Chapter 6 Steps Toward Revolution:

Lone Star: The Story of Texas Chapter 6 Steps Toward Revolution: 1827-1836 Section 1: Section 2: Section 3: Section 4: Section 5: Cultural Differences in Colonial Texas Mexico Imposes its Authority The Texas Settlers Resist Texans Fights for Reform From Reform to Independence Copyright 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

Lone Star: The Story of Texas Chapter 6/ Section 1 Cultural Differences in Colonial Texas Copyright 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

Section 1 Cultural Differences in Colonial Texas What was the relationship between Mexico and the United States in the 1820s?

Distrust Between Mexico and the United States Section 1 Mexican Fears The population of the United States was growing fast. The United States was a rising power. Mexico feared that the United States wanted to control Texas. United States Actions In 1819, the United States dropped its claims to Texas. Then, in 1825 the U.S. minister to Texas (Joel Poinsett) negotiated to buy Texas from Mexico. The offer: $1 million. Minister: a person sent to another country to represent his or her government

Section 1 Cultural Differences in Colonial Texas What was the relationship between Mexico and the United States in the 1820s? What ideas about government did settlers from the United States bring to Texas?

Section 1 Different Views The American View Civilians, not military leaders, should rule. People should be free to choose their own religion. Government should not favor any religion. Self-government: people should take an active role in making laws and decisions. Slavery should be allowed. The Mexican View The military should run the country. The Catholic Church should take a strong role in Mexico s government and society. Slavery should not be allowed. Civilians: people who are not in the armed forces

Section 1 Settlers Practice Independence Settlers in Texas had to become Mexican citizens and convert to Catholicism. Many settlers made the required oaths, but few actually followed up on their meanings. Settlers had little contact with the Mexican government or Mexican leaders. They did not think of themselves as Mexicans because they brought their American culture and practices with them. Life in Texas was very similar to life in the United States in many ways.

Cultural Differences in Colonial Texas: Assessment Section 1 American settlers believed that should rule the country. (A) military leaders (B) civilians (C) Catholics (D) rebels Why were Mexicans insulted when the United States wanted to settle Texas? (A) They thought the United States was an inferior country. (B) They thought the United States would try to take over Mexico. (C) They were insulted that Americans thought they could succeed where Mexico had failed. (D) They were not insulted at all.

Section 1 Cultural Differences in Colonial Texas IDENTIFY: Explain the significance of the following: 1. Joel Poinsett 2. Separation of church and state 3. Adams-Onís Treaty 4. Henry Ward PREDICT: What will Mexico do to try to make Texas more Mexican.

Lone Star: The Story of Texas Chapter 6/ Section 2 Mexico Imposes Its Authority PREDICT: What will Mexico do to try to make Texas more Mexican? Copyright 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

Section 2 Mexico Imposes Its Authority How did Mexico react to the events of the Fredonian rebellion? How did Mexico address its concerns about Texas? What events affected the relationship between Texas and Mexico?

Section 2 Mexico s Reaction Leaders in Mexico viewed the Fredonian rebellion as part of a plot to take over Texas. They sent a patriot, General Don Manuel de Mier y Terán, to report on the situation in Texas. Mier y Terán reported that foreign settlers were arriving daily. He warned that Texas s lack of regard for the Mexican government could throw the whole nation into revolution. Patriot: a person who holds a deep love for his country

Section 2 Mexico s Reaction Mier y Terán s Recommendations: Send more Mexican troops to Texas. Send more Mexican and European settlers to Texas. Increase Mexico s trade with Texas.

Section 2 Mexico Angers the Settlers Slavery ends temporarily In 1829, Mexican president Vicente Guerrero ended slavery in his country. The threats to slavery meant fewer American settlers would move to Texas. Mexico did not enforce it in Texas. The Law of April 6, 1830 The law canceled nearly all empresario contracts. Stephen F. Austin and Green DeWitt kept their contracts. Bringing slaves into Texas outlawed Anglo settlers outraged. Goal: To make Texas more Mexican.

Section 2 Other Changes in Mexico and Texas Collecting taxes At first, Texas settlers did not pay certain taxes. The Law of 4/6/1830 placed tariffs (taxes) on goods from the United States. American-made goods cost more than Mexican goods. Troops in Texas Mexican soldiers sent to the Alamo, Nacogdoches, and Goliad. Garrisons (military posts) set up in other areas. Tasks: Collect taxes and stop immigration from the U.S. The military takes control Military rulers replaced civilian leaders across Mexico.

