Internet Adoption Increases Youth and Adult Literacy, Primary and Secondary School Enrolment, and Decreases Poverty in 193 nations Measured.

Internet Adoption Increases Youth and Adult Literacy, Primary and Secondary School Enrolment, and Decreases Poverty in 193 nations Measured. Abstract Alan Bayham BA, MS CHS, ASU, and UofP Phoenix, Arizona US Internet communication technologies have rapidly empowered people in both developed and developing nations throughout the world. There are presently 4.2 billion people who do not have access to the Internet and the hardware needed to gain access to it throughout the world. The adoption of the Internet in the developing world has been rapid, and Internet access has become more cost-effective and realistic for individuals in developing countries through wireless technologies and smartphones. The impact and empowerment of the Internet have not been felt by the majority of the world's population, but it is clear that it is being quickly adopted and positively affecting the lives of billions of people throughout the world and will continue to do so well into the future. The hypothesis of this study was that Internet adoption and use positively impacts youth and adult literacy rates for both sexes, primary and secondary enrolment rates for both sexes, and helps to decrease poverty. The hypothesis was found to be true, and it is clear that Internet use and adoption has positively impacted developed and developing nations throughout the world. This impact will continue well into the future as the most poverty-stricken individuals gain access to affordable and reliable ICTs, which will, directly and indirectly, offer them increased access to educational opportunities, employment, jobs, business opportunities, government services, and much more. Keywords: Internet, education, smartphone, poverty, literacy, gender, equality Information Literacy, Poverty, and the Internet Literacy is the capacity to communicate using written or electronic symbols to represent spoken language (Literacy, 2016). It has historically contrasted oral traditions used for communication, which has been primarily used throughout human history. The applications of both written and oral modes of communication are a reality in daily life for most individuals and cultures throughout the world, and they coexist as forms of communication for human interaction. A lack of literacy can lead to decreased opportunities and a cycle of poverty. Poverty is a condition in which an individual lacks an acceptable amount of money and possessions within a society, and it results in a condition in which an individual cannot provide for his or her basic needs (Poverty, 2016). In extreme instances, poverty can lead to death from malnutrition and starvation, and its existence throughout history has often encompassed entire populations. Attributes that are often associated with the cycle of poverty are poor health, lack of education, the inability or lack of will to work, and riotous behavior. Poverty has existed throughout human history, but the economic results from industrialization 11

increased the standard of living in most developed nations have resulted in fewer people being impoverished because national outputs rose to meet people's demands and needs. In industrialized societies, cycles of poverty have been widespread throughout populations as a result of business cycles that have resulted in mass unemployment. Although cycles of poverty are limited in their duration, it results in individuals having the inability to provide for their basic needs, and it often results in food shortages and inflation because of food scarcity. Presently, in industrialized nations, demographic groups have been vulnerable to long-term poverty, and it has resulted in districts within cities that are considered to be ghettos. These districts have typically been abandoned by industries that have outsourced manufacturing or completely bypassed them in certain instances because they are considered to be unprofitable by business owners. Cycles of poverty result in higher mortality rates, poor health, and lower educational levels, and it results in segments of society being underemployed, unskilled, and being paid lower wages. Government efforts to defeat cycles of poverty focus on increasing educational opportunities, attracting new industries, promoting the growth of small businesses within communities, and introducing new agricultural methods. The Internet has revolutionized communication by allowing computer networks to connect throughout the world, and it has permitted information access to billions of people throughout the world, which has resulted in helping to educate and ameliorate illiteracy and poverty. The Internet is a system of computer networks that emerged publicly for worldwide use in the 1990s (Internet, 2016). At the beginning of the twenty-first century, there were an estimated 360 million Internet users worldwide, but it is presently estimated that nearly half of the world's population has access to the Internet, which is attributed to advances in wireless communication. The Internet is powerful and provides users the capability to access information that previously was non-existent to them or only available in libraries. The Internet has changed the manner in which people communicate, educate, entertain, and conduct business. It is believed by most analysts that the Internet will continue to transform societies throughout the world, and it will continually allow individuals to communicate from around the world with increased speed and allow access to information to masses of people that formerly would not have received it. The Internet has had a large impact on education and the manner in which it is delivered, and it has resulted in most students viewing libraries as antiquated. There are more students with computer access and computers in their classrooms around the world than ever before, but there is insufficient evidence that computers enhance basic educational skills. The Internet has made information more widely available for students and society, and it has helped to stop plagiarism and give students access to more contemporary research at faster rates. Future directions of the Internet and technology surrounding its deployment are not clear, but there are some trends that we have seen that are likely to continue. Internet users worldwide will continually see increased access to wireless Internet service, which will continue to contribute to the development of technologies surrounding devices that are portable, wearable, and use voice recognition for input. The Internet will also continue to become quicker, and it will be supported by increasingly advanced software, hardware, and applications that allow users to have access multiple streams of high-bandwidth transmission on a single device simultaneously. It is also estimated that devices in our homes, offices, and cars will increasingly gain access to the Internet so that they can be monitored and controlled remotely. The information explosion that has resulted from increased access to the Internet by billions throughout the world will continue into the future, and data storage will continue its gradual move from individuals' desktop computers to online storage sites. Literacy Rates There are more than 750 million illiterate adults living in our world today, and the majority of these individuals are women who still lack basic reading and writing skills in their native languages (UNESCO, 12

2015). There has been a sharp reduction in the number of illiterate individuals over the last five years as a result of programs that are publicly funded in conjunction with the assistance of Western non-profit organizations, which have helped millions of individuals become literate in developing nations, such as: India, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the United Republic of Tanzania, and many more nations. Despite the work of governments and private organizations to assist illiterate individuals in developing nations, UNESCO has reported that illiteracy levels are rising in some countries throughout the world, specifically in West Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa. West Asia and Southeast Asia have more than 50% of the world's illiterate adults, Sub-Saharan Africa makes up 25% of the world's illiterate adults, East Asia makes up 12% of the world's illiterate adults, the Arab nations makeup 7% of the world's illiterate adults, and 4% of the world's illiterate adults live in Latin American and the Caribbean States (UNESCO, 2015). The rest of the regions throughout the world combined are estimated to makeup less than 1% of the illiterate adults in the world. The lowest national literacy rates have been observed in Sub-Saharan Africa, West Asia, and Southeast Asia, and "adult literacy rates are below 50% in the following 14 countries: Afghanistan, Benin, Burkina Faso, The Central African Republic, Chad, Côte d'ivoire, Ethiopia, Guinea, Haiti, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Senegal, Sierra Leone and South Sudan" (UNESCO, 2015, p. 2). Progress has been made in these nations in relation to youth literacy rates, and populations of individuals from 15 to 24 years of age are typically higher that adult literacy rates, which has been attributed to increased access to education for young people. In Europe, the United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand, national and regional averages regarding literacy rates are not available because these nations and regions do not collect traditional literacy statistics because they have shifted to carrying out more detailed assessments for literacy and educational skills, which makes the data that they produced statistically incomparable to the rest of the world. Women have accounted for 75% of the illiterate adults in the world, and the gap in sexes is estimated to be just as high for youth literacy statistics as well (UNESCO, 2015). Three main regions throughout the world, the Arab nations, Asia, and Sub-Saharan Africa, have a significant lack of gender parity in relation to literacy, and women in these regions are 24% more likely to be illiterate than males in the same age group. Globally, adult women are 9% more likely to be illiterate than men, and women between the ages of 15 and 24 are 4% more likely to be illiterate than men. Poverty Facts and Trends There has been remarkable progress achieved by the global community since the end of World War II in attempting to eradicate poverty (United Nations, 2009). Despite efforts to lift people out of poverty, there are presently 1.4 billion people today throughout the world living at or below the poverty line of $1.25 US per day. Poverty results in many social problems, but it is the leading cause of hunger and undernourishment in the world. The number of hungry and undernourished people worldwide is estimated to be 963 million or 14.6% of the world's population. The majority of impoverished people live in developing nations, and poverty leading to hunger and undernourishment results in the deaths of 25,000 children daily. Most of these children die quietly in remote villages far from the media's attention, and they essentially die an invisible death. Almost 30% of children in developing nations are estimated to be underweight and have stunted growth, and the United Nations Children's Fund estimates that 72 million of elementary school age children in developing countries are not in school. Of these children, more than 50% are female, and it considered to be a byproduct of a systemic problem resulting from lack of infrastructure, water and food access, healthcare access, and much more. Over 1 billion 13

individuals living in developing countries do not have proper access to water, and over 2.5 billion people in developing countries have inadequate access to basic sanitary conditions. The world's population is estimated to surpass 9 billion by 2050, and it is projected that the world's poor in developing nations will account for the majority of population growth throughout in the next thirty years because they presently makeup 2.3 billion individuals in the current world population and typically have more offspring than people living in developed countries (United Nations, 2009). The population of the developing countries is presently at nearly 6 billion individuals, and it is expected to be at nearly 8 billion individuals by 2050. The population of developed regions is estimated to increase by 500 million individuals from 1.23 billion to 1.28 billion. Poor families throughout the world typically have more children because children are seen as an opportunity to contribute to a family's household income and ensure economic security for parents as they age. The rapid increase of the populations in developing countries accentuates the importance of having policies in place that promote sustainable economic growth and structural transformation. Education has statistically shown to play a key role in poverty reduction because it is an investment in human resources that promotes economic growth (United Nations, 2009). Education has a positive impact on systemic problems that lead to the cycle of poverty, which results in poverty reduction because of its growthpromoting effects. This has not been found to be true in every region, specifically Arab nations that are considered developing countries because the correlation between education and growth has been found to be weak as a result of multiple factors. A good example would be Egypt in which 42% of the population has received secondary or higher education, but these individuals comprise 80% of the unemployed in the nation. This is believed to be a result of a lack of governmental policies to ensure the creation of employment opportunities to utilize the productivity potential resulting from education within their society. In general, throughout the world, the rate of return for individuals and society on investment in education and educational programs is high, and the benefits of education directly correlate with entry to higher income occupations. The benefit of education has been found to be even higher in lower-income developing nations throughout the world, especially for countries with poor educational standards for women. Education in rural areas in developing nations has enabled farmers to improve their practices and technology used, increased access to schooling that can lead to higher paying employment, and improved the agricultural productivity and incomes of villages. Education in developing nations also leads to improved health standards and practices, and it has been associated with lower levels of mortality and improved nutrition. Technology, the Internet, and Education Technology use among participants in research in the promotion literacy and training has shown positive educational outcomes and benefits (Thomas, 2009). Distance learning programs that use computer-based learning to promote literacy and employment of low-income and welfare recipient students have shown to increase literacy rates and employment opportunities for individuals in need. Individuals from low-income backgrounds who are welfare recipients face obstacles in joining literacy and training programs sponsored by both the public and private sectors because of fluctuating work schedules, family obligations, health issues, transportation barriers, and fear of traveling within their neighborhoods. Technology and the Internet have allowed both public and private literacy programs to deliver education programs away from traditional classroom settings and allow formal instruction through prescribed software that can be delivered and assisted by Internet communication to individuals at any time to deal with fluctuating life experiences that they may face. The benefits of distance learning over the Internet is the high rate of informal learning that takes place, 14

which is essentially any activity that embodies the pursuit of increased understanding, knowledge, or skill development. Informal learning occurs when individuals use the Internet for research, emailing, or using math skills while shopping online. The main drawback of using distance education is that its use may not be realistic or possible in certain environments because it requires a level of infrastructure that allows individuals to gain access to wireless devices, tablets, laptops, or personal computers that have a reliable Internet connection. If the aforementioned are available to an individual, research shows that having computers with Internet access at home can positively affect autonomous learning, interest in education, and assists in overcoming knowledge gaps related to technology use. In general, the Internet empowers people in conjunction with facilitating both self-paced and informal learning programs, which can lead to increased literacy in both formal and informal environments. Learning models that facilitate distance education, regardless of the level, must meet students' motivation levels (Wang, 2009). Research has shown that adult learners are typically more intrinsically motivated than younger learners, so distance education models delivered through the Internet must harness motivation, whether it be intrinsic or extrinsic, to capitalize on students' willingness to improve themselves and engage in the learning process. All formal education includes both intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, and, when learning is problem-focused or performance-centered, learning, in and of itself, can be rewarding for all learners. Distance education programs must connect with their students by increasing the autonomy of the content delivered to assist those in their programs to come to the realization that learning is a valuable process and intrinsically rewarding because it can improve their futures. Teaching at all levels in today's world requires educators to adopt adaptive philosophies that are open to new technological innovations that can assist learning programs, whether they are distance education programs or traditional classroom settings, to facilitate learning environments that autonomously challenge students to improve their educational level and to engage in the educational process to improve themselves. Distance education programs can be assisted through informal learning in which students have to work autonomously or on teams to research information and communicate using the Internet. Traditional classroom settings can incorporate the use of technology through the use of presentations, video clips, or audio segments, and they can be supplemented with the use of online discussion forums to target differing learning styles in blended course designs. The use of the Internet for educational purpose is pervasive, growing, and engaging, and the application of the use of technology in both distance education settings and traditional classroom settings can increase literacy, target different learning styles effectively, and challenge students to improve themselves through both autonomous and group activities in a manner that is unprecedented in human history at almost all educational levels. For almost every subject area, with the exception of early childhood education and scientific experiments done in laboratories, distance learning over the Internet can replace traditional teaching environments (Wang, 2009). Technology can also assist those teaching in traditional educational environment to engage learners in a more modern manner and target a wider array of learning styles. Distance education, for nearly all levels of learning, can increase individuals intrinsic motivation to improve themselves through literacy in both guided and autonomous manners, and it offers learners flexibility when delivered in asynchronous learning environments, which can assist those who are motivated to learn at their own pace or environments with less reliable Internet connections. The Internet, in conjunction with the technology that allows individuals to connect to it, provides opportunities for formal and informal learning, and it gives individuals increased opportunities to practice specific skills that have been learned and access to a wider range of information than has been available to students previously in the history of education. 15

