SOCIAL POLICY AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT IN ZAMBIA Ndangwa Noyoo
CONTENTS Acknowledgments Acronyms Figures and Boxes List of Tables Dedication (ix) (xi) (xiv) (xv) (xvi) Preamble 1 Chapter one: Conceptual grounding and theoretical perspectives 15 v. Introduction 15 Social policy conceptualised 18 The scope and nature of social policy 21 The role of ideology in social policy 22 Ideology and social policy in Zambia 23 Ideology and the contemporary Zambian scenario 24 What is human- development? 26 Human development in Zambia 28 Defining social welfare 29 The Residual Model 31 The Institutional Model 31 The New World Order Model 32 The Developmental Social Welfare Model 32 Conclusion 33 Chapater two: Social change and development in Zambia 35 Introduction 35 The meaning of social change 35 Evolutionary change or evolutionism 38 Radical or revolutionary change 38 Planned change or development 38 Organisational change 38 The social systems perspective 39 Pre-colonial Zambia 41 Colonial rule 42 British rule 42 The making of a post-colonial society 44 The First Republic 45 The Second Republic 48 The Third Republic 51 Social change and notions of development 55 Selected theories of development 58 Modernisation theory 58
Dependency Theory 59 Structuralist theories and industrial development 60 Neo-liberalism 60 The basic needs approach 61 Sustainable development 61 Social development 62 Conclusion 63 Chapter three: The development and evolution of social policy in Zambia 65 Introduction 65 Colonial society and social policy 65 Social policy in post-colonial Zambia 68 Social policy in the 1980s and 1990s 70 Government's responses to the IMF and World Bank-led economic reforms 70 Social policy trends in the new millennium 72 The Department of Social Welfare 75 Social Security/Protection 78 The National Pension Scheme 81 Disaster Management 87 Conclusion 88 Chapter four: Social policy and human development in a Least Developed Country (LDC): Zambia 91 Introduction 91 Characteristics of Least Developed Countries (LDCs) 91 International trade and LDCs 93 Globalisation and LDCs 96 The setting and prevailing conditions 98 Corruption 102 Infrastructure development 103 Agriculture.. 104 Tourism 108 Sport and recreation 109 Brain drain 110 Zambia in Southern Africa 113 Cultural affiliation 113 Geo-political ties 114 The Southern African Liberation Struggle 115 Social policy and human development in the region 117 Conclusion 119
Chapter five: Zambia's human development imperatives 121 Introduction 121 Social services 121 Education 122 Housing 125 Health 127 Mental health 130 Water and sanitation 131 Rural development 132 What is rural development? 134 Way forward? 134 Civil liberties and equal opportunities _ 135 Human rights 135 Social and economic justice 135 Gender parity 136 Vulnerabilities and populations at risk 138 People with disabilities 138 The visually impaired 140 The aged. 140 The youth 141 Children 144 Conclusion 147 Chapter six: Monitoring and evaluation: outcomes, impacts and policy analysis for human development 149 Introduction 149 The concept of Monitoring and Evaluation (M & E) 150 Monitoring defined 150 Evaluation conceptualised 150 Participatory Monitoring and Evaluation (PM & E) 155 The domain of public policy 155 The need for policy analysis 156 Stages in the policy analysis cycle 159 Implementing policy 159 Delivery analysis 161 Zambia's public policy arena 163 Profile of monitoring and evaluation in Zambia 167 Conclusion 169 Chapter seven: The helping professions and human development in Zambia 171 Introduction 171 The helping professions 171
Social work s rationale Purpose and objectives of social work Values and ethics of social work Knowledge base of social work The ecosystem perspective: systems theory The methods of social work Casework Group work Community work Community development The historical roots of community development Social work research Social policy Social work administration Historical development of social work Towards relief and reform Relevance of social work in Least Developed Countries (LDCs) and Southern Africa Social work curricula and education Africanising social work practice and education Conclusion Chapter eight: 172 173 174 175 175 176 176 177 177 178 179 180 181 182 182 183 184 187 188 189 Concluding notes on social policy and human development in Zambia 191 Introduction 191 The locus of Zambia's socio-economic challenges 193 The policy-institutions nexus 200 Understanding institutions 200 Springboards for human well-being in Zambia 201 The pursuit of a developmental state in Zambia 202 Debt sustainability 202 Nation-building and a collective national consciousness against all forms of mediocrity 203 Research and Development (R & D) 204 Education 205 Political stability, peace and security 206 The friendly nature and tolerance ofzambians 206 The resilience ofzambians 207 Lessons from others or 'catch-up' interventions 207 Smart partnerships 208 Regional and continental initiatives 208 Conclusion 209 Epilogue 210 Bibliography 223 Index 237