Mexico Works to Maintain Control Over Texas Section 2 Increase Trade with Texas Mexico s Efforts to Keep Control Over Texas Send Mexican and European settlers to Texas Stop immigration Collect taxes End Slavery Pass antiimmigration laws Textbook, p. 138

Mexico Imposes Its Authority: Assessment Section 2 What was the goal of the Law of April 6, 1830? (A) To encourage more Americans to settle in Texas (B) To remove Mexican troops from Texas (C) To allow slavery in Texas (D) To make Texas more Mexican. Why did Mexico ban slavery in Texas? (A) To keep Mexican slaves from moving there (B) To preserve the rights of African Americans (C) To discourage Americans from moving to Texas (D) To make Texas fair for all its citizens

Mexico Imposes Its Authority: Assessment Section 2 What was the goal of the Law of April 6, 1830? (A) To encourage more Americans to settle in Texas (B) To remove Mexican troops from Texas (C) To allow slavery in Texas (D) To make Texas more Mexican Why did Mexico ban slavery in Texas? (A) To keep Mexican slaves from moving there (B) To preserve the rights of African Americans (C) To discourage Americans from moving to Texas (D) To make Texas fair for all its citizens

The Texas Settlers Resist Chapter 6, Section 3 Why were settlers unhappy with the Mexican government? What did Texans do about their disagreements with Colonel Juan Davis Bradburn? Where did Texas settlers win their first battle against the Mexicans?

Unrest Among the Texas Settlers Chapter 6, Section 3 Texas settlers wanted Mexico to follow its own constitution. The settlers refused to follow Mexico s rules until Mexican leaders did the same. To protest the Law of April 6, 1830, the governor of Coahuila y Tejas, the Mexican state that Texas was part of, offered new land grants to American settlers. The new settlement formed from the land grants was named Liberty. The Mexican government declared the land grants illegal. It ordered Captain Juan Davis Bradburn to arrest the officials who offered the land grants and abolish Liberty. Constitution: a plan of government that describes the different parts of the government and their duties and powers.

Trouble at Anahuac Chapter 6, Section 3 Prior to his appearance at Liberty, Bradburn had forced settlers at Anahuac to give him supplies and slaves for his fort. Although his actions were legal under Mexican law, the settlers opposed his abuse of power. A group of settlers banded together to attack Bradburn s garrison. While preparing for battle, they wrote the Turtle Bayou Resolutions. These resolutions became the first organized protest against Mexico. Colonel José de las Piedras was the leader of the Nacogdoches garrison. He negotiated with the settlers to avoid battle. Bradburn was replaced, and a fight was avoided. Resolution: a formal act or decision agreed to by a group of people

Bloodshed at Velasco Chapter 6, Section 3 John Austin prepared to ship cannons down the Brazos River to be used in an attack on Anahuac. The Mexican fort at Velasco ordered the Texans to stop. They refused, and fired on the fort instead. Another group attacked the fort from the ground. The Mexicans ran out of ammunition and surrendered. Texas settlers won their first battle in what would become the Texas Revolution.

The Texas Settlers Resist - Assessment Chapter 6, Section 3 Who arrested the land officials at Liberty and abolished the town? (A) General Mier y Terán (B) Juan Davis Bradburn (C) John Austin (D) Colonel José de las Piedras The Turtle Bay Resolutions were (A) a list of land grants given out by the governor of Coahuila. (B) part of the Mexican constitution. (C) part of the United States Constitution. (D) the first organized protest against Mexico.

Section 4 Texans Fight for Reform What two major parties battled for power in Mexico in the late 1820s and early 1830s? Who led the Convention of 1832? What did Texans ask for at the Convention of 1833?

Section 4 Political Fighting in Mexico Federalists Most liberals in Mexico favored a federal system of government. Under the federal system, individual states form a national government. The individual states hold most of the power. Most Texans sided with the Federalists. Centralists Centralists favored a strong central government that would hold most of the power. Under a central government, individual states have little power. The Centralists passed the Law of April 6, 1830, which placed power in the hands of a few leaders.

Section 4 The Convention of 1832 Texas settlers pledged their loyalty to Santa Anna, the leader of the Federalists. They hoped he would win the civil war in Mexico. In 1832, Texas delegates met at San Felipe de Austin. They chose Stephen F. Austin as their leader. They wanted Texas to become a separate Mexican state. They also wanted immigration from the United States to resume. Under Mexican law, the Convention of 1832 was not a legal meeting. The governor of the department of Texas refused to forward the Texas delegates requests to the Mexican government. Delegate: a person who is chosen to speak for a group.