Purpose, Rationale, and Hypothesis The purpose of this study was to measure the impact of Internet adoption on the youth literacy rates for both sexes, the adult literacy rates for both sexes, the primary school enrolment rates for both sexes, the secondary school enrolment rates for both sexes, and poverty rates of 193 nations in the world with the exception of Nauru and the Vatican City State (Nations Online, 2016). The rationale of this study was the impact, empowerment, and adoption of the Internet, specifically wireless Internet use through smartphones, has been substantial in developing countries. Presently, 4.2 billion individuals in the world do not have Internet access, but its adoption is becoming more widespread. There are more smartphone owners and users in the developing world than developed world presently, so the adoption of Internet communication technologies is rapidly underway worldwide. Therefore, its impact is measurable, and, as more widespread adoption of the Internet happens throughout the poorest sectors of society in developing nations, the effects will be empowerment of individuals, which have the potential to affect positively youth and adult literacy rates for both sexes, primary and secondary enrolment rates for both sexes, and to reduce poverty throughout the world. The hypothesis of this study is the increased adoption of Internet communication technologies in 193 nations in the world with the exception of Nauru and the Vatican City State has had a positive effect, both directly and indirectly, on youth literacy rates for both sexes, the adult literacy rates for both sexes, the primary school enrolment rates for both sexes, the secondary school enrolment rates for both sexes, and helped to decrease poverty rates. Methods The first through the fourth measurements analyzed the annual youth literacy rate average, percentage of change, and shift for both sexes for individuals between the ages of fifteen and twenty-four between the 1993 to 2003 time period and the 2004 and 2014 time period for 193 nations in the world with the exception of Nauru and the Vatican City State (Nations Online, 2016). The fifth through the eighth measurements analyzed the annual adult literacy rate average, percentage of change, and shift for both sexes for individuals who were fifteen years or older between the 1993 to 2003 time period and the 2004 and 2014 time period for 193 nations in the world with the exception of Nauru and the Vatican City State. The ninth through the twelfth measurements analyzed the annual primary school enrolment rate average, percentage of change, and shift for both sexes between the 1993 to 2003 time period and the 2004 and 2014 time period for 193 nations in the world with the exception of Nauru and the Vatican City State. The thirteenth through the sixteenth measurements analyzed the annual secondary school enrolment rate average, percentage of change, and shift for both sexes between the 1993 to 2003 time period and the 2004 and 2014 time period for 193 nations in the world with the exception of Nauru and the Vatican City State. The seventeenth through the twentieth measurements analyzed the annual ratio of people at the national poverty line average, percentage of change, and shift between the 1993 to 2003 time period and the 2004 and 2014 time period for 193 nations in the world with the exception of Nauru and the Vatican City State. The twenty-first through the twenty-fourth measurements analyzed the annual Internet use per one hundred people average, percentage of change, and shift between the 1993 to 2003 time period and the 2004 and 2014 time period for 193 nations in the world with the exception of Nauru and the Vatican City State. The twenty-fifth through the thirty-second measurements analyzed the annual youth literacy rate average, percentage of change, and shift for both sexes for individuals between the ages of fifteen and twenty-four and the annual Internet use per one hundred people average, percentage of change, and shift between the 2007 to 2009 time period and the 2010 to 2012 time period for the states that disclosed national annual youth literacy rate data for both sexes in a minimum of five out of the six 16

years reported from 2007 to 2012 of the 193 nations measured. The thirty-third through the fortieth measurements analyzed the annual adult literacy rate average, percentage of change, and shift for both sexes for individuals who were fifteen years or older and the annual Internet use per one hundred people average, percentage of change, and shift between the 2007 to 2009 time period and the 2010 to 2012 time period for the states that disclosed national annual adult literacy rate data for individuals fifteen years of age or older for both sexes in a minimum of five out of the six years reported from 2007 to 2012 of the 193 nations measured. The forty-first through the forty-eighth measurements analyzed the annual primary school enrolment rate average, percentage of change, and shift for both sexes and the annual Internet use per one hundred people average, percentage of change, and shift between the 1997 and 2005 time period and the 2006 to 2014 time period for the states that disclosed national annual primary school enrolment data for every year from 1997 to 2014 out of the 193 nations analyzed. The forty-ninth through the fifty-sixth measurements calculated the annual secondary school enrolment rate average, percentage of change, and shift for both sexes and the annual Internet use per one hundred people average, percentage of change, and shift between the 2005 and 2009 time period and the 2010 to 2014 time period for the states that disclosed national annual secondary school enrolment data for every year from 2005 to 2014 out of the 193 nations analyzed. The fifty-seventh through the sixty-fourth measurements calculated the annual ratio of people at the national poverty line average, percentage of change, and shift and the annual Internet use per one hundred people average, percentage of change, and shift between the 2003 to 2008 time period and the 2009 to 2014 time period for the states that reported annual ratio of people at the national poverty line data in eight out of the ten years reported from 2003 to 2014 out of the 193 nations analyzed. Results The first through the fourth measurements analyzed the annual youth literacy rate average, percentage of change, and shift for both sexes for individuals between the ages of fifteen and twenty-four between the 1993 to 2003 time period and the 2004 and 2014 time period for 193 nations in the world with the exception of Nauru and the Vatican City State (Nations Online, 2016). Country Name Average 1993-2003 Average 2004-2014 % of Change Youth Literacy Shift Afghanistan 0 46.99005 0 0 Albania 99.43515 98.95127-0.004866321-0.48388333 Algeria 90.13721 91.77964 0.018221443 1.64243 Andorra 0 0 0 0 Angola 72.19449 72.98183 0.010905818 0.78734 Antigua and Barbuda 0 0 0 0 Argentina 98.91666 99.26105 0.003481618 0.34439 Armenia 99.80728 99.8474 0.000401975 0.04012 Australia 0 0 0 0 Austria 0 98.0055 0 98.0055 Azerbaijan 99.88609 99.95603 0.000700183 0.06993857 The Bahamas 0 0 0 0 Bahrain 97.02471 98.1636 0.011738144 1.13889 17

Bangladesh 63.62273 81.07724 0.274343933 17.45451 Barbados 0 0 0 0 Belarus 99.79184 99.82321 0.000314354 0.03137 Belgium 0 0 0 0 Belize 0 0 0 0 Benin 45.30962 42.36271-0.065039389-2.94691 Bhutan 0 74.4052 0 74.4052 Bolivia 97.32378 99.19025 0.019177923 1.866468 Bosnia and Herzegovina 99.79393 99.67234-0.001218411-0.12159 Botswana 93.95744 97.58788 0.038639197 3.63044 Brazil 94.18411 97.9437 0.039917491 3.75959333 Brunei Darussalam 98.89378 99.36677 0.004782808 0.47299 Bulgaria 98.21248 97.86505-0.003537534-0.34743 Burkina Faso 25.321705 34.985 0.381621024 9.663295 Burundi 73.33006 88.88637 0.212140969 15.55631 Cambodia 76.31821 85.99557 0.126802721 9.67735667 Cameroon 83.09829 81.85501-0.01496162-1.243285 Canada 0 0 0 0 Cabo Verde 0 97.62197 0 97.621965 The Central African Republic 60.80705 36.35627-0.402104361-24.45078 Chad 27.452365 45.91971 0.672704884 18.46734 Chile 98.99098 99.14472 0.001553037 0.15373667 China 98.85873 99.64229 0.007926058 0.78356 Colombia 93.759825 98.00825 0.045311785 4.248425 Comoros 80.18576 86.80808 0.082587232 6.62232 Congo, Dem. Rep. 70.41626 74.68704 0.06065048 4.27078 Congo, Rep. 0 80.91395 0 80.91395 Costa Rica 97.61469 99.13371 0.015561387 1.51902 Cote d'ivoire 53.891185 48.30996-0.103564711-5.581225 Croatia 99.64864 99.72363 0.000752544 0.07499 Cuba 99.9556 99.87466-0.00080976-0.08094 Cyprus 99.77493 99.82098 0.000461539 0.04605 Czech Republic 0 0 0 0 Denmark 0 0 0 0 Djibouti 0 0 0 0 Dominica 0 0 0 0 Dominican Republic 94.21758 96.82617 0.027686871 2.60859 Ecuador 96.43721 97.84048 0.014551126 1.40327 18

Egypt, Arab Rep. 73.21869 87.72523 0.198126162 14.506538 El Salvador 0 95.18723 0 95.18723375 Equatorial Guinea 97.13137 98.16616 0.01065351 1.03479 Eritrea 77.9453 91.77686 0.177452136 13.83156 Estonia 99.7705 99.9489 0.001788104 0.1784 Ethiopia 33.5854 49.82965 0.483669888 16.24424667 Fiji 0 0 0 0 Finland 0 0 0 0 France 0 0 0 0 Gabon 93.20872 92.60591-0.006467313-0.60281 Gambia, The 52.55502 70.72155 0.345666884 18.16653 Georgia 99.82542 99.79767-0.000277985-0.02775 Germany 0 0 0 0 Ghana 70.66306 85.71615 0.213026297 15.05309 Greece 98.94054 99.40249 0.004668966 0.46195 Grenada 0 0 0 0 Guatemala 79.10423 92.75269 0.172537676 13.64846 Guinea 37.403825 31.40642-0.160342024-5.997405 Guinea-Bissau 59.49285 75.3038 0.265762188 15.81095 Guyana 0 93.09895 0 93.09895 Haiti 81.61633 72.34672-0.113575433-9.26961 Honduras 88.94272 95.12075 0.069460809 6.17803333 Hungary 99.14558 98.93433-0.002130705-0.21125 Iceland 0 0 0 0 India 76.4257 83.63787 0.094368387 7.21217 Indonesia 0 98.61367 0 98.61367 Iran, Islamic Rep. 94.827205 97.68633 0.03015092 2.8591275 Iraq 84.79681 81.95003-0.033571782-2.84678 Ireland 0 0 0 0 Israel 0 0 0 0 Italy 99.81213 99.92351 0.001115896 0.11138 Jamaica 91.60341 96.09719 0.049056907 4.49378 Japan 0 0 0 0 Jordan 99.13259 98.9883-0.001455566-0.144294 Kazakhstan 99.84513 99.83451-0.000106365-0.01062 Kenya 92.52818 82.39047-0.109563486-10.13771 Kiribati 0 0 0 0 Korea, Dem. People s Rep. 0 99.99969 0 99.99969 19

Korea, Rep. 0 0 0 0 Kosovo 0 0 0 0 Kuwait 92.04306 98.87869 0.074265548 6.83562833 Kyrgyz Republic 99.69563 99.75185 0.000563916 0.05622 Lao PDR 76.73006 83.93106 0.093848486 7.201 Latvia 99.75027 99.83543 0.000853732 0.08516 Lebanon 0 98.71479 0 98.71479 Lesotho 90.9269 83.19441-0.085040731-7.73249 Liberia 59.98444 49.11312-0.18123575-10.871325 Libya 97.93389 99.78938 0.018946301 1.855485 Liechtenstein 0 0 0 0 Lithuania 99.70167 99.8558 0.001545912 0.15413 Luxembourg 0 0 0 0 Macedonia, FYR 98.801935 98.63583-0.001681192-0.166105 Madagascar 70.23622 64.94025-0.075402264-5.29597 Malawi 76.0075 72.13956-0.050888925-3.86794 Malaysia 97.2378 98.41872 0.01214466 1.18092 Maldives 98.17012 99.30101 0.011519697 1.13089 Mali 27.38785 43.41827 0.58531137 16.03042 Malta 96.03227 98.57349 0.026462094 2.541215 Marshall Islands 0 0 0 0 Mauritania 61.33665 56.12244-0.085009696-5.21421 Mauritius 94.53896 98.13036 0.037988571 3.5914 Mexico 97.10843 98.24952 0.011750669 1.141089 Micronesia, Fed. Sts. 0 0 0 0 Moldova 99.52508 100 0.004771863 0.47492 Monaco 0 0 0 0 Mongolia 97.71012 98.46024 0.007676994 0.75012 Montenegro 0 99.21182 0 99.21182 Morocco 58.43489 77.32608 0.323286139 18.89119 Mozambique 54.431445 67.14964 0.233655289 12.718195 Myanmar 94.58631 96.12909 0.016310817 1.54278 Namibia 92.33672 87.09541-0.056763008-5.24131 Nepal 70.05362 84.75715 0.209889653 14.70353 Netherlands 0 0 0 0 New Zealand 0 0 0 0 Nicaragua 86.22252 87.00925 0.009124414 0.78673 Niger 19.79119 30.03528 0.517608593 10.24409 20

Nigeria 68.99377 66.38354-0.037832836-2.61023 Norway 0 0 0 0 Oman 97.28133 98.15596 0.008990694 0.87462667 Pakistan 55.33052 70.09342 0.266812912 14.76289714 Palau 0 99.81147 0 99.81147 Panama 96.07985 97.63853 0.016222756 1.55868 Papua New Guinea 66.67899 71.58472 0.07357235 4.90573 Paraguay 0 98.51053 0 98.51053 Peru 95.36663 97.53818 0.022770544 2.17155 Philippines 95.073475 97.7508 0.028160588 2.677325 Poland 99.9992 99.99992 7.15E-06 0.000715 Portugal 0 99.43512 0 99.43512 Qatar 94.79075 97.76248 0.031350469 2.97173444 Romania 97.76149 98.99569 0.012624603 1.2342 Russian Federation 99.7246 99.7096-0.000150414-0.015 Rwanda 77.62033 79.83769 0.028566743 2.21736 Samoa 0 99.30974 0 99.309735 San Marino 0 0 0 0 Sao Tome and Principe 95.41547 80.20316-0.159432323-15.21231 Saudi Arabia 95.91316 98.11429 0.022949218 2.201132 Senegal 49.12449 59.44881 0.210166508 10.3243225 Serbia 0 99.30869 0 99.30869 Seychelles 98.939045 98.97134 0.000326413 0.032295 Sierra Leone 0 56.11415 0 56.11415 Singapore 99.5046 99.82642 0.003234197 0.3218175 Slovak Republic 0 0 0 0 Slovenia 0 99.84139 0 99.841385 Solomon Islands 85 0 0-85 Somalia 0 0 0 0 South Africa 93.90515 98.45034 0.048401903 4.545188 South Sudan 0 36.70227 0 36.70227 Spain 0 99.60719 0 99.60719111 Sri Lanka 95.58863 97.8746 0.023914629 2.28596667 St. Kitts and Nevis 0 0 0 0 St. Lucia 0 0 0 0 St. Vincent and the Grenadines 0 0 0 0 Sudan 78.15559 88.48841 0.13220833 10.33282 Suriname 0 97.55807 0 97.55806667 21

Swaziland 91.86324 93.5023 0.017842393 1.63906 Sweden 0 0 0 0 Switzerland 0 0 0 0 The Syrian Arab Republic 95.18884 94.15552-0.010855527-1.033325 Tajikistan 99.84706 99.87181 0.000247879 0.02475 Tanzania 78.39605 80.25026 0.023651829 1.85421 Thailand 97.97539 97.32424-0.006646057-0.65115 Timor-Leste 0 79.52869 0 79.52869 Togo 74.43957 79.35827 0.066076461 4.91870333 Tonga 99.30875 99.4309 0.001229952 0.122145 Trinidad and Tobago 0 99.54038 0 99.540375 Tunisia 82.84604 96.38182 0.163384731 13.535778 Turkey 0 97.47231 0 97.47230556 Turkmenistan 99.81042 99.8339 0.000235246 0.02348 Tuvalu 0 0 0 0 Uganda 80.79116 85.04445 0.052645529 4.25329333 Ukraine 99.80486 99.76919-0.000357397-0.03567 United Arab Emirates 0 95.00645 0 95.00645 United Kingdom 0 0 0 0 United States 0 0 0 0 Uruguay 98.58024 98.87758 0.003016236 0.29734125 Uzbekistan 99.87435 99.94442 0.000701582 0.07007 Vanuatu 86.2521 93.58995 0.08507445 7.33785 Venezuela, RB 97.19933 98.16374 0.009922016 0.96441333 Vietnam 94.359425 97.09167 0.028955719 2.732245 Yemen, Rep. 60.22215 82.65448 0.372492928 22.432325 Zambia 69.273015 64.04964-0.075402738-5.223375 Zimbabwe 0 90.9307 0 90.9307 54.7348213 67.82132 0.239089078 13.08649797 (The World Bank Group, 2016) The fifth through the eighth measurements analyzed the annual adult literacy rate average, percentage of change, and shift for both sexes for individuals who were fifteen years or older between the 1993 to 2003 time period and the 2004 and 2014 time period for 193 nations in the world with the exception of Nauru and the Vatican City State (Nations Online, 2016). 22

Country Name Average 1993-2003 Average 2004-2014 % of Change Adult Literacy Shift Afghanistan 0 31.74112 0 31.74112 Albania 98.71297 97.04613-0.01689-1.66684 Algeria 69.8735 72.64868 0.039717 2.77518 Andorra 0 0 0 0 Angola 67.40542 70.77841 0.05004 3.37299 Antigua and Barbuda 98.95 98.95 0 0 Argentina 97.19331 97.97376 0.00803 0.78045 Armenia 99.40015 99.74442 0.003463 0.34427 Australia 0 0 0 0 Austria 0 0 0 0 Azerbaijan 98.7918 99.75223 0.009722 0.960434 The Bahamas 0 0 0 0 Bahrain 86.54874 94.55679 0.092526 8.00805 Bangladesh 47.4855 59.72154 0.25768 12.23604 Barbados 0 0 0 0 Belarus 99.59073 99.61706 0.000264 0.02633 Belgium 0 0 0 0 Belize 0 0 0 0 Benin 34.65785 28.70211-0.17184-5.95574 Bhutan 0 52.81469 0 52.81469 Bolivia 86.72366 91.85922 0.059217 5.135558 Bosnia and Herzegovina 96.6631 98.26413 0.016563 1.60103 Botswana 81.18871 87.32057 0.075526 6.13186 Brazil 86.36788 90.35424 0.046156 3.986363 Brunei Darussalam 92.67113 96.08556 0.036845 3.41443 Bulgaria 98.20355 98.35245 0.001516 0.1489 Burkina Faso 21.82292 24.9185 0.14185 3.095583 Burundi 59.30362 86.94787 0.466148 27.64425 Cambodia 67.33503 75.03217 0.114311 7.69714 Cameroon 68.40916 70.98522 0.037657 2.57606 Canada 0 0 0 0 Cabo Verde 0 82.67376 0 82.67376 The Central African Republic 50.64517 36.75261-0.27431-13.8926 Chad 18.27443 33.30669 0.822584 15.03226 Chile 95.71662 97.96856 0.023527 2.251943 China 90.92021 95.12447 0.046241 4.20426 Colombia 86.29136 93.02245 0.078004 6.731094 23

