AP Exam Review C Ms. Ramos Alta Loma High School
Gilded Age Industrialism Politics Urbanization
1875 1925 Largely rural No electricity, telephones, etc. Immigration largely German, Irish and English Railroads dominated industry Beginning of unionism Little mass entertainment Few suburbs: most people lived in cities Nearly all educated professionals WASPs laissez faire beliefs large number of black male voters women did not vote years of great unrest: 1877, 1886 Largely urban Electricity New Immigration E. & S. Europe Finance capitalists dominated; automobiles Wall Street dominated world banking Large-scale unionism and political influence Mass entertainment Middle & Upper class lived in suburbs More diversity among professionals progressivism (esp. in city and state govt s) few black male voters full suffrage great unrest: 1919
Causes of 2 nd Industrial Revolution Republican Agenda of Civil War Abolitionism Pacific Railway Act (most important cause for industrial growth) Homestead Act Morrill Tariff Morrill Land Grant Act National Banking Act
Industrialization By 1890s, U.S. became the most powerful economy in the world 2nd Industrialization characterized by: railroads, oil, steel, electricity, and banking (ROSE) Railroad industry stimulated other industries: steel, coal, oil, finance, etc. Creation of trusts Gospel of Wealth & Carnegie Herbert Spencer &Social Darwinism Horatio Alger & rags to riches. Government Regulation
Impact of the 2nd Industrial Revolution on Society ROSE: Railroad, Oil, Steel, Electricity Urbanization New Immigrants from southern and eastern Europe Corruption in politics Social Darwinism & Social Gospel Rise of union movement Increase of socialism popularity Populist Movement
Gilded Age Politics Compromise of 1877 ends Reconstruction Corruption Reformers Major Issues 1870s: money issue 1880s: Tariff issue 1890s: money issue Depressions
Culture in Industrial Age Literature Critics of society Journalism Philosophy Victorian middle class values
Unionization in Gilded Age 1865-1900 3 Big Unions National Labor Union, 1866 Knights of Labor cooperative socialist commonwealth Haymarket Square Bombing American Federation of Labor (AFL) Samuel Gompers skilled workers
Unionization in Gilded Age 1865-1900 3 Big Union Strikes Great Railroad Strike, 1877 Homestead Steel Strike, 1890 Pullman Strike, 1894 ***Anthracite coal strike,1902: T. R seeks fair settlement between owners & workers
Reaction Supreme Court Lochner v. New York, 1905 Muller v. Oregon, 1908 *** Brandeis Brief Clayton Anti-Trust Act, 1913 Increased popularity of socialism among unskilled workers 6,000 strikes during World War I (due to inflation) 1919: Red Scare
Urbanization in Gilded Age Industrial jobs New jobs for women Department stores New immigration Revivals Social Gospel Skyscrapers
Impact of New Immigration southern and eastern Europe Political machines Social Gospel Settlement House Movement Nativists Support of large business Viewed as a threat by organized labor
New South: Economics Henry Grady to challenge industrialize and modernize Obstacles: rural, capital, tech Gains Cotton Industry Gains
New South: Politics AA remain at mercy of whites Democratic party in control Civil Rights Act of 1875 (had outlawed segregation in public places) was overturned by the Supreme Court in the Civil Rights Cases, 1883 Plessy v. Ferguson Populist party as a rival of the Democratic party
The West Impact of the transcontinental railroad Indian Wars Dawes Severalty Act, 1887 Westward movement 1890, Superintendent of the Census declares there is no longer a discernable frontier line 3 western frontiers: farming, mining, cattle Farm as a factory Farmer leads to increased political activity
Farmers Become Political Grange Regulation of interstate trade Farmer s Alliance Populist Party
Populists Agenda Silver Graduated income tax Gov t ownership of railroads Initiative, Referendum & Recall Direct election of Senators Extension of credit to farmers ***Segregation and disenfranchisement of African Americans in the 1890s due to fears by white southern Democrats of African American participation in Populist politics.