Section 4 The Convention of 1832 The delegates wanted Texas to become a separate Mexican state. The current capital of Coahuila y Tejas was located at Saltillo. Prediction: Where would a new Texas-only capital most likely be located? Textbook, p. 145

Section 4 The Convention of 1833 Santa Anna s victory in Mexico s civil war prompted Texas delegates to hold another convention. Delegates requested: better mail service improved defense against Native American raids reform of the courts the right to use English in business and law an end to the immigration ban more money for schools that Texas become a separate Mexican state A committee headed by Sam Houston drafted a state constitution for Stephen F. Austin to deliver to Mexican officials in Mexico City. Sam Houston

Texans Fight for Reform: Assessment Section 4 Under a federal government system, who holds most of the power? (A) The national government (B) Individual states (C) Religious leaders (D) Military leaders Under a central government system, who holds most of the power? (A) The national government (B) Individual states (C) Religious leaders (D) Military leaders

Section 5 From Reform to Independence What did Stephen F. Austin do in Mexico City in 1833? Why was Austin imprisoned? How did people in Texas react to Santa Anna s changes? What caused relations with Mexico to worsen in 1835?

Section 5 Austin and Farías Austin presented the requests of the Convention of 1833 to the vice president, Valentín Gómez Farías. (Santa Anna was sick.) Austin warned Farías that Mexico s failure to act on the proposals could lead Texans to take action. Austin then sent an angry letter to the ayuntamiento at San Antonio, asking them to set up a state government for Texas without waiting for approval from the national government. Austin in Mexico City Austin and Santa Anna Austin finally met with Santa Anna, who welcomed most of Austin s suggestions. Santa Anna agreed to end the ban on immigration to Texas, but refused to support separate statehood for Texas. Austin had made some progress and left Mexico City in December 1833 to return to San Felipe de Austin. Ayuntamiento: local city government

Section 5 Austin Imprisoned Mexican officials thought Austin was threatening them. They arrested and imprisoned him. Texas settlers remained calm, fearing that any trouble might endanger Austin s safety. Mexican leaders ended the ban on immigration from the U.S., increased the number of local courts, extended some land contracts, and created new departments (Brazos and Béxar) in Texas. These Federalist acts gave settlers more self-government. The Catholic Church and the military opposed the new Federalist government, which intended to limit the power of the Church and the military. Santa Anna seized power to side with the Church/military. He abolished the Constitution of 1824. He reversed the Federalist policies and dissolved each Mexican state legislature. He placed the states under military rule and created a Centralist Mexico. Antonio López de Santa Anna had become a dictator. Legislature: the government body that makes laws

Section 5 Reaction in Texas Anahuac Again Settlers had a minor dispute with the Anahuac garrison over taxes. In response, General Cós (Santa Anna s brother-in-law) moved to bring in more Mexican troops to break up the state government. His actions angered a small group of settlers, led by William Travis, who attacked and captured the fort. Many Texans felt Travis had acted recklessly and promised Cós that they remained loyal. Cós was unconvinced and he called for the arrest of many leading Texans. The Move Toward War Many Texans opposed the demand for arrests. They stated that people had a right to a trial by a jury of their peers, not by the military. Cós prepared to send troops into Texas. He believed that war was on the way. (11/18: Period 3) (11/18: Period 4)

Section 5 Relations With Mexico Worsen As tensions between Texas settlers and Mexican leaders increased, settlers created local groups to keep people informed of what was happening committees of safety and correspondence. Representatives from Texas towns met in San Felipe on 3 November 1835, at a meeting (the Consultation) to decide the state s future. Could they have peace by staying loyal to Mexico? At the Consultation, Austin lost all hope for peace now that Santa Anna had changed from Federalist reformer to Centralist dictator. He made it clear: Texas had no choice but to go to war.

From Reform to Independence: Assessment Section 5 How did Texans respond to Travis s takeover of Anahuac? (A) Many settlers applauded his work and offered their support. (B) Many Texans joined the Mexican army in response. (C) Texas leaders asked Mexican officials to arrest him. (D) Many settlers felt that Travis had acted recklessly. What was the purpose of the committees of safety and correspondence? (A) To oversee communication between the Texas and Mexican leaders (B) To keep Texans informed on the situation between Texas and Mexico (C) To ensure that frontier settlers were safe from attack (D) To negotiate treaties between settlers and Native Americans

Lone Star: The Story of Texas Chapter 6 --------------------------------------- REMINDER: Your Chapter 6 Test will be OPEN NOTES on Wednesday, 11/20/13 Copyright 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.