Comoros 68.48923 76.55346 0.117744 8.06423 Congo, Dem. Rep. 67.17299 68.11137 0.01397 0.93838 Congo, Rep. 0 79.31117 0 79.31117 Costa Rica 94.86819 97.40659 0.026757 2.5384 Cote d'ivoire 42.5455 40.98163-0.03676-1.56387 Croatia 98.14668 99.12536 0.009972 0.97868 Cuba 99.79907 99.75253-0.00047-0.04654 Cyprus 96.80363 98.67843 0.019367 1.8748 Czech Republic 0 0 0 0 Denmark 0 0 0 0 Djibouti 0 0 0 0 Dominica 0 0 0 0 Dominican Republic 86.99647 89.78056 0.032002 2.784088 Ecuador 90.98402 89.53333-0.01594-1.45069 Egypt, Arab Rep. 55.587 71.75059 0.29078 16.16359 El Salvador 0 83.89687 0 83.89687 Equatorial Guinea 88.3083 94.77357 0.073212 6.46527 Eritrea 52.51395 71.5981 0.363411 19.08415 Estonia 99.7672 99.86278 0.000958 0.09558 Ethiopia 27.01135 34.90544 0.292251 7.89409 Fiji 27.01135 0 0-27.0114 Finland 0 0 0 0 France 0 0 0 0 Gabon 72.23367 82.06466 0.1361 9.83099 Gambia, The 36.81773 53.18639 0.444586 16.36866 Georgia 99.65235 99.74645 0.000944 0.0941 Germany 0 0 0 0 Ghana 57.89747 71.49708 0.234891 13.59961 Greece 95.99436 97.47356 0.015409 1.4792 Grenada 0 0 0 0 Guatemala 66.656685 77.65176 0.164951 10.99508 Guinea 25.128885 25.30774 0.007118 0.178855 Guinea-Bissau 41.35777 57.80157 0.397599 16.4438 Guyana 0 84.99401 0 84.99401 Haiti 58.7439 48.68502-0.17123-10.0589 Honduras 80.01103 85.24753 0.065447 5.236498 Hungary 98.98207 99.03876 0.000573 0.056685 Iceland 0 0 0 0 24

India 61.01456 66.02852 0.082176 5.013955 Indonesia 0 91.99059 0 91.99059 Iran, Islamic Rep. 75.03013 83.35432 0.110945 8.324187 Iraq 74.0522 79.25373 0.070241 5.20153 Ireland 0 0 0 0 Israel 0 0 0 0 Italy 98.41662 99.07052 0.006644 0.6539 Jamaica 79.92012 87.90327 0.099889 7.98315 Japan 0 0 0 0 Jordan 89.89233 93.93523 0.044975 4.042898 Kazakhstan 99.51266 99.73241 0.002208 0.21975 Kenya 82.22907 72.15703-0.12249-10.072 Kiribati 0 0 0 0 Korea, Dem. People s Rep. 0 99.99826 0 99.99826 Korea, Rep. 0 0 0 0 Kosovo 0 0 0 0 Kuwait 78.3955 94.20433 0.201655 15.80883 Kyrgyz Republic 98.70161 99.2414 0.005469 0.53979 Lao PDR 66.18961667 72.70226 0.098394 6.512643 Latvia 99.74657 99.8959 0.001497 0.14933 Lebanon 0 89.61244 0 89.61244 Lesotho 86.25443 75.8002-0.1212-10.4542 Liberia 42.66605 43.02473 0.008407 0.35868 Libya 75.80791 87.83748 0.158685 12.02957 Liechtenstein 0 0 0 0 Lithuania 99.64575 99.8156 0.001705 0.16985 Luxembourg 0 0 0 0 Macedonia, FYR 96.12893 97.63467 0.015664 1.50574 Madagascar 70.68617 64.4809-0.08779-6.20527 Malawi 64.13425 61.30972-0.04404-2.82453 Malaysia 88.68776 93.11788 0.049952 4.43012 Maldives 96.32649 98.3979 0.021504 2.07141 Mali 21.522485 30.27908 0.406858 8.756595 Malta 87.8687 92.83523 0.056522 4.966525 Marshall Islands 0 0 0 0 Mauritania 51.20768 0 0-51.2077 Mauritius 84.30309 89.24983 0.058678 4.94674 Mexico 90.40514 92.82613 0.026779 2.420993 25

Micronesia, Fed. Sts. 0 0 0 0 Moldova 96.65379 99.16706 0.026003 2.51327 Monaco 0 0 0 0 Mongolia 97.76885 98.257 0.004993 0.48815 Montenegro 0 98.44221 0 98.44221 Morocco 41.5941 57.6555 0.386146 16.0614 Mozambique 43.43336 50.58381 0.16463 7.15045 Myanmar 89.94176 92.78524 0.031615 2.84348 Namibia 85.04128 76.4866-0.10059-8.55468 Nepal 48.60897 59.62725 0.226672 11.01828 Netherlands 0 0 0 0 New Zealand 0 0 0 0 Nicaragua 76.67712 78.00298 0.017291 1.32586 Niger 14.37604 22.06456 0.534815 7.68852 Nigeria 54.77318 51.07766-0.06747-3.69552 Norway 0 0 0 0 Oman 81.36331 88.51378 0.087883 7.15047 Pakistan 42.69931 54.47449 0.27577 11.77518 Palau 0 99.52396 0 99.52396 Panama 91.89961 94.09412 0.023879 2.19451 Papua New Guinea 57.34325 63.33775 0.104537 5.9945 Paraguay 0 94.01843 0 94.01843 Peru 87.15063 89.54208 0.02744 2.391452 Philippines 92.59538 95.4201 0.030506 2.82472 Poland 99.4028 99.76249 0.003619 0.35969 Portugal 0 94.47705 0 94.47705 Qatar 83.26215 95.03921 0.141446 11.77706 Romania 97.29758 98.60429 0.01343 1.30671 Russian Federation 99.44097 99.68427 0.002447 0.2433 Rwanda 64.8886 67.09165 0.033951 2.20305 Samoa 0 98.75687 0 98.75687 San Marino 0 0 0 0 Sao Tome and Principe 84.90852 69.53638-0.18104-15.3721 Saudi Arabia 79.35094 88.64205 0.117089 9.291105 Senegal 39.27525 46.61394 0.186853 7.338685 Serbia 0 97.96241 0 97.96241 Seychelles 89.823805 93.95423 0.045984 4.130425 Sierra Leone 0 40.23843 0 40.23843 26

Singapore 92.5494 96.23491 0.039822 3.685505 Slovak Republic 0 0 0 0 Slovenia 0 99.67888 0 99.67888 Solomon Islands 76.6 0 0-76.6 Somalia 0 0 0 0 South Africa 82.4021 92.26421 0.119683 9.862108 South Sudan 0 26.83128 0 26.83128 Spain 0 97.7412 0 97.7412 Sri Lanka 90.68275 90.84938 0.001837 0.166627 St. Kitts and Nevis 0 0 0 0 St. Lucia 0 0 0 0 St. Vincent and the Grenadines 0 0 0 0 Sudan 61.34587 74.27256 0.210718 12.92669 Suriname 0 92.96492 0 92.96492 Swaziland 81.66071 83.09829 0.017604 1.43758 Sweden 0 0 0 0 Switzerland 0 0 0 0 The Syrian Arab Republic 82.88825 83.18912 0.00363 0.300865 Tajikistan 99.45125 99.75018 0.003006 0.29893 Tanzania 69.4309 73.39166 0.057046 3.960755 Thailand 92.64655 94.9687 0.025065 2.32215 Timor-Leste 37.6 54.45449 0.448258 16.85449 Togo 53.1776 58.13057 0.09314 4.952967 Tonga 98.90537 99.202 0.002999 0.29663 Trinidad and Tobago 0 98.5765 0 98.5765 Tunisia 59.81761 77.5666 0.296719 17.74899 Turkey 0 91.12552 0 91.12552 Turkmenistan 98.77832 99.65206 0.008845 0.87374 Tuvalu 0 0 0 0 Uganda 68.14251 71.59442 0.050657 3.451907 Ukraine 99.43041 99.7424 0.003138 0.31199 United Arab Emirates 0 90.03384 0 90.03384 United Kingdom 0 0 0 0 United States 0 0 0 0 Uruguay 96.78181 98.15668 0.014206 1.374865 Uzbekistan 98.64259 99.51878 0.008882 0.87619 Vanuatu 71.230015 81.04523 0.137796 9.81521 Venezuela, RB 92.97984 95.14562 0.023293 2.16578 27

Vietnam 90.217215 93.52045 0.036614 3.303235 Yemen, Rep. 37.09 60.92393 0.642597 23.83393 Zambia 68.575505 61.42829-0.10422-7.14722 Zimbabwe 0 83.58272 0 83.58272 49.88585659 62.01811 0.2432 12.13225 (The World Bank Group, 2016) The ninth through the twelfth measurements analyzed the annual primary school enrolment rate average, percentage of change, and shift for both sexes between the 1993 to 2003 time period and the 2004 and 2014 time period for 193 nations in the world with the exception of Nauru and the Vatican City State (Nations Online, 2016). Country Name Average 1993-2003 Average 2004-2014 % of Change Primary Enrolment Shift Afghanistan 1513425.625 5145375.727 2.399820673 3631950.102 Albania 283339.6 217110.9091-0.233743151-66228.6909 Algeria 4644071.6 3804476.455-0.180788588-839595.145 Andorra 4125 4269.727273 0.0350854 144.727273 Angola 910734 4166946.2 3.575371294 3256212.2 Antigua and Barbuda 11876 11020.14286-0.072066111-855.85714 Argentina 4898137.875 4715423.6-0.037302804-182714.275 Armenia 216041 127762.7273-0.408618145-88278.2727 Australia 1841103.091 2001930.6 0.087353886 160827.509 Austria 384983.8182 340281.3494-0.116115189-44702.4688 Azerbaijan 656506 516705.5455-0.212946195-139800.4545 The Bahamas 33751.14286 35976.85714 0.065944857 2225.71428 Bahrain 75233.90909 91315.6 0.213755886 16081.69091 Bangladesh 0 16698550.71 0 16698550.71 Barbados 23992 22392.88889-0.066651847-1599.11111 Belarus 592674 365895.9091-0.382635464-226778.0909 Belgium 755035.6667 739185.6-0.020992474-15850.0667 Belize 43270.8 51857.09091 0.198431527 8586.29091 Benin 863498.6364 1715700.4 0.986917324 852201.7636 Bhutan 76578.1 105139.2727 0.372967894 28561.1727 Bolivia 1391984.7 1447910.667 0.040177142 55925.967 Bosnia and Herzegovina 0 173831 0 173831 Botswana 320761.7 331227.5 0.03262796 10465.8 Brazil 21658327.11 17464074.44-0.193655431-4194252.67 28

Brunei Darussalam 43977.3 44378.27273 0.009117721 400.97273 Bulgaria 402865.4545 268080.7273-0.334565115-134784.7272 Burkina Faso 781178.9 1878932.273 1.405252207 1097753.373 Burundi 645437.8 1636124.182 1.534906047 990686.382 Cambodia 2173694.222 2381423.909 0.095565275 207729.687 Cameroon 2212082.7 3371437.8 0.524101156 1159355.1 Canada 2421136.714 2241574.556-0.074164403-179562.158 Cabo Verde 88914.42857 74647.72727-0.160454288-14266.7013 The Central African Republic 427894.6667 536562.2222 0.253958658 108667.5555 Chad 789935.2727 1643326.7 1.080330828 853391.4273 Chile 1731439.143 1616241.6-0.066532828-115197.543 China 128930750.2 103128163-0.200127488-25802587.2 Colombia 4945601.375 5066692.818 0.024484675 121091.443 Comoros 87849.85714 111238.4 0.266233135 23388.54286 Congo, Dem. Rep. 4941107.6 11106570.88 1.247789722 6165463.28 Congo, Rep. 476385.4 654084 0.37301437 177698.6 Costa Rica 528017.6 520706.9091-0.013845544-7310.6909 Cote d'ivoire 1808744 2613508.75 0.444930156 804764.75 Croatia 202820.1818 178470.625-0.120054901-24349.5568 Cuba 1018836.818 848531.1818-0.167156932-170305.6362 Cyprus 64194.7 56705.09091-0.116670209-7489.60909 Czech Republic 597296.0909 479454.2-0.197292252-117841.8909 Denmark 360387.1111 429694.7 0.192314283 69307.5889 Djibouti 38119.9 57400.8 0.505796185 19280.9 Dominica 11867 8494-0.284233589-3373 Dominican Republic 1265309.1 1297354 0.025325748 32044.9 Ecuador 1914877.636 2054540.4 0.072935608 139662.764 Egypt, Arab Rep. 7829494.545 10059823.89 0.284862494 2230329.345 El Salvador 929944.4444 967497.5 0.040382042 37553.0556 Equatorial Guinea 75347.28571 83872.66667 0.113147818 8525.38096 Eritrea 264451.2 334444.5 0.264673785 69993.3 Estonia 120063.3636 77734.6-0.352553538-42328.7636 Ethiopia 4713095.909 12658432 1.685799789 7945336.091 Fiji 116135.3333 104937.625-0.096419479-11197.7083 Finland 387825.5455 360359.9-0.070819588-27465.6455 France 3954606.9 4090559.3 0.034378234 135952.4 Gabon 259530 317946 0.225083805 58416 Gambia, The 147971.6 228955.8 0.547295562 80984.2 29

Georgia 285618 308710.1818 0.080849883 23092.1818 Germany 3645349.091 3152355.4-0.135239089-492993.691 Ghana 2339311.4 3553594.6 0.519077195 1214283.2 Greece 671400.3636 642755.875-0.042663797-28644.4886 Grenada 19815.5 14092.71429-0.288803498-5722.78571 Guatemala 1679280.667 2491941.818 0.483934084 812661.151 Guinea 708082 1421262.273 1.007200117 713180.273 Guinea-Bissau 118021.4286 258239.25 1.18807087 140217.8214 Guyana 103824.2222 104638.625 0.007844054 814.4028 Haiti 1250138.333 2498699 0.998738007 1248560.667 Honduras 1065713 1241502.455 0.16495009 175789.455 Hungary 495541.4 402126.2-0.188511394-93415.2 Iceland 30237 30051.77778-0.006125681-185.22222 India 111882680 138944866.3 0.241880033 27062186.3 Indonesia 29235235.4 29836856.2 0.02057862 601620.8 Iran, Islamic Rep. 8803911.182 6223976.818-0.293044115-2579934.364 Iraq 3457043.6 4599479.5 0.330466153 1142435.9 Ireland 414511 489151.3 0.180068321 74640.3 Israel 655078.1 780560 0.19155258 125481.9 Italy 2835603.9 2812868.7-0.008017763-22735.2 Jamaica 327200.1667 300206.6-0.082498634-26993.5667 Japan 7990802.818 7111444.1-0.110046354-879358.718 Jordan 756692.7778 817382.5 0.080203914 60689.7222 Kazakhstan 1255249.455 1005680-0.198820604-249569.455 Kenya 4923528.875 6877609.75 0.396886242 1954080.875 Kiribati 16159.72727 15925.14286-0.014516607-234.58441 Korea, Dem. People s Rep. 0 1546554 0 1546554 Korea, Rep. 4086252.273 3528492.1-0.136496754-557760.173 Kosovo 0 0 0 0 Kuwait 139604.0909 210230.1 0.505902145 70626.0091 Kyrgyz Republic 438551.5 413017-0.058224633-25534.5 Lao PDR 782726.5455 892583 0.140351001 109856.4545 Latvia 132190 106318.8-0.195712232-25871.2 Lebanon 405586.8182 467465.5 0.152565811 61878.6818 Lesotho 388183.5 395625 0.019170057 7441.5 Liberia 445932 598414.4 0.341940924 152482.4 Libya 769273.5 738222.6667-0.040363841-31050.8333 Liechtenstein 2218 2150.111111-0.030608156-67.888889 30