Impulses for Am Imperialism Desire for new markets and raw materials Expand or explode Desire to compete with Europe for overseas empires Alfred Thayer Mahan Yellow Journalism Desire to enforce the Monroe Doctrine
American Imperialism Pan-Americanism Samoan Crisis, 1889 Venezuela Boundary Dispute, 1895-96 Hawaii Spanish American War, 1898 (Splendid Little War): US gets Hawaii, Philippines, PuertoRico, Guam Teller Amendment Platt Amendment
American Imperialism Open Door Policy (1899) Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine (Big Stick Policy) Panama Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty Gunboat Diplomacy Dollar Diplomacy: President Taft Wilson: Moral Diplomacy
Relations w/ Japan Gentleman s Agreement S.F. School Board agrees to teach Japanese children; Japan agrees to reduce Japanese immigration to U.S. Great White Fleet, 1907 Root-Takahira Agreement (1908) U.S. & Japan agreed to uphold Open Door in China Lansing Ishii Agreement (1917) U.S. & Japan again reiterated Open Door; aimed at keeping Germans from dominating region during WWI.
PROGRESSIVE ERA 1889-1920 Socialism (anti) Political machines (anti) Trusts (anti) Child Labor (anti) Conservation Voting reform Working/living conditions Consumer protection Women s suffrage Federal Reserve System Prohibition of Alcohol Income Tax (progressive/graduated)
Muckrakers after 1900 Magazines: McClure s, Cosmopolitan, Collier s, Everybody s Upton Sinclair -- The Jungle Ray Stannard Baker -- Following the Color Line Attacked the subjugation of America s 9 million blacks, & their illiteracy Frank Norris -- The Octopus and The Pit Saga of the stranglehold of the railroad and corrupt politicians on California wheat ranchers. Theodore Dreisler: The Financier and The Titan Pessimistic novels focused on the economic hardships faced by the poorest and most exploited Americans.
Progressive Movement society can be improved scientifically Anti-Political machines Political Changes city manager system, Australian ballot, initiative, referendum, recall, direct election of senators, direct primary Anti-Trusts Living conditions Women s suffrage
Progressive Movement Prohibition of Alcohol Orgs, 18th Amendment, Volstead Act Labor reform *** child labor laws Consumer protection Meat Inspection Act & Pure Food and Drug Act Conservation Economic Reform Education
Robert La Follette s Wisconsin Experiment Direct election of Senators Initiative Referendum Recall Gov t regulation of public utilities Civil service reform Income tax Direct primary
Theodore Roosevelt: 3 Cs Corporations regulated Anthracite Coal Strike (1902), Northern Securities Co. case (1902), Hepburn Act (1906), Dept. of Commerce and Labor, Bureau of Corporations Consumer Protection Meat Inspection Act, 1906; Pure Food and Drug Act, 1906 Conservation Newlands Reclamation Act, 1902; national parks
Woodrow Wilson: 3 Ts opposed to triple wall of privilege Tariffs Tbank monopoly Trusts
WORLD WAR I America was officially neutral during much of the war Causes of US entry Wilsonian idealism was used to sell the war to Americans Fourteen Points Mobilization Dissent Treaty of Versailles
WWI s Impact on American Society 19 th Amendment Prohibition Great Migration Inflation Red Scare Farmers: prosperity- depression Creditor nation Democrat/Wilson defeat
1920s- Americanism White Anglo-Saxon Protestant (WASP) values (strongly nativist) Red Scare- Palmer Raids Anti-immigration/anti-foreignism Immigration laws Sacco & Vanzetti KKK Anti-modernism- Scopes Trial Anti-wet/prohibition
1920s- Economic Boom Business seen almost like a religion Ford & assembly Line Taylorism Buying on credit & consumerism New industries White collar jobs
1920s- Sexual Revolution Sigmund Freud Alice Paul & ERA Margaret Sanger Flappers More women working
1920s- Culture Jazz Age Louis Armstrong Duke Ellington Harlem Renaissance Marcus Garvey Lost Generation Icons: Charles Lindbergh, Babe Ruth
1920s- Conservative Politics Harding, Coolidge and Hoover HALT: Higher tariffs, Anti-labor, Laissez faire, Trickle-down economics Federal gov t not responsible for helping ordinary citizens (state and local gov t responsibility) Harding scandals