B. HELP for the Freedmen 1. 13 th Amendment ends slavery 2. Freedmen s Bureau (1865) a federal agency created to help freedmen adjust to freedom Helped by providing food, clothing and medical services help get land and find work set up schools and academies Vetoed by President Johnson but is overridden 3. Civil Rights of 1866 Granted full citizenship to African Americans Bill is vetoed by Johnson but is overridden 4. Control the Southern states with the Union Army 5. CONGRESS V. PRESIDENT!!!
Andrew Johnson consulted General Ulysses S. Grant before selecting the generals to administer the military districts. Eventually he appointed John Schofield (Virginia), Daniel Sickles (the Carolinas), John Pope (Georgia, Alabama and Florida), Edward Ord (Arkansas and Mississippi) and Philip Sheridan (Louisiana and Texas).
African-Americans Voting
Role of the Federal Government
C. Johnson s Impeachment 1. Congress pass laws to weaken president 2. Tenure of Office Act of 1867 - President can NOT fire cabinet members 3. House of Representatives IMPEACH Johnson in March 1868 for removing Edwin Stanton, the Secretary of War 4. Senate held a TRIAL three days later - Senate acquitted president (voted not guilty) by one vote Edmund Ross - Radical Republicans were one vote away from 2/3 majority - Johnson becomes a lame duck presidency
D. Civil War Amendments 13 th Amendment (Jan 1865) ends slavery 14 th Amendment (1868) People born in the U.S. are American citizens All Citizens have rights 15 th Amendment (1870) African-American males are given the right to vote
Impeachment & Trial of President Johnson
IV. President Ulysses S. Grant A. Election of 1868 1. Ulysses S. Grant (R-OH) v. Horatio Seymour (D-NY) 2. Grant wins a landslide in the electoral college voting 3. Main issue: Reconstruction and Free Labor Grant Seymour
Grant (R) 52.7% popular vote 214 electoral votes Election of 1868 Seymour (D) 47.3% popular vote 80 electoral votes Red = Republican won state Blue = Democrats won state
B. Grant s Reconstruction Policy 1. Supports military protection of the freedmen by using the Force Acts 2. Support Radical Reconstruction policies to help rebuild the South 3. Carpetbaggers and Scalawags Southerners link corruption to the Northerners and Republicans in their states
C. Corruption 1. Scandals Credit Mobilier Scandal (1872)» Company uses bribes to get favorable railroad contracts in the West Whiskey Ring (1875)» Tax money is funneled illegally to whiskey distilleries 2. Carpetbaggers and Scalawags Southerners link corruption to the Northerners and Republicans in their states
III. Successes of Reconstruction A. African Americans Political Leaders 16 African-Americans elected to House of Representatives Senator elected Hiram Revels and Blanche K. Bruce (see p88) Never gained control of state governments Very few African-Americans have been elected president (1), governor (4), and Senator (7)
African American Congressmen
Education
Freedman s School
B. Education 1. The Freedmen s Bureau Schools Established primary schools 50% white & 40% black children attended Schools were segregated Most teachers were from the North 2. Academies Specialized schools to train skills develop into Black Colleges such as: Fisk (WEB Dubois), Howard (Thurgood Marshall) & Morehouse (Martin Luther King) http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/a0872606.html
Graduates from Black Colleges
IV. Failure of Reconstruction The Redeemers
A. How did White Power get control in South? 1. Amnesty Act of 1872 Law PARDONS almost ALL white Southerners All pardoned could VOTE and HOLD OFFICE Democratic Party in South regains power of state governments (by using majority voting, trickery or terrorism) 2. Election of 1872 Republican party divides over corruption Grant defeats Horace Greeley (Liberal Repubican) Republicans begin to move away from Reconstruction and focus on the economy
Election of 1872 Grant (Red) v Greeley (Blue) Republicans 286 Lib Rep/Dem 63
3. Panic of 1873 (Panic is another word for Economic Depression) Thousands of businesses close and tens of thousands of Americans lose jobs Republican leaders blamed for the economy
4. Election of 1876 a. Rutheford B. Hayes (R) v. Samuel Tilden (D) b. Tilden wins the popular vote BUT No CLEAR WINNER in electoral vote c. Electoral College dispute in three Southern States d. Congress awards all 20 elector votes to Hayes making him president e. Hayes makes deal to end Radical Reconstruction and to pull army out of the South Rutherford B. Hayes Samuel Tilden
Election of 1876 Hayes 165* Tilden 184 (*All 20 disputed Electoral Votes awarded to Hayes given him the needed 185 to win)
V. Legacy of Reconstruction
Which would you like to use?
A. Divided Society (Segregation) 1. Reedemers seize control Southern States Goal is to end the Republican control of their state governments 2. Demorcats want to restore White Power : a. Conservative Fiscal Policy Cut state spending lower taxes end funding to schools and for social policies b. Voting Restrictions Poll tax, literacy test, & the Grandfather clause c. Jim Crow Laws Laws that created a segregated society in public places till 1965 White and Colored division in schools, restaurants, transportation, etc
B. Constitutional? 1. Local police ignore the abuse of freedmen 2. Plessy v Ferguson (1896) - Supreme Court rules that the concept of separate but equal as constitutional 3. Civil Rights movement fights to end segregation in 1950-1960s 4. Brown v. Board of Education (1954) - Supreme Court OVERTURNS and rules that separate but equal as UNCONSTITUTIONAL
Legacy of Reconstruction Change is not welcomed
Change is NOT easy!
Change?
http://www.gilderlehrman.org/multimedia #3337