Lithuania 212743.8 134622.8-0.367206941-78121 Luxembourg 30592.5 35253.44444 0.152355788 4660.94444 Macedonia, FYR 128954.2727 109382.875-0.15177006-19571.3977 Madagascar 1982682.6 4080746.545 1.058194562 2098063.945 Malawi 2434729.125 3341088.636 0.372262976 906359.511 Malaysia 2903447.333 3221422.8 0.109516527 317975.467 Maldives 59395.54545 46992.63636-0.208818843-12402.90909 Mali 873948.2727 1861499.182 1.129987827 987550.9093 Malta 34449.54545 26289.72727-0.236862869-8159.81818 Marshall Islands 8189.333333 8296.571429 0.013094851 107.238096 Mauritania 318373.7273 508761.1818 0.597999892 190387.4545 Mauritius 128969.7273 117191.5455-0.091325166-11778.1818 Mexico 14667972.27 14790372.8 0.008344748 122400.53 Micronesia, Fed. Sts. 0 17679.25 0 17679.25 Moldova 276528.1 155105.1818-0.439097937-121422.9182 Monaco 1929.5 1796.375-0.068994558-133.125 Mongolia 211807.9091 249904.6364 0.179864517 38096.7273 Montenegro 37009 37982.33333 0.026299909 973.33333 Morocco 3384452.455 3974551.455 0.174355825 590099 Mozambique 2091977.571 4845178.091 1.316075544 2753200.52 Myanmar 5193639.2 5046417.75-0.028346492-147221.45 Namibia 384194.3636 409022.2222 0.064623172 24827.8586 Nepal 3522814.2 4535318 0.287413341 1012503.8 Netherlands 1227943.364 1281235.4 0.043399425 53292.036 New Zealand 350412.4545 349835.1-0.001647643-577.3545 Nicaragua 816271.5455 945717 0.158581363 129445.4545 Niger 545029.8182 1589007.818 1.915451164 1043978 Nigeria 17223316.75 21487295.14 0.247570108 4263978.39 Norway 370300.4 427450.7 0.154334967 57150.3 Oman 309159.9091 294536.5556-0.04730029-14623.3535 Pakistan 14355043.8 17934909.27 0.249380324 3579865.47 Palau 1942.666667 1692.333333-0.128860673-250.333334 Panama 387821.1111 438153.8 0.129783262 50332.6889 Papua New Guinea 517410.6667 719956.6 0.391460684 202545.9333 Paraguay 908148.8 877385.8889-0.033874307-30762.9111 Peru 4193121 3802408.636-0.093179368-390712.364 Philippines 11966576.73 13401697.29 0.119927411 1435120.56 Poland 3656731.091 2411039.6-0.340657122-1245691.491 31

Portugal 845766.6667 736398.3-0.129312695-109368.3667 Qatar 57966.63636 86715.90909 0.495962411 28749.27273 Romania 1229857.818 891986.7778-0.274723659-337871.0402 Russian Federation 6849080.4 5244064.125-0.234340405-1605016.275 Rwanda 1420289.833 2167310.2 0.525963328 747020.367 Samoa 28257.77778 30495.88889 0.079203366 2238.11111 San Marino 1181.8 1550 0.311558639 368.2 Sao Tome and Principe 25728 33050.7 0.284619869 7322.7 Saudi Arabia 2243613 3357323.111 0.496391361 1113710.111 Senegal 996367.2727 1623562.5 0.629481964 627195.2273 Serbia 349340.2 297351-0.148821121-51989.2 Seychelles 9814 8790.2-0.104320359-1023.8 Sierra Leone 498611.5 1248886 1.504727629 750274.5 Singapore 260986.75 298469 0.143617444 37482.25 Slovak Republic 317220.3636 224821.9-0.291275322-92398.4636 Slovenia 94733.36364 103306 0.090492262 8572.63636 Solomon Islands 60773.875 91556.625 0.506512873 30782.75 Somalia 0 457132 0 457132 South Africa 7744017.125 7175712.818-0.073386241-568304.307 South Sudan 0 1450738 0 1450738 Spain 2559881.545 2659400 0.038876195 99518.455 Sri Lanka 1849171.571 1675315.091-0.094018577-173856.48 St. Kitts and Nevis 6796.857143 6090.6-0.10390937-706.257143 St. Lucia 28370.4 20561.45455-0.275249748-7808.94545 St. Vincent and the Grenadines 19369.66667 15040.8-0.223486895-4328.86667 Sudan 2790549.333 3694357.556 0.323881829 903808.223 Suriname 71990 68607-0.046992638-3383 Swaziland 204890.4545 232550.4444 0.134998919 27659.9899 Sweden 712676.5 622563.1-0.126443625-90113.4 Switzerland 503066.7 505822.3333 0.00547767 2755.6333 The Syrian Arab Republic 2664520.818 2316718.455-0.130530923-347802.363 Tajikistan 637648.9 679157.3636 0.065096111 41508.4636 Tanzania 4540998.4 8096427.556 0.782961993 3555429.156 Thailand 6172044.8 5466239.7-0.114355149-705805.1 Timor-Leste 184342.3333 218843.375 0.187157454 34501.0417 Togo 876398 1192311.182 0.360467712 315913.182 Tonga 16899.8 16971.8 0.004260405 72 Trinidad and Tobago 172927.4 131733.6667-0.238214033-41193.7333 32

Tunisia 1420967 1084541.4-0.236758208-336425.6 Turkey 6584517.111 6536299-0.007322953-48218.111 Turkmenistan 0 359064 0 359064 Tuvalu 1394 1387.2-0.004878049-6.8 Uganda 5148483.6 7855197.444 0.525730303 2706713.844 Ukraine 2261943.111 1664997.545-0.263908302-596945.566 United Arab Emirates 263032 319001 0.212783996 55969 United Kingdom 4596283.5 4511650.5-0.018413355-84633 United States 24330094.67 24471241.6 0.005801331 141146.93 Uruguay 354428.7 357243.4286 0.007941593 2814.7286 Uzbekistan 2332363.1 2157831.625-0.074830319-174531.475 Vanuatu 34468.125 39475.25 0.145268273 5007.125 Venezuela, RB 3336196.75 3472709.182 0.04091858 136512.432 Vietnam 9881442 7255390.273-0.265755922-2626051.727 Yemen, Rep. 2670035 3462441.714 0.29677765 792406.714 Zambia 1576200.714 2818295.5 0.788030848 1242094.786 Zimbabwe 2464082.6 2666451 0.082127279 202368.4 3220131.081 3598013.79 0.117350101 377882.709 (The World Bank Group, 2016) The thirteenth through the sixteenth measurements analyzed the annual secondary school enrolment rate average, percentage of change, and shift for both sexes between the 1993 to 2003 time period and the 2004 and 2014 time period for 193 nations in the world with the exception of Nauru and the Vatican City State (Nations Online, 2016). Country Name Average 1993-2003 Average 2004-2014 % of Change Secondary Enrolment Shift Afghanistan 422418.6 1658158.091 2.925390811 1235739.491 Albania 364528.5 374674.9091 0.027834337 10146.4091 Algeria 2832923.3 4049675.625 0.429504154 1216752.325 Andorra 3163 3945.272727 0.247319863 782.272727 Angola 382746 773182 1.020091653 390436 Antigua and Barbuda 5276 8338.285714 0.580418066 3062.285714 Argentina 3079377 3729726.1 0.211195024 650349.1 Armenia 366460.5714 310155.0909-0.153646763-56305.4805 Australia 2359947.455 2321446.4-0.01631437-38501.055 Austria 768275.8 747932.8239-0.026478741-20342.9761 Azerbaijan 852940.8 1069771.111 0.25421496 216830.311 The Bahamas 28854.5 33278.71429 0.153328399 4424.21429 33

Bahrain 58932.54545 79601.5 0.350722243 20668.95455 Bangladesh 10601537 11048193.5 0.042131297 446656.5 Barbados 21108.4 20476.11111-0.029954373-632.28889 Belarus 1021740 741525.5714-0.274252186-280214.4286 Belgium 1084494.667 850415.5-0.215841695-234079.167 Belize 22857.66667 32023 0.400974144 9165.33333 Benin 259833 653963.8 1.516861984 394130.8 Bhutan 25287.66667 57678.3 1.280886598 32390.63333 Bolivia 935649.6 1064911.375 0.138151905 129261.775 Bosnia and Herzegovina 0 320679.125 0 320679.125 Botswana 138977.625 177688 0.278536743 38710.375 Brazil 19449894.33 23962030.44 0.231987693 4512136.11 Brunei Darussalam 34628 47714.09091 0.377904901 13086.09091 Bulgaria 735460.3 584721-0.204959126-150739.3 Burkina Faso 173338.3333 504372.7273 1.909758723 331034.394 Burundi 105203.25 322745.9 2.06783203 217542.65 Cambodia 402224 811804.75 1.018290182 409580.75 Cameroon 668030.6667 1270831.1 0.902354433 602800.4333 Canada 2501398.714 2643472.875 0.056797887 142074.161 Cabo Verde 38789.83333 59578.09091 0.53592026 20788.25758 The Central African Republic 71027.5 115088.3333 0.620334846 44060.8333 Chad 130727.5556 354087.6667 1.708592424 223360.1111 Chile 1372135.2 1561378.5 0.137918844 189243.3 China 73212448.73 98858248 0.350292877 25645799.27 Colombia 3274915 4741581.909 0.447848848 1466666.909 Comoros 29625.25 55341.5 0.868051746 25716.25 Congo, Dem. Rep. 1358176.333 3611091 1.658779212 2252914.667 Congo, Rep. 206424.25 287272 0.391658199 80847.75 Costa Rica 216730.9 399470 0.843161266 182739.1 Cote d'ivoire 591549 1418361 1.397706699 826812 Croatia 414794.3636 390657.625-0.058189649-24136.7386 Cuba 783401 854327.0909 0.090536125 70926.0909 Cyprus 60461.7 63245.54545 0.046043122 2783.84545 Czech Republic 1073083.9 885344.7-0.174952956-187739.2 Denmark 438809.3333 493725.1 0.125147217 54915.7667 Djibouti 14147.33333 42932.3 2.034656709 28784.96667 Dominica 7447 7213.125-0.031405264-233.875 Dominican Republic 543588.6667 891465.7 0.639963735 347877.0333 34

Ecuador 897927.5 1389376.222 0.547314479 491448.722 Egypt, Arab Rep. 7150514.091 7608296 0.064020839 457781.909 El Salvador 423082.5 560255.4 0.324222581 137172.9 Equatorial Guinea 19315.66667 25544 0.322449825 6228.33333 Eritrea 107643.9 236602.2 1.198008433 128958.3 Estonia 119785.6 104092.1-0.131013244-15693.5 Ethiopia 1083911.2 3568384 2.292136847 2484472.8 Fiji 97893.4 99432.71429 0.015724393 1539.31429 Finland 476826 438740.7-0.079872532-38085.3 France 5899159 5915411.8 0.002755105 16252.8 Gabon 83188.42857 0 0-83188.42857 Gambia, The 29178.25 121447.6667 3.162266987 92269.4167 Georgia 448074.8 310716.625-0.306551886-137358.175 Germany 8259087.2 7833843.25-0.051488008-425243.95 Ghana 1054828 1826504.9 0.731566568 771676.9 Greece 791383.2 699336.875-0.116310689-92046.325 Grenada 13180 12042.28571-0.086321266-1137.71429 Guatemala 435517 970261.8182 1.227839139 534744.8182 Guinea 187572.25 541649.5714 1.887684993 354077.3214 Guinea-Bissau 25780 52841.5 1.049709077 27061.5 Guyana 66486.66667 78479 0.180372004 11992.33333 Haiti 0 0 0 0 Honduras 203192 610756.875 2.005811622 407564.875 Hungary 1062352 919004.9-0.134933713-143347.1 Iceland 31776 34608.22222 0.08913086 2832.22222 India 69485302.8 102446713.6 0.474365218 32961410.8 Indonesia 13692357.8 19021952.2 0.389238616 5329594.4 Iran, Islamic Rep. 8783066.222 7733246.364-0.119527717-1049819.858 Iraq 1228227 1871871.5 0.524043601 643644.5 Ireland 362506.7273 326360-0.099713259-36146.7273 Israel 599434.5556 699892.6 0.16758801 100458.0444 Italy 4633883.4 4567264.1-0.014376559-66619.3 Jamaica 230122 250238.1111 0.087414985 20116.1111 Japan 9205700.778 7439922.9-0.191813521-1765777.878 Jordan 501906.5 676915.125 0.348687704 175008.625 Kazakhstan 1993213.2 1785248-0.104336656-207965.2 Kenya 1998204.8 2906793.857 0.45470267 908589.057 Kiribati 7140.5 11528.2 0.614480779 4387.7 35

Korea, Dem. People s Rep. 0 2474033 0 2474033 Korea, Rep. 4257731.182 3852636.5-0.09514332-405094.682 Kosovo 0 0 0 0 Kuwait 219223.8 258533.3 0.179312191 39309.5 Kyrgyz Republic 643060.6667 689491.2 0.072202415 46430.5333 Lao PDR 228327.9 454468.9091 0.990422148 226141.0091 Latvia 256539.3 187809.1-0.267912947-68730.2 Lebanon 349900.4444 384526.7 0.098960308 34626.2556 Lesotho 71958.6 114656.1818 0.593363153 42697.5818 Liberia 124693.5 230250 0.846527686 105556.5 Libya 811265 717075-0.11610263-94190 Liechtenstein 3255 3219.777778-0.010820959-35.222222 Lithuania 395164 366163-0.073389782-29001 Luxembourg 29501.63636 40214.11111 0.363114595 10712.47475 Macedonia, FYR 201182.2727 203455.1429 0.011297567 2272.8702 Madagascar 356555 1045268.125 1.931576124 688713.125 Malawi 401145.625 675239.6364 0.683278077 274094.0114 Malaysia 1987863.545 2592364.2 0.304095649 604500.655 Maldives 25494.9 28878 0.132697128 3383.1 Mali 188575.4444 654791.3 2.47230416 466215.8556 Malta 35649.9 35846.7 0.005520352 196.8 Marshall Islands 6030.333333 5405.166667-0.103670333-625.166666 Mauritania 60694.45455 122076.3 1.011325432 61381.84545 Mauritius 105812.1429 128408 0.213546919 22595.8571 Mexico 8358230.5 11401736.4 0.364132803 3043505.9 Micronesia, Fed. Sts. 0 13570 0 13570 Moldova 428122.6 327575.2727-0.234856388-100547.3273 Monaco 2896 3040 0.049723757 144 Mongolia 242703.2 311512.8333 0.283513498 68809.6333 Montenegro 69627 67236.11111-0.034338531-2390.88889 Morocco 1486296.182 2228744.111 0.499528922 742447.929 Mozambique 152641.2857 557249.9091 2.65071551 404608.6234 Myanmar 2013394 2775212.875 0.378375457 761818.875 Namibia 116549.8182 150590 0.292065507 34040.1818 Nepal 1291092.778 2557888.5 0.981181015 1266795.722 Netherlands 1426992.2 1471658.4 0.031300942 44666.2 New Zealand 438360.6364 515072.5125 0.174997182 76711.8761 Nicaragua 309860.375 450072.5 0.452500985 140212.125 36

Niger 102954.2222 298713.2727 1.901418381 195759.0505 Nigeria 4418576.25 6993505.429 0.582750876 2574929.179 Norway 376994.2 423113.7 0.122334773 46119.5 Oman 215596.2727 316737.1111 0.469121461 101140.8384 Pakistan 5734294 9244358.909 0.612118058 3510064.909 Palau 2116.333333 2145.5 0.013781698 29.166667 Panama 226503.5 279917.4 0.235819314 53413.9 Papua New Guinea 79892 378365 3.735956041 298473 Paraguay 375730.9 553431.4444 0.472946315 177700.5444 Peru 2133437.8 2608014.455 0.222446914 474576.655 Philippines 5085189.2 6546493.571 0.287364799 1461304.371 Poland 3713447.455 3044767.3-0.180069912-668680.155 Portugal 864935.7778 705746.8-0.184047165-159188.9778 Qatar 42964.9 68019.45455 0.583140064 25054.55455 Romania 2264023.5 1899031.9-0.161213698-364991.6 Russian Federation 14749743 10611365.89-0.280572828-4138377.11 Rwanda 142503.4 359147.2 1.520271095 216643.8 Samoa 22003.33333 25074.11111 0.139559663 3070.77778 San Marino 1139 2323.6 1.040035119 1184.6 Sao Tome and Principe 6753 11430.1 0.692595883 4677.1 Saudi Arabia 0 3050513.6 0 3050513.6 Senegal 238592.4286 559103.8333 1.343342731 320511.4047 Serbia 695665.8 596522.7273-0.142515375-99143.0727 Seychelles 8555.333333 7708.3-0.099006468-847.033333 Sierra Leone 155567 390279.6667 1.508756142 234712.6667 Singapore 209764.6667 231749 0.104804749 21984.3333 Slovak Republic 665712.5 582513.6-0.124977224-83198.9 Slovenia 215745.7273 153897.7-0.286670925-61848.0273 Solomon Islands 13907.5 32942.33333 1.368673977 19034.83333 Somalia 0 86929 0 86929 South Africa 4167266 4770725.6 0.144809475 603459.6 South Sudan 0 0 0 0 Spain 3818802.273 3148705.3-0.175473074-670096.973 Sri Lanka 2292079 2573617.25 0.122830954 281538.25 St. Kitts and Nevis 4367.2 4247.1-0.027500458-120.1 St. Lucia 12136.28571 14746.63636 0.215086453 2610.35065 St. Vincent and the Grenadines 9744.75 10826.9 0.111049539 1082.15 Sudan 1123598.333 1480711.444 0.317829869 357113.111 37

Suriname 38047.66667 48909.28571 0.285473985 10861.61904 Swaziland 58314.66667 82768.44444 0.419341808 24453.77777 Sweden 862617.1 741913.4-0.139927321-120703.7 Switzerland 553684.9 592371.8889 0.069871851 38686.9889 The Syrian Arab Republic 1118724.9 2423403.818 1.166219611 1304678.918 Tajikistan 809087.5 1020659.8 0.261494956 211572.3 Tanzania 212867.2 1998772.667 8.38976351 1785905.467 Thailand 3648041.5 4674466.4 0.281363274 1026424.9 Timor-Leste 51949 95358.125 0.835610406 43409.125 Togo 229439.6 432948.8 0.886983764 203509.2 Tonga 15040.16667 14570.33333-0.031238573-469.83334 Trinidad and Tobago 100278 105381 0.05088853 5103 Tunisia 951834.7273 1201481.333 0.262279363 249646.6057 Turkey 5494478.111 7401212.3 0.347027352 1906734.189 Turkmenistan 0 650998 0 650998 Tuvalu 912 1205 0.32127193 293 Uganda 455742.125 1077724.667 1.3647686 621982.542 Ukraine 4968773.857 3395971.636-0.316537292-1572802.221 United Arab Emirates 193756.2 333068.4 0.719007701 139312.2 United Kingdom 5172340.1 5480858 0.059647644 308517.9 United States 22149349.56 24374350.2 0.100454446 2225000.64 Uruguay 293660.3333 305355.4286 0.039825247 11695.0953 Uzbekistan 3580996 4477162.125 0.250256109 896166.125 Vanuatu 11096.4 17046.5 0.536218954 5950.1 Venezuela, RB 1603940.167 2252418.455 0.404303291 648478.288 Vietnam 6828257 0 0-6828257 Yemen, Rep. 1221398 1575462.429 0.289884566 354064.429 Zambia 208640 0 0-208640 Zimbabwe 777120.8182 936734 0.205390434 159613.1818 2166484.936 2719881.351 0.255435155 553396.415 (The World Bank Group, 2016) The seventeenth through the twentieth measurements analyzed the annual ratio of people at the national poverty line average, percentage of change, and shift between the 1993 to 2003 time period and the 2004 and 2014 time period for 193 nations in the world with the exception of Nauru and the Vatican City State (Nations Online, 2016). 38

Country Name Average 1993-2003 Average 2004-2014 % of Change Poverty Shift Afghanistan 0 36.05 0 0 Albania 25.4 15.06667-0.40682-10.3333 Algeria 0 0 0 0 Andorra 0 0 0 0 Angola 0 36.6 0 36.6 Antigua and Barbuda 0 0 0 0 Argentina 0 0 0 0 Armenia 48.3 32.41429-0.3289-15.8857 Australia 0 0 0 0 Austria 0 0 0 0 Azerbaijan 49.6 10.43333-0.78965-39.1667 The Bahamas 0 0 0 0 Bahrain 0 0 0 0 Bangladesh 48.9 35.75-0.26892-13.15 Barbados 0 0 0 0 Belarus 32.1 8.172727-0.7454-23.9273 Belgium 0 0 0 0 Belize 0 0 0 0 Benin 0 35.475 0 35.475 Bhutan 0 17.6 0 17.6 Bolivia 64.075 51.91-0.18986-12.165 Bosnia and Herzegovina 0 18.05 0 18.05 Botswana 31.75 19.3-0.39213-12.45 Brazil 24.3 14.06-0.4214-10.24 Brunei Darussalam 0 0 0 0 Bulgaria 0 21.25 0 21.25 Burkina Faso 51.1 43.4-0.15068-7.7 Burundi 0 65.85 0 65.85 Cambodia 50.2 27.2-0.45817-23 Cameroon 46.75 38.7-0.17219-8.05 Canada 0 0 0 0 Cabo Verde 0 26.6 0 26.6 The Central African Republic 0 62 0 62 Chad 54.8 46.7-0.14781-8.1 Chile 22.28 22.75 0.021095 0.47 China 0 0 0 0 Colombia 48.85 37.53333-0.23166-11.3167 39

Comoros 0 44.8 0 44.8 Congo, Dem. Rep. 0 63.6 0 63.6 Congo, Rep. 0 48.6 0 48.6 Costa Rica 0 21.32 0 21.32 Cote d'ivoire 38.4 48.9 0.273438 10.5 Croatia 0 20.24 0 20.24 Cuba 0 0 0 0 Cyprus 0 0 0 0 Czech Republic 0 9.42 0 9.42 Denmark 0 0 0 0 Djibouti 0 0 0 0 Dominica 0 0 0 0 Dominican Republic 34.75 43.6 0.254676 8.85 Ecuador 56.4 33.54545-0.40522-22.8545 Egypt, Arab Rep. 16.7 22.13333 0.325349 5.433333 El Salvador 0 35.13 0 35.13 Equatorial Guinea 0 76.8 0 76.8 Eritrea 69 0 0-69 Estonia 0 21.8 0 21.8 Ethiopia 44.85 34.25-0.23634-10.6 Fiji 39.8 35.2-0.11558-4.6 Finland 0 0 0 0 France 0 0 0 0 Gabon 0 32.7 0 32.7 Gambia, The 0 48.4 0 48.4 Georgia 0 18.11667 0 18.11667 Germany 0 0 0 0 Ghana 0 28.05 0 28.05 Greece 0 0 0 0 Grenada 0 0 0 0 Guatemala 56 55.145-0.01527-0.855 Guinea 55.85 54.1-0.03133-1.75 Guinea-Bissau 64.7 69.3 0.071097 4.6 Guyana 0 0 0 0 Haiti 0 58.5 0 58.5 Honduras 64.6 61.82727-0.04292-2.77273 Hungary 0 13.72 0 13.72 Iceland 0 0 0 0 40

India 45.3 29.63333-0.34584-15.6667 Indonesia 19.125 14.29091-0.25276-4.83409 Iran, Islamic Rep. 0 0 0 0 Iraq 0 20.65 0 20.65 Ireland 0 0 0 0 Israel 0 0 0 0 Italy 0 0 0 0 Jamaica 20.71818182 15.275-0.26272-5.44318 Japan 0 0 0 0 Jordan 0 14.4 0 14.4 Kazakhstan 42.9 12.56364-0.70714-30.3364 Kenya 0 45.9 0 45.9 Kiribati 0 21.8 0 21.8 Korea, Dem. People s Rep. 0 0 0 0 Korea, Rep. 0 0 0 0 Kosovo 37.7 36.16667-0.04067-1.53333 Kuwait 0 0 0 0 Kyrgyz Republic 0 34.93333 0 34.93333 Lao PDR 36.3 25.4-0.30028-10.9 Latvia 0 21.69091 0 21.69091 Lebanon 0 27.8 0 27.8 Lesotho 61.6 57.1-0.07305-4.5 Liberia 0 63.8 0 63.8 Libya 0 0 0 0 Liechtenstein 0 0 0 0 Lithuania 0 19.88 0 19.88 Luxembourg 0 0 0 0 Macedonia, FYR 0 24.825 0 24.825 Madagascar 70.8 75.15 0.061441 4.35 Malawi 65.3 51.55-0.21057-13.75 Malaysia 6 3.08-0.48667-2.92 Maldives 23 15.7-0.31739-7.3 Mali 55.6 45.55-0.18076-10.05 Malta 0 0 0 0 Marshall Islands 0 0 0 0 Mauritania 51 44.35-0.13039-6.65 Mauritius 0 0 0 0 Mexico 0 51.45 0 51.45 41

Micronesia, Fed. Sts. 0 29.9 0 29.9 Moldova 29 22.20909-0.23417-6.79091 Monaco 0 0 0 0 Mongolia 0 30.375 0 30.375 Montenegro 0 8.666667 0 8.666667 Morocco 15.8 8.9-0.43671-6.9 Mozambique 61.75 54.7-0.11417-7.05 Myanmar 0 0 0 0 Namibia 53.5 28.7-0.46355-24.8 Nepal 0 25.2 0 25.2 Netherlands 0 0 0 0 New Zealand 0 0 0 0 Nicaragua 0 40.13333 0 40.13333 Niger 0 48.9 0 48.9 Nigeria 48.4 46-0.04959-2.4 Norway 0 0 0 0 Oman 0 0 0 0 Pakistan 61.1 41.46667-0.32133-19.6333 Palau 0 24.9 0 24.9 Panama 0 0 0 0 Papua New Guinea 0 39.9 0 39.9 Paraguay 43.66666667 34.38182-0.21263-9.28485 Peru 53.8 37.06364-0.31108-16.7364 Philippines 24.9 26.02189 0.045056 1.12189 Poland 15.66666667 17.76 0.133617 2.093333 Portugal 0 0 0 0 Qatar 0 0 0 0 Romania 0 23.0375 0 23.0375 Russian Federation 22.45 13.47273-0.39988-8.97727 Rwanda 0 50.8 0 50.8 Samoa 0 26.9 0 26.9 San Marino 0 0 0 0 Sao Tome and Principe 0 61.7 0 61.7 Saudi Arabia 0 0 0 0 Senegal 55.2 47.5-0.13949-7.7 Serbia 0 25.1 0 25.1 Seychelles 0 38.55 0 38.55 Sierra Leone 66.4 52.9-0.20331-13.5 42

Singapore 0 0 0 0 Slovak Republic 0 12.1 0 12.1 Slovenia 0 12.77 0 12.77 Solomon Islands 0 22.7 0 22.7 Somalia 0 0 0 0 South Africa 0 60.2 0 60.2 South Sudan 0 50.6 0 50.6 Spain 0 0 0 0 Sri Lanka 22.7 10.26667-0.54772-12.4333 St. Kitts and Nevis 0 0 0 0 St. Lucia 0 0 0 0 St. Vincent and the Grenadines 0 0 0 0 Sudan 0 46.5 0 46.5 Suriname 0 0 0 0 Swaziland 69 63-0.08696-6 Sweden 0 0 0 0 Switzerland 0 0 0 0 The Syrian Arab Republic 0 32.65 0 32.65 Tajikistan 0 33.15 0 33.15 Tanzania 0 28.2 0 28.2 Thailand 37.35 17.06-0.54324-20.29 Timor-Leste 36.3 49.9 0.374656 13.6 Togo 0 60.2 0 60.2 Tonga 16.2 22.5 0.388889 6.3 Trinidad and Tobago 0 0 0 0 Tunisia 32.4 19.4-0.40123-13 Turkey 27.05 7.518182-0.72206-19.5318 Turkmenistan 0 0 0 0 Tuvalu 0 26.3 0 26.3 Uganda 39 25.03333-0.35812-13.9667 Ukraine 0 8.4875 0 8.4875 United Arab Emirates 0 0 0 0 United Kingdom 0 0 0 0 United States 0 0 0 0 Uruguay 0 19.23333 0 19.23333 Uzbekistan 0 16.85 0 16.85 Vanuatu 0 12.7 0 12.7 Venezuela, RB 51.82857143 35.35-0.31794-16.4786 43

Vietnam 0 17.13333 0 17.13333 Yemen, Rep. 0 34.8 0 34.8 Zambia 0 60.5 0 60.5 Zimbabwe 0 72.3 0 72.3 13.25523361 22.16343 0.672051 8.908199 (The World Bank Group, 2016) The twenty-first through the twenty-fourth measurements analyzed the annual Internet use per one hundred people average, percentage of change, and shift between the 1993 to 2003 time period and the 2004 and 2014 time period for 193 nations in the world with the exception of Nauru and the Vatican City State (Nations Online, 2016). Country Name Average 1993-2003 Average 2004-2014 % of Change Internet Use Shift Afghanistan 0.032392 3.406511 104.1661 3.37412 Albania 0.2267 33.10239 145.0184 32.87569 Algeria 0.515872 11.36669 21.03394 10.85082 Andorra 7.77777 70.105 8.013509 62.32723 Angola 0.122373 9.035367 72.83452 8.912994 Antigua and Barbuda 7.002479 43.60605 5.22723 36.60357 Argentina 4.028397 38.10398 8.458844 34.07558 Armenia 1.083467 20.54682 17.96396 19.46335 Australia 21.96149 74.64177 2.398758 52.68028 Austria 19.19393 71.55716 2.728114 52.36323 Azerbaijan 0.624975 34.89426 54.833 34.26928 The Bahamas 7.552232 44.91711 4.947528 37.36488 Bahrain 7.952484 55.4424 5.971708 47.48991 Bangladesh 0.077893 3.479152 43.66574 3.401259 Barbados 9.884802 63.06091 5.379582 53.17611 Belarus 1.751385 35.31988 19.16683 33.56849 Belgium 17.13387 70.39456 3.108504 53.2607 Belize 2.861876 26.46364 8.246955 23.60176 Benin 0.309008 2.895432 8.370085 2.586424 Bhutan 1.103172 14.00295 11.69335 12.89977 Bolivia 1.389782 19.94249 13.34936 18.55271 Bosnia and Herzegovina 1.163674 38.5571 32.13394 37.39342 Botswana 1.702131 7.957943 3.675282 6.255812 Brazil 3.152543 37.79498 10.98873 34.64244 Brunei Darussalam 8.882912 50.05376 4.634837 41.17085 44

Bulgaria 3.722085 39.83286 9.70176 36.11078 Burkina Faso 0.117012 2.902541 23.80549 2.785529 Burundi 0.051507 0.906254 16.59463 0.854747 Cambodia 0.095096 2.519647 25.49584 2.424551 Cameroon 0.232388 4.270587 17.37694 4.038199 Canada 29.81241 78.13054 1.620739 48.31813 Cabo Verde 2.032158 21.45319 9.556851 19.42103 The Central African Republic 0.062616 1.700779 26.1619 1.638163 Chad 0.08361 1.398041 15.72104 1.314431 Chile 8.303631 46.01171 4.541155 37.70808 China 1.467251 27.62241 17.82596 26.15516 Colombia 2.105037 31.17896 13.81159 29.07392 Comoros 0.329129 4.052966 11.31422 3.723837 Congo, Dem. Rep. 0.030853 0.990933 31.11774 0.96008 Congo, Rep. 0.087881 4.228439 47.11576 4.140558 Costa Rica 5.94713 34.68768 4.832676 28.74055 Cote d'ivoire 0.232323 3.883038 15.71396 3.650715 Croatia 6.350926 49.98978 6.871258 43.63885 Cuba 1.252715 16.30118 12.01267 15.04846 Cyprus 10.75875 49.15314 3.568667 38.39439 Czech Republic 9.235145 60.41731 5.542107 51.18216 Denmark 27.15873 88.05634 2.242285 60.89761 Djibouti 0.220171 4.805655 20.82696 4.585484 Dominica 8.959647 46.13786 4.149517 37.17821 Dominican Republic 2.714419 27.95215 9.297657 25.23773 Ecuador 1.28125 22.82858 16.81743 21.54733 Egypt, Arab Rep. 0.806105 20.64273 24.60799 19.83662 El Salvador 1.086429 13.55734 11.47881 12.47091 Equatorial Guinea 0.196091 6.862111 33.99446 6.666019 Eritrea 0.05649 0.6775 10.99318 0.62101 Estonia 16.88293 70.91454 3.20037 54.03161 Ethiopia 0.028837 0.925309 31.08757 0.896472 Fiji 1.647286 20.63698 11.52787 18.9897 Finland 29.76128 83.89494 1.818929 54.13367 France 12.03331 67.22271 4.586386 55.1894 Gabon 0.953751 6.808659 6.13882 5.854908 Gambia, The 0.834456 8.649024 9.364864 7.814568 Georgia 0.695088 22.1266 30.83281 21.43151 45

Germany 19.11827 77.61273 3.059611 58.49446 Ghana 0.283071 7.130106 24.18844 6.847036 Greece 6.109711 42.57694 5.968731 36.46722 Grenada 4.349361 26.57767 5.110708 22.22831 Guatemala 1.285376 11.28182 7.777054 9.996442 Guinea 0.119752 1.039885 7.683646 0.920133 Guinea-Bissau 0.437859 2.460651 4.619731 2.022792 Guyana 4.041101 27.76875 5.871581 23.72765 Haiti 0.459291 8.240315 16.94138 7.781024 Honduras 1.238094 11.88091 8.596128 10.64282 Hungary 6.713353 58.40399 7.699675 51.69064 Iceland 36.05874 92.19239 1.556728 56.13365 India 0.451719 7.624525 15.87889 7.172805 Indonesia 0.844376 9.217353 9.916172 8.372977 Iran, Islamic Rep. 1.452386 16.96091 10.67796 15.50852 Iraq 0.4 3.71294 8.282351 3.31294 Ireland 11.67405 64.26327 4.504796 52.58922 Israel 9.802509 54.17341 4.526485 44.3709 Italy 11.86265 47.69994 3.021019 35.83729 Jamaica 2.674846 25.88169 8.675955 23.20685 Japan 19.51718 76.61371 2.92545 57.09653 Jordan 2.924544 26.50534 8.063065 23.58079 Kazakhstan 0.60535 26.04601 42.0264 25.44066 Kenya 0.588445 17.89266 29.40665 17.30421 Kiribati 1.908468 7.957891 3.16978 6.049423 Korea, Dem. People s Rep. 0 0 0 0 Korea, Rep. 23.92182 80.57537 2.368279 56.65355 Kosovo 0 0 0 0 Kuwait 5.383187 50.6385 8.406788 45.25531 Kyrgyz Republic 1.871649 16.23283 7.673008 14.36118 Lao PDR 0.156993 6.098124 37.84325 5.941131 Latvia 9.128407 62.72585 5.8715 53.59744 Lebanon 4.365332 37.0618 7.490029 32.69647 Lesotho 0.395323 4.286848 9.843901 3.891524 Liberia 0.019431 2.12471 108.3482 2.105279 Libya 1.149226 9.853368 7.573918 8.704142 Liechtenstein 49.97812 76.82644 0.537202 26.84832 Lithuania 7.919673 55.43662 5.999863 47.51695 46

Luxembourg 17.96893 83.44512 3.643856 65.47619 Macedonia, FYR 5.052741 46.63363 8.229373 41.58089 Madagascar 0.178885 1.65733 8.264794 1.478445 Malawi 0.127817 2.246691 16.57746 2.118874 Malaysia 12.53433 57.04449 3.551062 44.51017 Maldives 1.761039 25.60312 13.53864 23.84208 Mali 0.119837 2.122683 16.71304 2.002845 Malta 12.33436 55.76486 3.521098 43.4305 Marshall Islands 1.016579 7.793097 6.666002 6.776518 Mauritania 0.200564 3.464974 16.27617 3.26441 Mauritius 5.797383 26.29467 3.53561 20.49728 Mexico 3.731323 28.6833 6.687166 24.95198 Micronesia, Fed. Sts. 3.587877 18.66683 4.20275 15.07895 Moldova 1.486402 29.22639 18.66251 27.73999 Monaco 46.59232 72.41443 0.554214 25.82211 Mongolia 0.717807 14.3625 19.00885 13.64469 Montenegro 0 39.21913 0 39.21913 Morocco 0.90453 37.15337 40.0748 36.24884 Mozambique 0.130014 2.925987 21.50523 2.795974 Myanmar 0.006233 0.629805 100.0451 0.623572 Namibia 1.194686 8.559968 6.165034 7.365282 Nepal 0.125357 5.849735 45.66448 5.724378 Netherlands 28.71176 87.11058 2.033968 58.39882 New Zealand 29.55656 75.18435 1.543745 45.62778 Nicaragua 0.715939 8.308417 10.60492 7.592478 Niger 0.057299 0.885764 14.45857 0.828464 Nigeria 0.14067 19.90185 140.4789 19.76118 Norway 34.68709 89.51758 1.580718 54.83049 Oman 3.420198 33.24727 8.72086 29.82707 Pakistan 1.133388 8.359695 6.375846 7.226307 Palau 20.92273 26.97033 0.289044 6.047599 Panama 3.973903 31.56512 6.943102 27.59122 Papua New Guinea 0.680018 2.926286 3.30325 2.246269 Paraguay 0.806229 19.77319 23.52551 18.96696 Peru 3.50566 29.76818 7.491463 26.26252 Philippines 1.645851 18.59063 10.29545 16.94478 Poland 7.027299 53.8772 6.666843 46.8499 Portugal 10.79706 48.62233 3.503293 37.82527 47

Qatar 5.810813 53.89993 8.275799 48.08912 Romania 2.66724 35.28586 12.22935 32.61862 Russian Federation 1.830781 38.26267 19.89964 36.43189 Rwanda 0.129332 5.792614 43.7887 5.663282 Samoa 1.141571 8.554671 6.49377 7.4131 San Marino 27.60001 51.38991 0.861953 23.7899 Sao Tome and Principe 4.891832 17.78531 2.635716 12.89348 Saudi Arabia 2.440315 37.55447 14.38919 35.11415 Senegal 0.547321 8.699495 14.89467 8.152174 Serbia 0 38.18636 0 38.18636 Seychelles 7.249634 39.93574 4.508656 32.6861 Sierra Leone 0.065062 0.725082 10.1445 0.66002 Singapore 22.6271 69.71818 2.081181 47.09109 Slovak Republic 10.56263 67.88478 5.426883 57.32215 Slovenia 13.15818 60.93869 3.631241 47.78051 Solomon Islands 0.410632 4.285248 9.435728 3.874616 Somalia 0.068487 1.241323 17.1249 1.172836 South Africa 3.267912 22.22602 5.801289 18.9581 South Sudan 0 12.33333 0 12.33333 Spain 9.860395 60.94591 5.180879 51.08551 Sri Lanka 0.482018 10.65647 21.10804 10.17445 St. Kitts and Nevis 8.70601 51.43979 4.908537 42.73378 St. Lucia 6.011338 35.79662 4.95485 29.78528 St. Vincent and the Grenadines 2.94733 30.37086 9.304532 27.42353 Sudan 0.115875 14.13594 120.9929 14.02006 Suriname 2.150937 24.02363 10.16891 21.8727 Swaziland 0.796428 12.024 14.0974 11.22757 Sweden 33.18658 89.34032 1.692062 56.15375 Switzerland 28.6899 79.903 1.785057 51.2131 The Syrian Arab Republic 0.56792 16.58112 28.19622 16.0132 Tajikistan 0.050539 9.343291 183.8713 9.292751 Tanzania 0.16023 2.58978 15.16289 2.42955 Thailand 2.745102 21.59581 6.867035 18.85071 Timor-Leste 0 0.497045 0 0.497045 Togo 0.456183 3.018182 5.616161 2.561999 Tonga 1.525986 17.18225 10.25977 15.65626 Trinidad and Tobago 9.037773 44.5019 3.92399 35.46413 Tunisia 2.059272 28.83381 13.00194 26.77454 48

Turkey 3.314412 33.90779 9.230411 30.59338 Turkmenistan 0.216165 4.10664 17.99767 3.890475 Tuvalu 5.24164 24.57143 3.687737 19.32979 Uganda 0.159916 9.132423 56.1076 8.972506 Ukraine 0.730757 19.8976 26.22877 19.16685 United Arab Emirates 14.81294 65.41194 3.415866 50.599 United Kingdom 21.04791 80.07128 2.804238 59.02337 United States 30.27198 73.99427 1.444316 43.72229 Uruguay 7.156025 41.18725 4.755604 34.03122 Uzbekistan 0.460471 19.49325 41.33326 19.03278 Vanuatu 1.670135 8.649695 4.179039 6.97956 Venezuela, RB 2.317121 32.19384 12.8939 29.87672 Vietnam 0.912663 27.84385 29.50837 26.93119 Yemen, Rep. 0.174054 10.2081 57.64909 10.03405 Zambia 0.209367 8.496674 39.58262 8.287307 Zimbabwe 1.189304 12.78744 9.752039 11.59814 5.863095 29.80497 4.083487 23.94188 (The World Bank Group, 2016) The twenty-fifth through the thirty-second measurements analyzed the annual youth literacy rate average, percentage of change, and shift for both sexes for individuals between the ages of fifteen and twentyfour and the annual Internet use per one hundred people average, percentage of change, and shift between the 2007 to 2009 time period and the 2010 to 2012 time period for the states that disclosed national annual youth literacy rate data for both sexes in a minimum of five out of the six years reported from 2007 to 2012 of the 193 nations measured (Nations Online, 2016). Country Name Average 2007-2009 Average 2010-2012 % of Change Literacy Shift Brazil 97.90326667 98.20689667 0.003101327 0.30363 Ecuador 96.129535 98.72639 0.027014122 2.596855 El Salvador 94.84815667 96.28977 0.015199171 1.44161333 Mexico 98.35435 98.59056667 0.00240169 0.23621667 Pakistan 70.89459 71.53745333 0.009067876 0.64286333 Spain 99.57755 99.65560333 0.000783845 0.07805333 Turkey 97.084905 98.64998667 0.016120752 1.56508167 Uruguay 98.92557 98.86722-0.000589837-0.05835 94.21474042 95.06548583 0.009029855 0.85074541 (The World Bank Group, 2016) 49

Country Name Average 2007-2009 Average 2010-2012 % of Change Internet Use Shift Brazil 34.64333333 44.96666667 0.297989031 10.32333334 Ecuador 18.06666667 31.84398494 0.762582192 13.77731827 El Salvador 9.433333333 18.37379591 0.947752217 8.940462577 Mexico 22.95333333 35.99209847 0.568055408 13.03876514 Pakistan 7.1 8.986666667 0.2657277 1.886666667 Spain 59.03666667 67.73666665 0.147366043 8.69999998 Turkey 33.13333333 42.67190348 0.287884411 9.53857015 Uruguay 38.36666667 50.75280991 0.322836053 12.38614324 27.84166667 37.66557409 0.352849114 9.82390742 (The World Bank Group, 2016) The thirty-third through the fortieth measurements analyzed the annual adult literacy rate average, percentage of change, and shift for both sexes for individuals who were fifteen years or older and the annual Internet use per one hundred people average, percentage of change, and shift between the 2007 to 2009 time period and the 2010 to 2012 time period for the states that disclosed national annual adult literacy rate data for individuals fifteen years of age or older for both sexes in a minimum of five out of the six years reported from 2007 to 2012 of the 193 nations measured (Nations Online, 2016). Country Name Average 2007-2009 Average 2010-2012 % of Change Literacy Shift Azerbaijan 99.680875 99.77518 0.000946069 0.094305 Bolivia 90.86979667 93.34335 0.027220852 2.47355333 Brazil 90.11473333 91.04276 0.010298279 0.92802667 Colombia 93.09155 93.476435 0.004134478 0.384885 Ecuador 84.199845 91.83522667 0.090681659 7.63538167 El Salvador 83.36094 84.993355 0.019582493 1.632415 Mexico 93.05421667 93.60577333 0.005927261 0.55155666 Pakistan 55.209505 55.62585 0.007541183 0.416345 Qatar 93.93225333 96.45640333 0.026872026 2.52415 Spain 97.74957333 97.80906 0.000608562 0.05948667 Turkey 89.73631 93.89548 0.046348797 4.15917 Uruguay 98.09845 98.26818333 0.001730235 0.16973333 89.09150403 90.84392139 0.019669859 1.75241736 (The World Bank Group, 2016) Country Name Average 2007-2009 Average 2010-2012 % of Change Internet Use Shift Azerbaijan 19.67333333 50.06666667 1.544900034 30.39333334 Bolivia 13.26641477 29.24666667 1.204564472 15.9802519 50

Brazil 34.64333333 44.96666667 0.297989031 10.32333334 Colombia 25.8 41.94363858 0.625722426 16.14363858 Ecuador 18.06666667 31.84398494 0.762582192 13.77731827 El Salvador 9.433333333 18.37379591 0.947752217 8.940462577 Mexico 22.95333333 35.99209847 0.568055408 13.03876514 Pakistan 7.1 8.986666667 0.2657277 1.886666667 Qatar 44.8 69.1 0.542410714 24.3 Spain 59.03666667 67.73666665 0.147366043 8.69999998 Turkey 33.13333333 42.67190348 0.287884411 9.53857015 Uruguay 38.36666667 50.75280991 0.322836053 12.38614324 27.18942345 40.97346372 0.506963316 13.78404027 (The World Bank Group, 2016) The forty-first through the forty-eighth measurements analyzed the annual primary school enrolment rate average, percentage of change, and shift for both sexes and the annual Internet use per one hundred people average, percentage of change, and shift between the 1997 and 2005 time period and the 2006 to 2014 time period for the states that disclosed national annual primary school enrolment data for every year from 1997 to 2014 out of the 193 nations analyzed (Nations Online, 2016). Country Name Average 1997-2005 Average 2006-2014 % of Change Primary School Shift Austria 382549.7778 334145.5382-0.126530565-48404.2396 Azerbaijan 665147.6667 500961.8889-0.246841094-164185.7778 Belarus 529414.6667 360159.6667-0.319702136-169255 Bulgaria 369237.1111 260516.6667-0.294446146-108720.4444 Burundi 761385.5556 1776891 1.333759797 1015505.444 Cambodia 2410722.333 2304156.556-0.044204915-106565.777 Cuba 1000081.222 836945-0.163122973-163136.222 Guinea 902275.7778 1475528.222 0.635340611 573252.4442 Iran, Islamic Rep. 7839787.556 6178790-0.211867674-1660997.556 Lao PDR 844309.5556 893662.5556 0.058453679 49353 Maldives 63703.88889 43971.77778-0.309747355-19732.11111 Mali 1129869.778 1952644.111 0.728202797 822774.333 Malta 33158.55556 25391.88889-0.234228136-7766.66667 Mauritania 372609.2222 524286.3333 0.407067518 151677.1111 Mauritius 130251.2222 115479.8889-0.113406485-14771.3333 Mongolia 244581.1111 251335.1111 0.027614561 6754 Morocco 3734650.778 3958587.111 0.059961787 223936.333 Niger 708320.1111 1714999.667 1.421221197 1006679.556 51

Peru 4233233.111 3735083.111-0.117676014-498150 Ukraine 2090991.444 1613169.333-0.228514618-477822.111 1422314.022 1442835.271 0.014428072 20521.249 (The World Bank Group, 2016) Country Name Average 1997-2005 Average 2006-2014 % of Change Internet Use Shift Austria 34.71723265 74.98319856 1.159826485 40.26596591 Azerbaijan 1.949330462 37.87913081 18.43186727 35.92980035 Belarus 2.621626083 35.3198773 12.47250759 32.69825122 Bulgaria 8.686239277 44.45127564 4.117436237 35.76503636 Burundi 0.161886813 1.008621393 5.230411077 0.84673458 Cambodia 0.142603337 3.010928524 20.11401169 2.868325187 Cuba 3.265382809 17.90743246 4.484022397 14.64204965 Guinea 0.249537647 1.154184641 3.625292636 0.904646994 Iran, Islamic Rep. 3.343716537 18.99777778 4.681635261 15.65406124 Lao PDR 0.269218838 7.318618846 26.18464614 7.049400008 Maldives 3.622484652 29.79738364 7.225675607 26.17489899 Mali 0.210725072 2.489958587 10.81614776 2.279233515 Malta 20.62141602 59.72816645 1.896414407 39.10675043 Mauritania 0.283931447 4.107030494 13.46486656 3.823099047 Mauritius 8.339623304 28.93111111 2.469114858 20.59148781 Mongolia 0.95258125 14.36249889 14.07745286 13.40991764 Morocco 3.869306648 42.44385859 9.969370601 38.57455194 Niger 0.096514364 1.036902733 9.743506873 0.940388369 Peru 7.329827832 32.91666667 3.490783061 25.58683884 Ukraine 1.680164604 23.51493193 12.99561202 21.83476733 5.120667482 24.09708543 3.705848508 18.97641795 (The World Bank Group, 2016) The forty-ninth through the fifty-sixth measurements calculated the annual secondary school enrolment rate average, percentage of change, and shift for both sexes and the annual Internet use per one hundred people average, percentage of change, and shift between the 2005 and 2009 time period and the 2010 to 2014 time period for the states that disclosed national annual secondary school enrolment data for every year from 2005 to 2014 out of the 193 nations analyzed (Nations Online, 2016). 52

Country Name Average 2005-2009 Average 2010-2014 % of Change Secondary Enrolment Shift Afghanistan 1167055 2362031.6 1.023924836 1194976.6 Albania 397593.4 347990.8-0.124757101-49602.6 Andorra 3832.8 4196.8 0.094969735 364 Armenia 341992.6 265610-0.223345768-76382.6 Austria 775167.6 716206.4125-0.076062502-58961.1875 Bhutan 48981 66375.6 0.35512954 17394.6 Brunei Darussalam 46181 50356.6 0.090418137 4175.6 Bulgaria 625929.8 519520.8-0.170001492-106409 Burkina Faso 371747.6 684564.8 0.841477389 312817.2 Cabo Verde 59518.8 61595 0.034883096 2076.2 Colombia 4650983.6 4970391.6 0.068675366 319408 Cuba 891271.6 801780.4-0.10040845-89491.2 Cyprus 64676.6 61556.8-0.04823692-3119.8 Iran, Islamic Rep. 8451878.6 6673102-0.210459317-1778776.6 Lesotho 103086.8 131184 0.272558659 28097.2 Malawi 591805.4 792661.2 0.339395011 200855.8 Mauritius 129352.6 128633.8-0.005556904-718.8 Moldova 363853.6 275468.8-0.242913084-88384.8 Mozambique 445700.6 731563.6 0.641378988 285863 Nepal 2144621.4 2971155.6 0.385398654 826534.2 Niger 221312.8 404187.8 0.826319128 182875 Pakistan 8638276.6 10409416.8 0.205033976 1771140.2 Peru 2576494.6 2671929 0.037040404 95434.4 Qatar 61654 77198.2 0.252119895 15544.2 Serbia 616514.4 567646-0.079265626-48868.4 St. Lucia 15073.6 14793.4-0.018588791-280.2 Ukraine 3686981.4 2894961.4-0.214815296-792020 Venezuela, RB 2156899.8 2407719.6 0.116287182 250819.8 1416015.629 1502278.515 0.060919445 86262.886 (The World Bank Group, 2016) Country Name Average 2005-2009 Average 2010-2014 % of Change Internet Use Shift Afghanistan 2.124254346 5.348909091 1.518017252 3.224654745 Albania 19.14999952 53.19119181 1.777607997 34.04119229 Andorra 61.19652264 87.66688492 0.432546837 26.47036228 Armenia 7.683204905 36.54 3.755827868 28.8567951 53

Austria 67.458 79.1117574 0.17275575 11.6537574 Bhutan 5.601084801 24.574 3.38736439 18.9729152 Brunei Darussalam 43.66654822 60.50861301 0.385697186 16.84206479 Bulgaria 33.074 50.93229614 0.539949693 17.85829614 Burkina Faso 0.780524411 5.525006983 6.0785832 4.744482572 Cabo Verde 11.23324359 34.9 2.106849747 23.66675641 Colombia 20.74978769 46.02018315 1.217862845 25.27039546 Cuba 11.9715327 22.20945816 0.855189199 10.23792546 Cyprus 40.306 61.06491215 0.515032803 20.75891215 Iran, Islamic Rep. 10.43 25.386 1.433940556 14.956 Lesotho 3.261076986 5.734883526 0.758585753 2.47380654 Malawi 0.709098312 4.16412 4.872415615 3.455021688 Mauritius 19.28244575 35.828 0.858063052 16.54555425 Moldova 21.11818363 41.054 0.944011887 19.93581637 Mozambique 1.369462321 4.93182 2.601281995 3.562357679 Nepal 1.415588086 11.36386 7.027660103 9.948271914 Niger 0.47315319 1.43754 2.038212635 0.96438681 Pakistan 6.82646582 10.332 0.513521092 3.50553418 Peru 24.994 37.676 0.507401776 12.682 Qatar 37.6215213 76.818 1.041863203 39.1964787 Serbia 32.07 47.24 0.473027752 15.17 St. Lucia 28.39351659 46.08 0.622905703 17.68648341 Ukraine 8.741177796 34.33565257 2.928035028 25.59447477 Venezuela, RB 21.43754188 47.70801661 1.225442491 26.27047473 19.39778337 35.63153948 0.836887174 16.23375611 (The World Bank Group, 2016) The fifty-seventh through the sixty-fourth measurements calculated the annual ratio of people at the national poverty line average, percentage of change, and shift and the annual Internet use per one hundred people average, percentage of change, and shift between the 2003 to 2008 time period and the 2009 to 2014 time period for the states that reported annual ratio of people at the national poverty line data in eight out of the ten years reported from 2003 to 2014 out of the 193 nations analyzed (Nations Online, 2016). Country Name Average 2003-2008 Average 2009-2014 % of Change Poverty Shift Belarus 13.75 5.75-0.581818182-8 Bolivia 60.2 43.62-0.275415282-16.58 Brazil 19.3 9.94-0.484974093-9.36 Colombia 45.6 33.9-0.256578947-11.7 Czech Republic 9.5 9.34-0.016842105-0.16 54

Dominican Republic 45.23333333 41.22-0.088725129-4.01333333 Ecuador 41.01666667 28.8-0.297846404-12.21666667 Honduras 61.81666667 62.41666667 0.00970612 0.6 Indonesia 16.65 12.45-0.252252252-4.2 Kazakhstan 24.33333333 4.95-0.796575342-19.38333333 Latvia 23.28 20.36666667-0.125143184-2.91333333 Lithuania 20.16 19.6-0.027777778-0.56 Moldova 27.81666667 17.73333333-0.362492511-10.08333334 Paraguay 41.11666667 29.25-0.288609647-11.86666667 Peru 49.25 27.41666667-0.443316413-21.83333333 Poland 18.18 17.34-0.04620462-0.84 Russian Federation 16.26666667 11.81666667-0.273565574-4.45 Slovak Republic 11.48 12.72 0.108013937 1.24 Slovenia 11.78 13.76 0.168081494 1.98 Thailand 22.275 13.58333333-0.390198279-8.69166667 Turkey 14.93333333 2.816666667-0.811383929-12.11666666 Venezuela, RB 43.7 30.68-0.297940503-13.02 28.98356061 21.33954545-0.263736235-7.64401516 (The World Bank Group, 2016) Country Name Average 2003-2008 Average 2009-2014 % of Change Internet Use Shift Belarus 19.63333333 43.16314928 1.198462612 23.52981595 Bolivia 7.062670088 30.08333333 3.259484438 23.02066324 Brazil 24.36539763 47.12666667 0.934163661 22.76126904 Colombia 15.04275874 43.35015263 1.881795379 28.30739389 Czech Republic 44.65 71.83173464 0.608773452 27.18173464 Dominican Republic 13.59534542 38.96666667 1.866177024 25.37132125 Ecuador 8.681487691 33.91427317 2.906504781 25.23278548 Honduras 7.283333333 15.29833333 1.100457666 8.014999997 Indonesia 4.509649611 12.78666667 1.835401367 8.277017059 Kazakhstan 4.316814325 43.76761152 9.138868208 39.4507972 Latvia 47.96166667 71.53238305 0.491449068 23.57071638 Lithuania 40.39666667 65.55547779 0.622794235 25.15881112 Moldova 16.02130893 38.795 1.421462576 22.77369107 Paraguay 7.818910376 28.78391931 2.681321044 20.96500893 Peru 19.87833333 36.63 0.842709818 16.75166667 Poland 40.42 62.49986604 0.546260911 22.07986604 Russian Federation 17.64970003 53.88166667 2.052837531 36.23196664 Slovak Republic 55.84166667 75.78709788 0.357178294 19.94543121 55

Slovenia 48.0374655 68.99259489 0.436224709 20.95512939 Thailand 15.06550827 26.07665427 0.730884468 11.011146 Turkey 20.60166667 43.61761841 1.117188823 23.01595174 Venezuela, RB 15.06535707 45.20668051 2.000704218 30.14132344 Discussion 22.44995638 45.34761576 1.019942266 22.89765938 (The World Bank Group, 2016) The first through the fourth measurements analyzed the annual youth literacy rate average, percentage of change, and shift for both sexes for individuals between the ages of fifteen and twenty-four between the 1993 to 2003 time period and the 2004 and 2014 time period for 193 nations in the world with the exception of Nauru and the Vatican City State (Nations Online, 2016). Despite sporadic reporting by the 193 nations analyzed in this study between the 1993 and 2014 time period, it can be concluded that youth literacy rates for individuals between the ages of fifteen and twenty-four years of age for both sexes throughout the world rose in a comparison of the 1993 to 2003 time period and the 2004 and 2014 time period by nearly 24%. Reporting by the nations in the second time period measured, from 2004 to 2014, was higher, but the majority of nations did not report annual national youth literacy rates for individuals between the ages of fifteen and twenty-four years of age for both sexes with regularity. Literacy has been viewed throughout history from both broad and narrow views, which are contrasting perspectives (Manzoor, 2011). The broad vision of literacy interprets it as "a range of skills, competencies and awareness about self and the world that enables individuals and communities to exercise choices" to fulfill their lives and meet goals set for themselves (Manzoor, 2011, p. 183). A more narrow approach to defining literacy views it simply as the skills needed to understand written symbols that represent spoken language. Literacy, however, is more than just being able to read the written word because it is an active process in which people can cognitively engage in the activity of reading but apply both critical thinking and reflection to empower themselves and create social 56

awareness. Throughout the twentieth and twenty-first centuries, the view of literacy as a basic human right has launched campaigns throughout the developing world by national and Western non-profit organizations in attempt to increase literacy rates. These campaigns have had positive outcomes and contributed to expanding access to literacy programs and social improvements in these nations, but they are not without problems. There is little standardization in literacy campaigns throughout the world, and the data regarding literacy rate collected nationally is considered by most analysts to be subjective. In most states throughout the world, literacy data is collected by answering a single "yes" or "no" question regarding one's ability to read and write. Reports regarding national literacy rates are considered to be subjective because of the manner in which they are measured, which is generally measured through self-reporting assessments and based on few questions. They can also be biased because individuals relate their own positions in relation to literacy, and answers given may be reflective of one's perceived social position and the distribution of educational opportunities in society that are available to him or her. The lack of standardization in testing literacy worldwide and programs to overcome illiteracy within nations can presently be considered to be problematic. The data reported regarding literacy rates throughout the world is clearly biased and collected in a non-standardized manner, but there is not better data available regarding worldwide literacy rates at this time. Increased standardization needs to be brought to literacy campaigns and measurements to improve literacy programs and data collection throughout the world. The fifth through the eighth measurements analyzed the annual adult literacy rate average, percentage of change, and shift for both sexes for individuals who were fifteen years or older between the 1993 to 2003 time period and the 2004 and 2014 time period for 193 nations in the world with the exception of Nauru and the Vatican City State (Nations Online, 2016). Despite sporadic reporting by the 193 nations analyzed in this study between the 1993 and 2014 time period, it can be concluded that annual adult literacy rates for individuals fifteen years of age or older for both sexes throughout the world rose in a comparison between the 1993 to 2003 time period and the 2004 and 2014 time period by more than 24%. Reporting by the nations in the second time period measured, from 2004 to 2014, was higher, but the majority of nations did not report annual adult literacy rates for individuals fifteen years of age or older for both sexes with regularity. Despite the lack of standardization of national and Western nongovernmental organizations in creating and facilitating programs effective at the national level, there has been some progress made in recent decades in approaches to eliminating literacy and broadening views in regards to 57

its importance for individuals and societies throughout the world. Literacy should be viewed as a necessary tool for communication and learning, and adult literacy programs should be focused on helping individuals to gain the skills needed to improve themselves and help to develop an awareness of the need of lifelong learning (UNESCO, 2005). Literacy programs must target the millions of people throughout the world without access to schooling, and programs must make a commitment to empower individuals to connect with literacy and recognize its importance for societies, engaging in political progresses, improving social statuses, increasing economic opportunities, and helping gain access to global influence. Literacy is only liberating and beneficial to individuals and societies when it is taught and used correctly. It can be used in a diabolical manner to promote ideologies, incorrect propaganda, or to dominate other citizens. Therefore, literacy programs should be used to socialize learners to beneficial discourse and to create new forms of socialization and creative diversity. Effective literacy programs should help to improve individuals' values, self-identities, local languages and knowledge, and equity between the sexes. The quality of literacy programs can be enhanced through improved training, focus on relevant learning processes, and the use of language in conjunction with modern learning materials. Literacy programs throughout the world should standardize their delivery, feedback, monitoring, and evaluation systems to get objective data and feedback regarding their success rates. Literacy should be viewed through a multidimensional approach, which encompasses and compels individuals and partners at the local level to influence the context, purpose, and ideologies being delivered in programs to ensure they are advantageous for who participate. The ninth through the twelfth measurements analyzed the annual primary school enrolment rate average, percentage of change, and shift for both sexes between the 1993 to 2003 time period and the 2004 and 2014 time period for 193 nations in the world with the exception of Nauru and the Vatican City State (Nations Online, 2016). Despite sporadic reporting by the 193 nations analyzed in this study between the 1993 and 2014 time period, it can be concluded that the annual primary school enrolment rate for both sexes throughout the world rose modestly between the 1993 to 2003 time period and the 2004 and 2014 time period by more than 11%. 58

Reporting by the nations in the second time period measured, from 2004 to 2014, was higher, but the majority of nations did not report annual primary school enrolment rates for both sexes with regularity. The reporting, however, for this measurement was higher in both the 1993 to 2003 time period and 2004 to 2014 time period than other areas analyzed in this study. Research has shown that academic achievement in the primary school years is strongly associated with school enrolment rates, and students typically develop a pattern of decline that correlates with absentee rates from school (The University of Western Australia, 2013). Enrolment and attendance in primary school contributes to a child's learning and academic outcomes, which are enhanced by enrolment in and increased attendance to primary school. Absences from school have been correlated with a lack of achievement in mathematics, reading, and writing, which carries over into subsequent academic years. Parents must be educated and informed of this as well as societies to create an understanding that primary school shapes adult educational habits that impact lifelong learning. Students' socioeconomic statuses can impact learning, and research has shown that students that come from more disadvantaged backgrounds are more adversely affected by absenteeism. This pattern is particularly true in primary school years, and it suggests that children from more privileged backgrounds have more effective resources in their homes to assist them in meeting learning objectives in traditional classrooms. There is a clear relationship between school enrolment in conjunction with regular attendance and performance in primary schooling. Students that have fewer resources at home and who are living in remote areas in worse socioeconomic conditions perform worse at school. Therefore, governments and Western non-governmental organizations must emphasize attendance to school, educate parents regarding the importance of literacy, and make resources available to encourage literacy and learning, especially in rural areas with low socioeconomic statuses. The thirteenth through the sixteenth measurements analyzed the annual secondary school enrolment rate average, percentage of change, and shift for both sexes between the 1993 to 2003 time period and the 2004 and 2014 time period for 193 nations in the world with the exception of Nauru and the Vatican City State (Nations Online, 2016). 59

Despite sporadic reporting by the 193 nations analyzed in this study between the 1993 and 2014 time period, it can be concluded that the annual secondary school enrolment rate for both sexes throughout the world rose substantially in a comparison between the 1993 to 2003 time period and the 2004 and 2014 time period by more than 25%. Reporting by the nations in the second time period measured, from 2004 to 2014, was higher, but the majority of nations did not report annual primary school enrolment rates for both sexes with regularity. The reporting, however, for this measurement was higher in both the 1993 to 2003 time period and 2004 to 2014 time period than other areas analyzed in this study. Secondary attendance rose a great deal in the last 50 years, and secondary enrolment has increased in nearly every region in the world with the exception of some nations in Sub-Saharan Africa (FHI, 2009). In nations that have low secondary enrolment rates, there is still a disparity between the sexes in attendance, and males have a much higher attendance rate in secondary education schools systems in comparison to females in nations in which secondary school attendance is low overall. In nations that have high secondary attendance rates, males are less likely to attend secondary schools in comparison to females. This trend is seen in most nations studied throughout the world, and it is a large social concern because males appear to be turning to crime and violence instead of taking advantage of educational opportunities in their communities. In nations that have made progress with increasing female attendance rates in secondary school systems, female labor force participation has remained low in comparison to males. There is evidence that higher education for females in societies leads to increased social benefits and better parenting, but, despite these facts, female work forces in nations throughout the world have not been properly utilized to date. Inequality between urban and rural groups remains an issue in regards to access to education opportunities, and it has resulted in low secondary school enrolment rates in rural populations. Enrolment rates in secondary schools in developing nations by young males and females from the poorest homes are at 26% in comparison to young males and females from wealthy homes, which are at 71%. Enrolment rates in secondary schools in developing nations from rural areas are at nearly 40% for both sexes in comparison to 55% in urban areas for both sexes. Countries that have adopted universal primary and secondary education for all of their citizens have changed the lives of future generations, but rural areas have historically been reached last with the implementation of universal education, which is clearly reflected in their low attendance rates in developing nations throughout the world. The seventeenth through the twentieth measurements analyzed the annual ratio of people at the national poverty line average, percentage of change, and shift between the 1993 to 2003 time period and the 2004 and 2014 time period for 193 nations in the world with the exception of Nauru and the Vatican City State (Nations Online, 2016). 60

Despite sporadic reporting by the 193 nations analyzed in this study between the 1993 and 2014 time period, it can be concluded that the annual ratio of people at the national poverty line throughout the world rose substantially in a comparison between the 1993 to 2003 time period and the 2004 and 2014 time period by more than 67%. Reporting by the nations in the second time period measured, from 2004 to 2014, was higher, but the majority of nations did not report annual ratios of people at the national poverty line with regularity. Although poverty rates have risen between the two time periods measured in this study, extreme poverty rates have decreased throughout the world over the last three decades in every region with the exception of Sub-Saharan Africa (The World Bank Group, 2016). The decreasing rates of extreme poverty are positive, and it shows educational and economic advancement throughout the world, especially in most of the developing countries. In the 1980s, there were about 1.9 billion people throughout the world living on less than a dollar a day, but this number had dropped to 21% by 2010. The population of the developing world has also increased by nearly 60% since the 1980s, which shows that steps taken by national governments and Western non-governmental organizations have had a positive effect on decreasing global poverty rates. Presently, there are still 1.2 billion people throughout the world living in extreme poverty, but poverty rates have fallen dramatically in most of the world in comparison to past decades, specifically in Latin American, the Caribbean, and other regions. Despite the falling rates of poverty throughout the world, Sub-Saharan Africa remains the only region in the world in which the extreme poverty rate has risen, which has resulted in a more than 200% poverty increase in the last three decades. In the 1980s, there were 205 million individuals in Sub-Saharan Africa living in extreme poverty, but there are almost 415 million living in extreme poverty in the region today. These statistics represent an increase in population size, and a failure of national governments and Western non-profit organizations to assist these individuals correctly. These figures show a failure of interventions to meet people's basic life, health, and educational needs in the region, which is likely to persist without strong intervention and negatively impact future generations in the region in coming decades. Despite being able to reduce the extreme poverty rates for the 1.2 billion people with just $169 billion dollars or.25% of the world's gross domestic product, it is clear that the problems that have led to poverty in these regions and failure of programs to intervene has persisted, but it is not clear what the contributing factors are. A multidimensional approach would 61

suggest that it has resulted from government corruption, war, lack of access to beneficial programs, and cultural aversion. The twenty-first through the twenty-fourth measurements analyzed the annual Internet use per one hundred people average, percentage of change, and shift between the 1993 to 2003 time period and the 2004 and 2014 time period for 193 nations in the world with the exception of Nauru and the Vatican City State (Nations Online, 2016). Despite sporadic reporting by the 193 nations analyzed in this study between the 1993 and 2014 time period, it can be concluded that the annual Internet use per one hundred people throughout the world rose substantially between the 1993 to 2003 time period and the 2004 and 2014 time period by more than 408%. Reporting by the nations in the second time period measured, from 2004 to 2014, was higher, but the majority of nations did not report annual Internet use per one hundred people annually. The reporting, however, for this measurement was higher in both the 1993 to 2003 time period and 2004 to 2014 time period than other areas analyzed in this study. In the world today, there are presently 3.1 billion individuals that have access to the Internet who use it for economic development, businesses, education, health care, information, and much more, but there remain 4.2 billion people that have not been able to take part in the digital revolution yet (West, 2015). Internet access has been steadily growing at a rate of 9% annually, but 58% of the world's population is still unable to participate in the social, economic, and civic benefits of the digital revolution. Obtaining access for billions of people is made difficult by poverty, high charges, domestic infrastructure, and government policies toward telecommunication's technology. The benefits of digital technology make the expansion of Internet access and other digital services essential for humanity and globalization move forward. Keys to improving Internet access throughout the world are reducing telecommunications costs and taxes, expanding and modernizing network efficiency, creating affordable licensing fees and incentives to improve infrastructure through private service provider competition, increasing access to content and promoting digital literacy at the national level, and enabling free telecommunications services through public institutions in conjunction with the promotion of free expression and multilingualism. The aforementioned improvements will be essential to getting the 4.2 billion 62

people without Internet access online, and the adoption of these policies at the national level will narrow the gap between individuals with Internet access and will result in the benefits of the Internet for those who presently do not have access to it throughout the world. To decrease the numbers of people who lack Internet access worldwide, national government and Western non-governmental programs must be set up sustainable access to telecommunications and the digital technology necessary to access it. It is important to make progress throughout the entire world in regards to Internet access, but it is particularly important to increase access to the Internet and censored forms of it in India and China because these two nations makeup over 50% of the individuals who lack access to it at 2.2 billion people. Increasing access to the Internet for individuals who presently do not have it would result in increased tools for economic development and social integration within these nations. Policies in India, China, and the rest of the world must promote telecommunication competition at the national level to reduce access charges, which will result in increased literacy that can contribute to poverty reduction and economic benefits if individuals are provided Internet services that are affordable with digital content that is multilingual. The twenty-fifth through the thirty-second measurements analyzed the annual youth literacy rate average, percentage of change, and shift for both sexes for individuals between the ages of fifteen and twentyfour and the annual Internet use per one hundred people average, percentage of change, and shift between the 2007 to 2009 time period and the 2010 to 2012 time period for the states that disclosed national annual youth literacy rate data for both sexes in a minimum of five out of the six years reported from 2007 to 2012 of the 193 nations measured (Nations Online, 2016). Every nation analyzed in the twenty-fifth through twenty-eighth measurement showed a positive increase in their annual youth literacy rates for both sexes for individuals between the ages of fifteen and twenty-four with the exception of Uruguay. Uruguay, however, had the highest annual youth literacy rates for both sexes for individuals between the ages of fifteen and twenty-four out of the eight nations analyzed in both the 2007 to 2009 time period and the 2010 to 2012 time period, and it showed a negative percentage of change between the 2007 to 2009 time period and the 2010 to 2012 time period at less than 1%. The group's annual youth literacy 63

rates for both sexes for individuals between the ages of fifteen and twenty-four increased below 1% between the 2007 to 2009 time period and the 2010 to 2012 time period. The other nations showed slight increases in youth literacy rates between the 2007 to 2009 time period and the 2010 to 2012 time period with increases of less that 1% with the exception of Ecuador, Turkey, and El Salvador. Ecuador showed an annual youth literacy rate increase for both sexes for individuals between the ages of fifteen and twenty-four both sexes out of the eight nations analyzed in a comparison of the 2007 to 2009 time period and the 2010 to 2012 time period at 2.7%, Turkey showed an annual youth literacy rate increase for both sexes for individuals between the ages of fifteen and twenty-four both sexes out of the eight nations analyzed in a comparison of the 2007 to 2009 time period and the 2010 to 2012 time period at 1.6%, and El Salvador showed an annual youth literacy rate increase for both sexes for individuals between the ages of fifteen and twenty-four both sexes out of the eight nations analyzed in a comparison of the 2007 to 2009 time period and the 2010 to 2012 time period at 1.5%. Every nation analyzed in the twenty-ninth through thirty-second measurement showed a positive increase in their annual Internet use per one hundred people between the 2007 to 2009 time period and the 2010 to 2012 time period. The group of nations analyzed showed a 35% increase as a whole in annual Internet use per one hundred people between the 2007 to 2009 time period and the 2010 to 2012 time period. The three nations with the largest positive percentage of change in annual Internet use per one hundred people between the 2007 to 2009 time period and the 2010 to 2012 time period were El Salvador, Mexico, and Ecuador. El Salvador's annual Internet use per one hundred people increased between the 2007 to 2009 time period and the 2010 to 2012 time period by more than 94%, Ecuador's annual Internet use per one hundred people increased between the 2007 to 2009 time period and the 2010 to 2012 time period by more than 76%, and Mexico's annual Internet use per one hundred people increased between the 2007 to 2009 time period and the 2010 to 2012 time period by more than 57%. Access to the Internet not only allows young people and adults the opportunity to engage in informal learning process, but it empowers people in the modern world as individuals. Internet use encourages all users listen, respond, give feedback, think critically, take participation seriously, and engage in activities both individually and in groups (Livingstone, 2008). The Internet is particularly exciting for young people because it offers opportunities for responsiveness, feedback, networking, and creative activities, which are often lacking from traditional classrooms and curricula designed for young people by adults. It is important for societies to celebrate young people's use and enthusiasm of the Internet because failing to support their embracing of digital literacy and its importance in the future risks brining to fruition our hopes of modern telecommunication and young people themselves. Society, however, should not overestimate young people's digital literacy because the use of the Internet shifts the responsibility of literacy from providers to users. The thirty-third through the fortieth measurements analyzed the annual adult literacy rate average, percentage of change, and shift for both sexes for individuals who were fifteen years or older and the annual Internet use per one hundred people average, percentage of change, and shift between the 2007 to 2009 time period and the 2010 to 2012 time period for the states that disclosed national annual adult literacy rate data for individuals fifteen years of age or older for both sexes in a minimum of five out of the six years reported from 2007 to 2012 of the 193 nations measured (Nations Online, 2016). 64

Every nation analyzed in the thirty-third through thirty-sixth measurements showed a positive increase in their annual adult literacy rates for both sexes for individuals older than fifteen years of age. The percentage of change for the entire group measured showed an increase in annual adult literacy rates for both sexes for individuals older than fifteen years of age by nearly 2% between the 2007 to 2009 time period and the 2010 to 2012 time period. Ecuador, Turkey, and Bolivia showed the largest increase in annual adult literacy rates for both sexes for individuals older than fifteen years of age of the group of nations measured between the 2007 to 2009 time period and the 2010 to 2012 time period. Ecuador's annual adult literacy rates for both sexes for individuals older than fifteen years of age rose by 9% between the 2007 to 2009 time period and the 2010 to 2012 time period, Turkey's annual adult literacy rates for both sexes for individuals older than fifteen years of age rose by 4.6% between the 2007 to 2009 time period and the 2010 to 2012 time period, and Bolivia's annual adult literacy rates for both sexes for individuals older than fifteen years of age rose by 2.7% between the 2007 to 2009 time period and the 2010 to 2012 time period. Every nation analyzed in the thrity-seventh through fortieth measurements showed a positive increase in their annual Internet use per one hundred people between the 2007 to 2009 time period and the 2010 to 2012 time period. The group of nations analyzed showed a 51% increase as a whole in their annual Internet use per one hundred people between the 2007 to 2009 time period and the 2010 to 2012 time period. The nations with the largest percentage of change in their annual Internet use per one hundred people between the 2007 to 2009 time period and the 2010 to 2012 time period were Azerbaijan, Bolivia, and El Salvador. Azerbaijan's annual Internet use per one hundred people increased by 155% between the 2007 to 2009 time period and the 2010 to 2012 time period, Bolivia's annual Internet use per one hundred people increased by 121% between the 2007 to 2009 time period and the 2010 to 2012 time period, and El Salvador's annual Internet use per one hundred people increased by nearly 96% between the 2007 to 2009 time period and the 2010 to 2012 time period. Analysts and educators worldwide have acknowledged that an important shift has occurred in societies and education systems worldwide as a result of technological change (Wagner & Kozma, 2005). Technology has resulted in a large change in the manner in which individuals gain knowledge, which has resulted in a knowledge-based economy that is presently driving productivity and economic growth. New information and knowledge that is produced and shared over the Internet has resulted in increased innovation throughout the world and new types of employment. The developments "human, 65